Yellow River Basin

Area within Yellow River water area

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Yellow River Watershed refers to Yellow River system Geography affected by the river from the source to the sea Ecological region 。 Traditionally, people often refer to the relevant area where the Yellow River flows through provinces and regions as the Yellow River basin. The basin crosses from west to east Qinghai Tibet Plateau 、 Inner Mongolia Plateau 、 The Loess Plateau and Huang Huai Hai Plain Four Geomorphic unit 。 The Yellow River, known as the Great River in ancient China, originated in Qinghai Province, China Bayan Har Mountains , flowing through Qinghai 、 Sichuan 、 Gansu 、 Ningxia 、 Inner Mongolia 、 Shaanxi 、 Shanxi 、 Henan 、 Shandong 9 provinces and regions, and finally Shandong Province Dongying City Kenli District injection the bohai sea 。^[1]

The terrain of the Yellow River basin is high in the west and low in the east Average altitude Above 4000m, it is composed of a series of high mountains, with perennial snow and glaciers Geomorphic development ； Central region At an altitude of 1000-2000m Loess landform , serious water and soil loss; The east is mainly composed of Yellow River alluvial plain form.^[1] In September 2019, General Secretary Xi Jinping was in Henan Zhengzhou Hosted the Yellow River Basin Ecological Protection and High quality development The symposium and delivered an important speech, focusing on the overall situation of the national development, clearly pointed out that the Yellow River basin in China's economy social development and ecological safety The aspect has a very important position, and it is expounded deeply Ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River basin Has been strengthened Yellow River regulation Major deployment to protect and promote high-quality development of the Yellow River basin^[2] 。

Chinese name: Yellow River
Foreign name: Huanghe River Basin （Yellow River Basin）
Origin: Bayan Har Mountains, Qinghai Province, China

Total length: 5464 km
Drainage area: 752443 km²
Flow through provinces and regions: Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Shandong, etc

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Watershed composition

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The Yellow River Basin starts from the west Bayan Har Mountain , east to Bohai Sea, south to Qinling Mountains , reaching Yinshan Mountain in the north; It crosses from west to east Qinghai Tibet Plateau 、 Inner Mongolia Plateau , Loess Plateau and Huang Huai Hai Plain Four Geomorphic unit 。 At the northern foot of the Bayan Har Mountains Kariqu It is the main source of the Yellow River Bayan Har Mountains Of Yaradaze Peak , 4675m above sea level, Average flow 1774.5 m3/s, 5464 km all the way Shandong Provincial injection the bohai sea 。 It can be said that "the snow field is thundering and the sky is dragon, and all the way there are wild waves. The cracked wall swallows the sand and startles the earth, and clouds rise and rain roar in the sky (Zuohe River)". The Yellow River is the sixth longest river in the world and the second longest river in China Yangtze River 。^[3]

The dividing point of the upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River: Inner Mongolia Hekou Town ； Dividing point of middle and downstream: Henan Provincial Peach Blossom Valley. The estuary of the Yellow River is 1500 meters wide, generally 500 meters. The narrower part is only 50 meters, and the water depth is generally 2.5 meters. In some places, the depth is only 1.2~1.3 meters.

Map of the Yellow River Basin and nearby landscape map (14 sheets)

from Headwater of river to a distinguished and virtuous person Multi system mountains and grassland plateau, belonging to Qinghai Tibet Plateau There are more than 4000 mountains above 3000 meters above sea level, and the headwater valley is 4200 meters above sea level. The terrain on both sides of the river valley in the headwater section is flat and the drainage is not smooth, forming a large area of marshland and many lakes; The section of Guide from Mengjin River is the Loess Plateau, which is Lvliang Xibo, south Weihe Valley , north and Ordos Plateau Connected, west to Lanzhou Valley; The altitude of the Loess Plateau is generally 1000-1300m, the landform is uneven, and the slope Steep gully Deep, gully Ground slope 15-20 degrees, valley area accounts for 40-50%, Channel density Cutting depth of 3-5 km/km2 is more than 100 m; Mengjin The lower reaches into the low and flat North China Plain, with an altitude of no more than 50 meters. After entering the lower reaches, the river channel is flat, with an average of Gradient Only 0.12%, the water flow becomes slow, and a large amount of sediment is deposited, 4-5 meters higher than the ground; As the Yellow River has been diverted many times, the land area is fan-shaped Ancient river bed Hegu Natural levee It becomes an inclined plain with gentle hills and depressions alternately distributed, and the depressions are relatively open and flat.

upper reaches ： Headwater of river to a distinguished and virtuous person There are many mountains and grassland plateaus on both banks. The altitude is more than 3000 meters, and the peak can exceed 4000 meters. The river channel is "s". Within 400 kilometers of the river source section, the river channel twists and turns. There are many lakes, grasslands, and marshes on both banks. The water flow of the river is stable and the water consumption is low, Water yield Large, multi lake, the largest lake Xingxiu Sea Eling Lake , the climate is plateau cold, fish Central Asia Plateau flora, with few species and rich resources. stock of fish It has not been developed and utilized for a long time.

middle reaches ： a distinguished and virtuous person to Mengjin The river is 50-70 meters wide, the narrowest part is less than 15 meters, and the valley is 100-500 meters deep. The current is fast, the narrow cliff is steep, and there are rich Water resources , built a large reservoir on the canyon Qingtongxia Back entry Hetao , forming a large area Alluvial plain , the water flow is gentle, carp Crucian carp catfish Class resources are rich. The Yellow River flows through Hekou Town, turns southward, and passes through the valleys of Qin and Jin. The total length to Longmen is only 718 kilometers, with a drop of 611 meters. The river reaches 130 kilometers below Longmen to Tongguan. The rivers of Nafen, Wei, Jing, and Luo have increased water volume, silted up a lot, the river channel is unstable, and carp resources are abundant. The middle reaches pass through Loess high slope , carrying a large amount of sediment, causing great harm to the downstream, which is the key river section to eradicate water disasters. The middle reaches of the Yellow River flows through the Loess Plateau, and its tributaries bring in a large amount of sediment, making the Yellow River the world's largest Sediment concentration Most rivers. Maximum year Sediment discharge It reached 3.91 billion tons (1933), and the maximum sediment concentration was 920kg/m3 (1977). Sanmenxia The annual average sediment discharge of the station is about 1.6 billion tons, and the average sediment concentration is 35 kg/m3.

Downstream: Below Taohuayu in Zhengzhou, Henan Yellow River River reach. The river is 786 kilometers long, Drainage area Only 23000 Square kilometers , accounting for 3% of the total basin area; The total fall of the downstream reach is 93.6m, with an average gradient of 0.12 ‰; The increased water volume in the section accounts for 3.5% of the water volume of the Yellow River. because Yellow River sediment It has a large amount of land, averaging 25 to 30 square kilometers per year. The lower reaches of the river have been silted up for a long time, forming the world-famous "aboveground Suspended river ”The Yellow River is bound inside the levee Haihe River Basin And Huaihe River Basin The watershed of. except Dawen River from Dongping Lake In addition, there is no major tributary in this reach.

main tributary 。 The main tributaries of the Yellow River are Shirakawa , Heihe Huangshui 、 Zuli River 、 Qingshui River 、 Dahei River 、 Kuye River 、 Wuding River 、 Fenhe River 、 Weihe River , Luohe Qinhe River , Dawen River, etc.

main lake 。 yes Gyaring Lake 、 Eling Lake 、 Wuliangsuhai 、 Dongping Lake 。

Main stream canyon. There are 30 canyons on the main stream of the Yellow River, 28 in the upper reaches and 2 in the middle reaches. The lower reaches of the Yellow River flows through the North China Plain without canyons. The total length of the main stream canyon section is 1707 km, accounting for 31.2% of the total length of the main stream.

Drainage area

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（1） Drainage area adopted in 1950s and 1960s

Yellow River Basin Map

There is no exact record of the Yellow River in historical books Drainage area 。 In 1954, the Yellow River Planning Commission, when preparing the Technical and Economic Report on Comprehensive Utilization Planning of the Yellow River Topographic map According to the measurement (most of them are topographic maps of one millionth of a million), the Yellow River basin covers an area of 745100 square kilometers and the river course is 4845 kilometers long.^[4]

Up to the 1960s, the Yellow River Basin Hydrology Yearbook has always regarded the Yellow River Luojia House as Yellow River estuary The drainage area is 737699 square kilometers.^[4]

（2） Results proposed by re measurement in 1970s

guanzhong plain

With the successive publication of the newly surveyed topographic maps of the Yellow River basin, in order to meet the needs of the Yellow River harnessing and development, the Yellow River Committee has cooperated with the hydrological stations of the provinces and regions along the Yellow River. Since March 1972, according to the unified method technical standard , the State Administration of Surveying and Mapping and General Staff Department of the Chinese People's Liberation Army One in 50000 published respectively in 1969 Aerial mapping Or the measured map, for the drainage basin of the main and tributaries of the Yellow River characteristic value The new measurement results were reported to the Ministry of Water and Electricity.

The Ministry of Water and Electricity replied in [1973] No. 100 document that it agreed to "publish and use the new volume of achievements in a special volume, Hydrological yearbook Since 1971, the new quantity of achievements has been used ". The Yellow River basin area was 737699 square kilometers, and the new volume reached 752443 square kilometers. The total length of the main stream of the Yellow River is 4845km, and the new volume is 5464km. The previous reference to "the Yellow River flows through eight provinces and autonomous regions" was changed to "the Yellow River flows through nine provinces and autonomous regions", namely: Qinghai Province Sichuan Province Gansu Province Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Shanxi Province, Shaanxi Province, Henan Province and Shandong Province 。^[4]

This new volume of the Yellow River basin Catchment area 752443 square kilometers, 14744 square kilometers larger than the catchment area of 737699 square kilometers printed in the original Yellow River Hydrology Yearbook. Of which 7424 square kilometers are due to Natural Wenyan Canal and Jindi River The catchment area of is not included in the Yellow River basin in the past.^[4]

Hetao Plain

Within the Yellow River basin, the main stream of the Yellow River is Ningmeng Hetao In the south of the river reach, there is a Internal flow region 。 The region belongs to Ordos Plateau , including hobq desert and Mu Us Desert 。 It is the border of Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi and Ningxia. The inner flow area covers 42000 square kilometers, of which 36000 square kilometers belong to Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, 5000 square kilometers belong to Shaanxi Province, and 10000 square kilometers belong to Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Drought in the region hail 、 wind-sand disaster Serious. annually average precipitation It is 200~400mm, mostly in the form of rainstorm. annually average Evaporation capacity 1400~1800 mm. natural Annual runoff 312 million cubic meters per year Runoff depth Only 7.4 mm, and the water quality is poor. The harnessing and development of the region is closely related to the Yellow River.^[4]

After 1986, during the revision of the Yellow River harnessing and development plan, it was decided to include the area of the inner flow area within the Yellow River basin, which was revised to 795000 square kilometers. Yellow River Catchment area It is still 752000 square kilometers.^[4]

（3） Contemporary watershed scope and area

The Yellow River originates from the Qinghai Tibet Plateau Bayan Har Mountain Northerly Yoguzongli Basin , passing through nine provinces and regions including Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan and Shandong, and in Shandong Province Kenli County injection the bohai sea The main stream is 5464km long with a drop of 4480m. The Yellow River basin is located between 96 °~119 ° E and 32 °~42 ° N, with a east-west length of about 1900 km and a north-south width of about 1100 km. The Yellow River basin covers an area of 795000 square kilometers (including 42000 square kilometers of inner flow area). Above Hekou Town is the upper reaches of the Yellow River, with a length of 3472 kilometers and a drainage area of 428000 square kilometers; Hekou Town to Taohuayu is the middle reaches, with 1206 km long river channel and 344000 square kilometers of drainage area; The lower reaches of Taohuayu are 786 kilometers long and the drainage area is only 23000 square kilometers.^[4]

administrative division

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In history, due to frequent diversion and migration, the lower Yellow River once flowed through six provinces and cities, including Hebei, Tianjin, Henan, Shandong, Anhui and Jiangsu. At present, the Yellow River flows through nine provinces and regions including Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan and Shandong, and flows from Shandong the bohai sea 。 Qinghai Province has the largest area of the Yellow River basin, up to 153000 square kilometers, accounting for 19.1% of the total area of the Yellow River basin; Shandong Province has the smallest area, only 13000 square kilometers, accounting for 1.6% of the total area of the basin. 75,2% of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region is located in the Yellow River basin; In Shaanxi and Shanxi, 67.7% and 64.9% of the areas are in the Yellow River basin respectively.^[5]

The capitals of Qinghai, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi and Shaanxi provinces or autonomous regions are all located in the Yellow River basin. Henan Lu Although the capitals of the two provinces are not in the basin, they are both located on the bank of the Yellow River and have a close relationship with the Yellow River.^[5]

Among the 8 provinces and regions where the Yellow River flows administrative division According to statistics, the Yellow River basin involves 69 regions (prefectures, leagues and cities) and 329 counties (banners and cities), of which 236 are all located in the Yellow River basin.^[5]

Geological vicissitude

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The breeding, birth and development of the Yellow River are restricted by Geological process , with Crustal movement Generated tectonic movement by External force , based on hydrology geographical conditions The erosion, transportation and accumulation caused by Internal force 。 In the historical process of becoming a river, the movement never stops and keeps pace with the times. Soil and water loss in the Loess Plateau and sediment accumulation in the lower reaches of the Yellow River in prehistoric times Geological period It's going on, and history has been affected human activity The impact of. Therefore, the Yellow River Channel vicissitude As for the water system, the geological evolution of the ancient Yellow River, the changes of the lower reaches of the Yellow River during the period of human activities, the distribution and characteristics of the existing water system, as well as the scope of the basin and related close areas will be described first.

Yellow River

According to various studies, the ancient Yellow River has three Development stage ：1． Tertiary The early Pleistocene to Quaternary is the ancient Yellow River Gestation period 。 2. The birth and growth period of the ancient Yellow River in the Quaternary Middle Pleistocene (1.15 million to 100000 years ago). 3. The Yellow River formed a marine water system in the late Pleistocene (100000~10000 years ago). The changes of the Yellow River are recorded in historical legends and historical materials for reference.

The existing geological data show that, mesozoic Yanshan movement Laid the outline of the Chinese mainland, the Cenozoic era Himalayan Movement The landform pattern of three steps from west to east in China has been shaped. The formation and development of the Yellow River is restricted by this geological and geomorphic condition. According to geologists' research, the Yellow River has a history of about 1.5 million years of gestation and development. It has experienced the gestation period of several independent inland lake basin water systems and the growing period of gradually connecting lake basin water systems, and finally formed a unified marine water system.^[6]

1、 Ancient Yellow River embryo Gestation period

stay Tertiary And the early Pleistocene of Quaternary (1.5 million to 1.15 million years ago), North China—— Tarim There are many Ancient lake Basin, in the area where the contemporary Yellow River is located, from west to east: Gonghe, Xining Longxi , Ningnan Yinchuan , Hetao Northern Shaanxi , West Shanxi, East Gansu, Fenwei Luoyang 、 Qinyang And ancient lake basins in North China. Until the late early Pleistocene, Guzaling, Eling Lake and Guruoergai Lake were added to the west.

Because of the formation of the trapezoidal platform that is high in the west and low in the east, each lake basin is the destination of local rivers, and the Bohai Sea was also a lake at that time. These lake basin water systems are not connected with each other and become independent inland water systems, Gonghe Lake basin water system below Lajiasi, Yinchuan Lake basin water system below Liujiaxia, Fenwei Lake basin water system joined by a series of small lakes below the meander, and North China Lake basin water system. The formation and development of these lake basin water systems is pregnant with the birth of the Yellow River.^[6]

2、 The birth and growth period of the ancient Yellow River

Yellow River

In the middle Pleistocene (1150000~100000 years ago), the crust in this area produced obvious differential tectonic movement, and the uplift belt between lake basins rose strongly, causing the rivers to cut down sharply, which not only made the early Ancient channel It continues to deepen and widen, and regional hydrological networks begin to appear. Some sections are gradually connected to form large rivers due to strong headward erosion of water flow, and some lake basins shrink or even are drained.

Generally, in the early and middle Pleistocene (1150000~500000 years ago) Animaqin Mountain The crust in the area to the east has been uplifted in a large area, and the river in the uplift section has suffered from strong negative erosion. First of all, Gonghe Lake and Fenwei Lake have been pulled apart, and the lakes have gradually disappeared. From Longyang Gorge to Xiaolangdi, the highest terrace, the fourth terrace, is generally developed in all river valleys Cut-in-fill terrace , recorded the development mileage of the ancient Yellow River.^[6]

From Shanxi, Shaanxi Sanmenxia , Mengjin Gorge, Lanzhou and other wide valleys, Gonghe Basin 、 Fenwei Basin The well developed third terrace, as well as the (Tuzhang) and (Tuzhang) terraces in northern Shaanxi, eastern Gansu, southern Ningxia, and western Gansu, were all developed in the late middle Pleistocene (between 500000 and 100000 years ago). Its cutting depth is generally 30-50 meters, and the deepest is 70 meters, indicating that this is Paleohydrology The great development period of the Internet. So far, except for the independent lake basin water system to the west of the Gonghe Basin and the east of the Qinyang Basin, the ancient Yellow River in other sections has communicated with each other. A unified ancient hydrological network system has emerged in the ancient Yellow River basin, and the river channel has basically been finalized.

To sum up, the Middle Pleistocene, which lasted for 1.05 million years, was an extremely important historical stage in the development history of the Yellow River, that is, the diversified independent lake basin water system gradually developed into a unified ancient Yellow River period of transition 。

3、 Formation of marine water system

The Late Pleistocene, 100000 to 10000 years ago, was a historical turning point in the development of the ancient hydrological network in the basin. During this period, the ancient hydrology network Phylogeny It is characterized by: most ancient lake basins have sedimentation The area of a few remaining waters has also been greatly reduced, such as Zhaling, Eling, Ruoergai by a river 、 Central Hebei And Tianjin and other ancient lakes. In addition, the area of the ancient Jizhong Lake has been greatly reduced due to sediment deposition, and the fault uplift on its east side has risen, dividing the ancient lake into two parts. The lake in the north is still called Jizhong Lake, while the lake in the south is called Ancient Placanticline Lake.

The water area to the east of Tianjin is occupied by seawater, which is called the ancient Bohai Sea. The ancient Yellow River flows into the sea through Tianjin Lake. The middle and upper reaches of the ancient Yellow River, regardless of the tributaries of the main river basin, generally developed the second level terrace The canyon and wide valley section are pedestal type, only the east Rift basin The section is of stacking type, and the upper stacking type is dominant. Cause of formation of terrace, except Yinchuan by a river Two places are outside of Hucheng, others are River terrace , indicating that the river erosion was relatively strong at that time. The sediment thickness of each river section is very inconsistent, and the uplift section is relatively thin, generally not more than 30m; The basin section is relatively thick, ranging from 15 to 400 meters. It can be seen from this that in the late Pleistocene, the underground depression of the rift basin was large, and the uplift was also large. Therefore, the ancient plateau Loess gully The cutting is very powerful and forms a complete ancient channel system.^[6]

When the ancient Yellow River runs through the ancient lake basin and into the sea, it forms a marine water system, sea level It will become unified throughout the river Erosion datum ， Longitudinal section of riverbed stay Sea-level fluctuation Adjust under control and develop towards a unified equilibrium curve. From then on, the Yellow River bed entered a unified adjustment stage. Ascending Fluviation The main erosion is negative erosion, while the rapidly sinking rift section is silted up, resulting in a leveling process of cutting high and filling low.^[6]

During the Early and Middle Holocene, 10000 to 3000 years ago, the rivers were connected up and down, and most of the ancient lake basins dried up and died out, Sulcus system The rapid development, especially in the Loess Plateau, is a period of great development of the ancient Yellow River system. As a result, the soil erosion is serious and the river sediment increases dramatically. During this period, the ancient Bohai Sea invaded westward twice, and the scope of the invasion in the Middle Holocene was the largest. The western boundary generally reached near the present canal, and left Ancient shell dike Remains. Due to the increase of flood sediment and the rise of sea level, the discharge of river water is blocked, thus causing the ancient flood and famine era king yu combating the flood The legend of.^[6]

Climatic characteristics

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Yellow River Basin Vast territory There are many mountains, and the height difference between east and west is great. The landform of each region is also very different. Because the drainage basin is located in Mid latitude Zone atmospheric circulation and Monsoon circulation The impact is complex, so the climate of different regions in the basin is significantly different. Climatic elements It mainly includes temperature, precipitation and light. China is located in Eurasia East and the pacific ocean The west bank area of Differences in thermal properties between land and sea Thus forming the most typical monsoon climate in the world. The monsoon climate is the main feature of China's climate. The monsoon climate is Continental climate And Marine climate A hybrid of. In winter Dry cold air flow The weather is cold and dry with little rain; In summer Warm and humid airflow High temperature, humid and rainy. High temperature period And Rainy season Consistent, good combination of water and heat is very beneficial to the growth of crops. The precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in China is mainly concentrated in summer, which is characterized by "the same period of rain and heat". The rainfall and heat with sufficient sunshine, high temperature and abundant rainfall are superior in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in China climatic conditions , suitable for crop growth. As early as Ancient times , where the farming civilization was born, is the first region to enter the farming civilization in China. According to the central government meteorological bureau For the whole country Climatic regionalization , the Yellow River basin mainly belongs to Southern temperate zone 、 Mesotemperate zone And plateau Climatic zone 。^[7-9]

The climate of the Yellow River basin has the following main characteristics:

1、 Sufficient light, solar radiation Strong

The sunshine conditions in the Yellow River basin are sufficient throughout the country Sunshine hours 2000~3300 hours in general; annual Sunshine percentage Most of them are between 50% and 75%; Next to sunshine Qaidam Basin And about 1 times more than that in the vast area of the Yangtze River basin south of the Yellow River.^[7]

Yellow River

The solar total in the Yellow River basin Radiation In the country, it is in the middle, 37 ° N The plateau area to the north and west of 103 ° east longitude is 130~160 kcal/cm2 · year; In most other areas, 110~130 kcal/cm2 · year, although less than the southwest of China, especially Qinghai Tibet Plateau Strong regions, but generally more than Northeast China And the area south of the Yellow River Eastern region Strong radiation area of.^[7]

2、 Large seasonal difference and great temperature difference

The Yellow River Basin has great seasonal differences, and the upstream Qinghai Province Jiuzhi County The river source area above is "all year round winter"; The section from Jiuzhi to Lanzhou and the middle and upper reaches of Weihe River is "long winter without summer, and spring and autumn are connected"; Lanzhou Longmen section is "long in winter (six or seven months), short in summer (one or two months)"; The rest of the basin is "cold in winter and hot in summer, with distinct temperature changes in four seasons". In the Qingming Festival, there is almost no snow in the Yellow River basin and the areas to the south, which is why there is no snow during the Qingming Festival.^[7]^[9]

The great difference in temperature difference is a major feature of the climate in the Yellow River basin. On the whole, with the three steps of terrain, the temperature changes from cold to warm from west to east, and the east-west gradient of temperature is significantly greater than the south-north gradient. Annual average temperature The lowest center at about - 4 ℃ is located at the northern foot of Bayan Har Mountain at the source of the river, and the basin is at the extreme Minimum temperature There was a record of - 53.0 ° c (January 2, 1978) at the station along the Yellow River in the source area. The high value area with annual average temperature of 12-14 ℃ is located in Shandong Province in the lower reaches of the Yellow River Maximum temperature 's records appear in Henan Province Luoyang regional Yichuan Station And its value reached 44.2C (June 20, 1966).^[7]

The temperature of the Yellow River basin Annual range It is relatively large, the general trend is that the temperature is between 31 and 37 ℃ in the north of 370 north latitude, and 21 to 31 ℃ in the south of 370 north latitude.^[7]

The temperature of the Yellow River basin Diurnal range It is also relatively large, especially in the middle and upper reaches High latitude The daily temperature range of each season throughout the year is 13~16.5 ℃, which is in the high value area or the sub high value area in China.^[7]

3、 The precipitation is concentrated and unevenly distributed Interannual change large

Most areas of the Yellow River basin Annual precipitation Between 200 and 650 mm, more than 650 mm in the middle, upper, southern and lower reaches. Especially the southern boundary which is greatly affected by the terrain Qinling Mountains On the northern slope of the mountain range, the precipitation can generally reach 700~1000mm, while in some areas of northwest Ningxia and Inner Mongolia, which are located in the interior, the precipitation is less than 150mm. The precipitation is unevenly distributed, and the ratio of rainfall from north to south is more than 5, which is unparalleled by other rivers in China.^[7]

From late July to early August every year (called“ Seven down and eight up ”）It is the rainy season in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in China. Dry in winter in the basin Spring drought It is rainy in summer and autumn, of which the precipitation from June to September accounts for about 70% of the whole year; The precipitation from July to August in midsummer can account for more than 40% of the total annual precipitation. The interannual variation of precipitation in the basin is also very different Maximum And minimum value The ratio is about 1.7~7.5, Coefficient of variation Cv varies between 0.15 and 0.4.^[7]

4、 Low humidity and high evaporation

The middle and upper reaches of the Yellow River are areas with relatively low humidity in China, such as wubu Above regions, average Water vapor pressure Less than 8 hPa, relative humidity Below 60%. Especially in the upper reaches of Ningxia, Inner Mongolia and above Longyangxia, the annual average water vapor pressure is less than 6 hPa; The relative humidity between Lanzhou and Shizuishan is less than 50%.^[7]

Yellow River Basin Evaporation capacity Very strong, with an annual evaporation of 1100 mm. Upstream Gansu, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia Central and western regions It is the area with the largest annual evaporation in China, and the maximum annual evaporation can exceed 2500 mm.^[7]

5、 There is a lot of hail, Sandstorm 、 Sand blowing many

Hail is the main part of the Yellow River Basin Disastrous weather one of. According to statistics, the annual hail days in areas above Lanzhou in the upper reaches of the Yellow River and in Inner Mongolia are more than 2 days, including more than 5 days in the vast areas west of 1000 east longitude, especially in areas above Maqu and the upper reaches of the Datong River, which are up to 15 to 25 days, becoming the region with the most hail in the Yellow River basin and also the domestic hail concentration area.^[7]

Sand storms and sand blowing are mainly caused by strong winds, and are closely related to local (or nearby) geological conditions and vegetation conditions. According to statistics, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia and northern Shaanxi in the basin Gale days More than 30 days, and there are Tengger Desert , Ulanbuhe Desert and Maowusu Desert, the annual sand storm days are mostly more than 10 days, and the sand blowing days are more than 20 days; In some years, sandstorms can last up to 30~50 days, and the number of sand blowing days exceeds 50 days. In addition, in Henan Province along the Yellow River at the upper reaches of the Fen River and below Xiaolangdi, there are also areas with annual sandstorms or sand blowing days exceeding 20 days, the latter being mainly related to the existence of a large range of sandy beaches in the Yellow River.^[7]

6、 Short frost free period

The first frost day in the Yellow River basin starts gradually from north to south and from west to east, and the mountains at the same latitude are earlier than the plains, valleys and deserts. For example, the first frost days above Tangnaihai in the upper reaches of the Yellow River average in the middle and last ten days of August, while those in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River generally occur in the first and middle ten days of October; The rest of the basin is in September. The distribution characteristics of the last frost day and the first frost day in the basin are just the opposite. The lower Yellow River plain area is earlier, with an average of late March, while the upper Tangnaihai area is late to the first and middle August, and the rest of the area is between the two.^[7]

It can be seen that the frost free period in the Yellow River basin is relatively short. Even in the lower Yellow River plain, the frost free days are only about 200 days; In the upstream areas above Jiuzhi, the average time is less than 20 days, so it can be said that there is frost basically all year round; The rest of the basin is between the two.^[7]

River system

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Yellow River Originated from Qinghai Tibet Plateau Bayan Har Mountain North piedmont 4500 above sea level M Yoguzongli Basin , flowing through Qinghai Sichuan , Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi, Shanxi, Henan, Shandong, etc the bohai sea The main river is 5464km long. The prominent feature of the Yellow River is "less water and more sediment, and different sources of water and sediment". Annual average of the whole river Natural runoff 58 billion cubic meters, only accounting for the national rivers Total runoff 2%.

The per capita water volume in the Yellow River basin is 593 cubic meters, 25% of the national per capita water volume; The average water per mu of cultivated land is 324 cubic meters, only 17% of the national average water per mu of cultivated land. Yellow River Sanmenxia Station The annual average sediment transport is about 1.6 billion tons, and the average combined sediment volume is 35 kg/m3, ranking first among the major rivers. The source areas of water and sand in the Yellow River are different, and the water mainly comes from above Lanzhou North foot of Qinling Mountains Sediment mainly comes from Hekou Town Longmen section and Jinghe River 、 Beiluo River and Weihe River Upstream area.

Headwaters of the Yellow River

Qinghai Province Maduo County The area above Duoshi Gorge is the source area of the river, covering an area of 22800 square kilometers Qinghai Plateau Part of lake basin Broad valley With an altitude of more than 4200m. Around the basin, there are powerful mountains Yaradaze Mountain , Dongyou Animaqin Mountain (also known as Jishi Mountain), there is Bukhanbuta Mountain in the north and south Bayan Har Mountain And Yangtze river basin Is the boundary. At the western end of the lake basin Yoguzongli Is the birthplace of the Yellow River.^[10]

First related Headwaters of the Yellow River The record of the warring states Epochal《 Shang Shu, Yu Gong 》, with "diversion river" Cumulate As for Longmen. It refers to "accumulated stones" in Qinghai Province today Xunhua Salar Autonomous County Nearby, there is still a considerable distance from the river source. Tang Taizong In the ninth year of Zhenguan period (635 AD), Hou Junji And Li Daozong I was ordered to attack Tuyuhun, and my troops were sent to Xingsuchuan (Xingsuhai) Baihai (Zhaling Lake) Look at the Jishi Mountain and the river source. Tang Muzong In the first year of Changqing (AD 821), Liu Yuanding was sent to Tibet by an envoy. He passed the Heyuan area and learned that the Heyuan came from the Zishan Mountain (now Bayan Har Mountain).^[10]

It was in 1280 (the 17th year of the Yuan Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty) that the Emperor Shizu appointed Ronglu Duke to investigate Heyuan officially officer responsible for quelling uprisings , Peijin Tiger amulet To seek the source of the river, it took four months to find out the location of the two great lakes (known as "Erjuze" in the Yuan Dynasty, collectively known as "Alanaoer"), and to trace up to the Xingxiu Sea, after which the earliest map of the source area of the Yellow River was drawn.

In 1704, the 43rd year of Kangxi's reign in the Qing Dynasty Tin drawing 、 Shulan Explore the source of the river. After exploring the source, they drew the Map of the Source of the Xingxiu River and wrote《 River Source 》It is pointed out that "from three rivers" flows eastward into Zhaling Lake, which can be used as the source of the Yellow River. In the 56th year of Kangxi (1717), Lama Chuerqin was sent Tibetan cloth , Lanmuzhanba, etc. to Heyuan Mapping 。 Qianlong Year Qi Zhaonan Written《 Waterway outline 》It is pointed out that the Yellow River originates from three rivers, and the middle one is called Altan River (i.e Maqu ）It is the "origin" of the Yellow River.^[10]

In 1952, the Yellow River Committee organized a survey team to survey the source of the Yellow River and the possibility of water diversion from the Tongtian River into the Yellow River. It took four months to confirm that Maqu was the main source of the Yellow River in history. 1978 Qinghai Peoples Government and Qinghai Military Region Invite relevant units to form an investigation team for on-the-spot investigation And propose Kariqu as the source of the river. 1985 Yellow River Committee According to history Tradition and various opinions confirm that Maqu is the main source of the Yellow River, and it is located in Maqu Quguo, 95 ° 59 ′ 24 ″ east longitude, in the southwest corner of the Yoguzongli Basin, 35 N At ° 01 ′ 18 ″, the river source sign is set up.^[10]

trunk stream

According to the geographical, geological and hydrological conditions of the formation and development of the basin, the main stream of the Yellow River can be divided into upper, middle and lower reaches and 11 river sections.

1、 Upstream

Heyuan to Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Tokto County Hekou Town, located in the upper reaches of the river, is 3471.6 kilometers long, with a drainage area of 428000 square kilometers, accounting for 53.8% of the total drainage area of the river.^[11]

Upper Yellow River Maduo County The area above the multi stone gorge is called the river source area. Heyuan is locally called Maqu. "Ma" means Ma Xia, Tibetan means peacock, "Qu" means river, and "Ma Qu" means peacock river. Kongque River starts from Maqu Quguo Ri (meaning: Headwater of the Yellow River Mountain), there are many Spring group The spring group converges into three streams: east, middle and west. The east stream is the largest, and it does not freeze in winter. Local Tibetans call it Maqu Quguo (the source of the Yellow River) geographical position It is 95 ° 59 ′ 24 ″ east longitude and 35 ° 01 ′ 18 ″ north latitude. After the confluence of the three springs, many large and small pools of water are connected in series, gradually forming a 6-9m-wide river, which slowly flows into the ancient column from the northeast. Yoguzongli is a basin about 4500 meters above sea level. It is more than 20 kilometers long from east to west and 13 kilometers wide from south to north. In the west of the basin is Yaradaze Mountain, in the north is Zhagakazhou Mountain, and in the southeast is Yanglalazhe Mountain. There are many pools scattered in the basin. Among the pools are marsh meadows with abundant water and grass, which have always been the winter pastures of local herdsmen. When spring returns to the earth, the basin is full of green grass, flowers and more beautiful scenery, the zang or tibetan people Compatriots affectionately call this basin Yoguzongli, which means "shallow pot for frying highland barley".^[11]

It passes through the reach of the Yoguzongli Basin, also known as Jogu Zongliequ , it connects large and small lakes, meanders northeast, and passes through the first canyon—— Mangga Gorge (18 km long) Enter Machong. Mayong is the Yellow River Beach. It is 40 kilometers long from the east to the west and 20 kilometers wide from the south to the north from Mangga Gorge to Zhaling Lake. The west part of the Yellow River Beach is the famous Xingxiu Sea. Xingxiu Sea is actually not a sea. It is more than 20 kilometers long from east to west and more than 10 kilometers wide from south to north. It is a vast expanse of grass and marshes. Beach surface Altitude About 4350 meters. There are pools of water of different sizes in the beach, ranging from thousands of square meters in size to just a few square meters in size. The depth of the pool is generally about 1 meter. There are dense weeds growing around the pool. In summer and autumn, flowers are in full bloom. In Tibetan, it is called "Chacha", which means Huahaizi. The water is as bright as stars when it is parked in the sunset, so Xingxiu Sea gets its name.^[11]

The Yellow River flows through the Xingxiu Sea and successively receives the water flowing from the northwest Zhaqu And Kariqu flowing from the southwest, the water volume increases greatly, and continues to travel eastward for about 20 kilometers, passing through a section of low valleys and marsh meadows, entering Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake 。 The two lakes have an elevation of more than 4260 meters above sea level, and their water storage capacity is 4.7 billion cubic meters and 10.8 billion cubic meters respectively. They are the largest plateau in China Freshwater lake 。 The first county seat in the upper reaches of the Yellow River is 65 kilometers east of the Eling Lake madoi 。 The first on the main stream of the Yellow River Hydrometric station ——Hydrological stations along the Yellow River are located here. The river basin along the Yellow River covers an area of more than 20000 square kilometers, with an annual water volume of 500 million cubic meters. The river is 30 to 40 meters wide at ordinary times, which seems like a big river.^[11]

The reach from Maduo to Xiahe: the river is 2211.4 km long, with a water fall of 2985 meters. It is rich in water resources of the Yellow River. The Yellow River flows through Qinghai Tibet Plateau The geological conditions at the junction with the Loess Plateau are complex. Above Longyang Gorge, most of them are located in the shape of "evil" in Qinghai Tibet Tectonic system At the head of the Longyang Gorge, under the control of the Qiluhe "mountain" structural system, the crust is distorted and folds are developed, forming a series of mountains trending northwest or nearly east-west. The Yellow River flows through these valleys or develops along large faults, and its flow direction is mostly orthogonal to the mountain trend or Skew The river valley is wide and narrow, and the river valley shape with alternating rivers and gorges appears. See Table 1-2.^[11]

Rivers and lands along the river vary in size. The river reach is generally tens of kilometers long, 7 to 8 kilometers short, and 200 to 300 kilometers long. Sichuan is surrounded by high mountains, forming small basins. The climate is warmer than that in the mountains, the land is fertile, and it is convenient to irrigate with Yellow River water. The production conditions are good, and most of them are local workers Agricultural production base , many counties such as Arrive , Guide Prickle , Xunhua Jingyuan They are all located in the middle of Sichuan. Famous city in northwest China Lanzhou City Also located in Gaolan Kawakami.

The length of the canyon reach varies from several kilometers to 200 kilometers. The total length of the canyon accounts for about 40% of the river reach. The two sides of the canyon are usually steep cliffs, which are more than 100 meters to 600~700 meters higher than the river surface. The river surface is only 30~50 meters wide, and the lower section of the valley is slightly wider, about 200~300 meters. The longest canyon is Lajia Gorge, located in Maqu Maqin 、 Tongde County It is composed of many continuous canyons, with a total length of 216 kilometers and a drop of 588 meters between the upper and lower entrances. It is rich in water resources. Narrowest Wild Fox Gorge It is 33km long. The left bank is a 40~50m high stone beam, and the right bank is a cliff, up to 100m high. The distance between the two banks is very small, and the river is only 10 meters wide. Looking up from the bottom of the gorge, you can see only a line of blue sky. The steepest canyon is Longyang Gorge, located in Gonghe Guide County The gorge is 38 kilometers long with a drop of 235 meters, Longitudinal gradient 6.1‰。^[11]

Longyang Gorge, Liujia Gorge, Yanguo Gorge, Bapan Gorge and other hydropower stations and water conservancy hubs have been built in the reach and are under construction Lijiaxia 、 Daxia Hydropower Station 。 The development and construction of the Yellow River has played an important role in promoting the development of industry and agriculture in northwest China.^[11]

The reach from Xiaheyan to Hekou Town: the river channel is 990km long, with a drainage area of 174000km2 (including the internal flow area), a water surface fall of 246m, and a river gradient of 2.5 ‱. It is a wide and shallow plain alluvial river. This section of the river starts from south to north, gradually turns to the east at Sanshenggong, and turns to the south at Hekou Town, forming the famous“ Yellow River channel ”。 From Xiaheyan to Shizuishan, the Yellow River flows through the rich Ningxia Plain The river is 317km long, 400-3000m wide, with a gradient of 4.5 ‱, and the riverbed is composed of Sandy cobble form. From Shizuishan to Dengkou, the Yellow River runs through Ulanbuh Desert Between the Ordos platform and the river, the river is 88km long, with a gradient of 2.9 ‱, the riverbed narrows, and there are Gravel The bedrock is exposed, the water surface is 300~700m wide, and the sand dunes on both sides of the river are undulating and endless. From Dengkou to Hekou Town, the Yellow River winds through Inner Mongolia Hetao Plain Above, the river is 585km long, 500-2500m wide, with a gradient of 1.3 ‱‱‱‱‱‱‱‱, flowing slowly, and is a curved plain channel. Qingtongxia and Sanshenggong water conservancy hubs have been built in the reach, Ningxia Qingtongxia Irrigation area and Sansheng public irrigation area in Inner Mongolia are two oases in the desert and important agricultural bases. The highlands on the right bank of the river reach are gentle deserts and arid grasslands with slightly undulating terrain Reserve land resources 。^[11]

The tributaries in this reach have less inflow, and the river channel is slightly silted. The flood mainly comes from above Lanzhou. In order to protect the plain from flood and ice disasters, embankments have been built in Ningxia and Inner Mongolia.^[11]

2、 Midstream

The Yellow River from Hekou Town to Henan Zhengzhou The Taohuayu Valley in the city is in the middle reaches. The middle reach is 1206.4 km long, with a drainage area of 344000 km2, accounting for 43.3% of the total drainage area. The fall is 890 meters, with an average gradient of 7.4 ‱.^[11]

The Yellow River rapidly turns south from Hekou Town to Yumenkou The flying current dropped 725km, the water surface dropped 607m, and the gradient was 8.4 ‱. Rolling Yellow flow The surging of the Loess Plateau divides the Loess Plateau into two parts, forming a canyon channel. Bounded by the river, Shanxi Province is on the left bank and Shaanxi Province is on the right bank Shanxi Shaanxi Canyon 。^[11]

Shanxi Shaanxi Canyon Located in Ordos platform Syncline and Shanxi platform anticline meet, and the structure is relatively simple. The bedrock exposed in the river valley is mostly Permian and Triassic, except for Cambrian and Ordovician limestone near Wanjiazhai Tianqiao in the upper section and Yumenkou in the lower section Sand shale 。 This section of river channel is very different from the river channel of the river gorge alternating type at the upstream. The river channel in this reach is relatively straight, and the bottom of the valley is wide, most of which are 400~600 meters. Wide valley without large Sichuan basin. Both sides of the canyon are vast loess plateau, with loose soil and serious water and soil loss. The tributary water system is particularly developed, with 56 tributaries larger than 100 square kilometers. The valley section covers an area of 110000 square kilometers, accounting for 15% of the total river catchment area. On average, the tributaries in the section transport 900 million tons of sediment to the main stream every year, accounting for 56% of the annual sediment transport of the whole river. It is the area with the largest sediment source in the Yellow River basin.^[11]

There are many moraines in the reach of Shanxi Shaanxi Gorge Hukou Waterfall It is a waterfall on the main stream of the Yellow River. The left bank of Hukou Waterfall is located in Shanxi Jixian County , the right bank is located in Shaanxi Yichuan County 。 The Yellow River suddenly narrows from 250 to 300 meters wide and falls from 17 meters high into a 30 to 50 meter wide stone trough, like a giant pot of water, so it is called "Hukou". The torrent is surging and the scenery is extremely spectacular. Hukou Waterfall is due to crustal movement , formed by fracture. The river has been flowing for years Riverbed undercutting ，“ Retrogressive erosion ”Make the waterfall fall back upstream from near the Longmen.^[11]

The end of Shanxi Shaanxi Canyon is Longmen. The situation here is very dangerous Precipice It is like a knife cutting and an axe cutting. Longmen Mountain on the left bank faces Liangshan on the right bank across the river, reducing the river width to about 100 meters. The rolling river rushed out of the gate with great momentum Li Bai There is the swan song of "The Yellow River is coming west to break the Kunlun Mountains and roaring thousands of miles to touch the Dragon Gate". Longmen, it is said that Yu Chiseled《 Water injection 》It was recorded that "the Longmen Mountain was chiseled by Dayu to pass through the Mengjin River". Therefore, Longmen is also called Yumenkou. At the downstream of Yumenkou, there is a stone island lying in the river. It is called "Water Surface Stone Boat". The word "Longmen" is carved on it, which is as big as a fight and powerful. The left side of the water surface stone boat is the Yellow River flow path, and the right side is the diversion of the Yellow River when it is in flood. It is about 50 meters wide and is called Camel Lane. The Yuwang Temple was built here in the Yuan Dynasty, and later generations have repaired it repeatedly. Temples, pavilions, and plank roads form a grand building group of Yuwang Temple. Unfortunately, these precious buildings were completely destroyed during the Japanese invasion of China.^[11]

Longmen is an ancient ferry connecting Shanxi and Shaanxi. In history, it was ferried by wooden boat. Built before liberation chain bridge , Xi'an ～ Houma The railway and highway of, all pass through here, have built modern bridge, the appearance has changed completely.^[11]

The Yellow River flows out of the Shanxi Shaanxi Valley. The river is wide and the water flow is gentle. From Yumenkou to Tongguan, the river is 125km long, with a fall of 52m and a gradient of 4 ‱. The valley is 3-15km wide, with an average width of 8.5km. The river channel has obvious shoals and broad beach surface, with a beach area of 600 square kilometers. The beach surface is 0.5~2.0 meters above the water surface. River channel in this section Scouring and silting change It is violent, and the mainstream swings frequently. It is said that "30 years east, 30 years west", which is a wandering river. The drainage area between Yumenkou and Tongguan is 185000 square kilometers, and the major tributaries are Weihe River and Fenhe River.^[11]

The Yellow River flows 356 kilometers eastward through Tongguan to Taohuayu, Zhengzhou City, Henan Province, with a drop of 231 meters and an average gradient of 6 ‱. Among them, the Loess Canyon 113 kilometers above Sanmenxia is relatively open. 151 km from Sanmenxia to Mengjin, the river passes through Zhongtiao Mountain And Xiaoshan It is the last gorge section of the Yellow River between Henan and Shanxi, so it is called Jin Yu gorge. The valley bottom is 200~800 meters wide, and the exposed bedrock is Diorite porphyrite The Bali Hutong is composed of limestone, while the rest are mainly composed of Triassic Permian system Sand shale. The main tributaries between Sanmenxia and Taohuayu are Luohe River and Qinhe River, with a drainage area of 42000 square kilometers. It is a common rainstorm center in the Yellow River basin. Rainstorm intensity Large, confluence The rapid concentration of the resulting flood is fierce and the flood peak is high, which is one of the main sources of flood in the lower Yellow River. Below Mengjin is the transition section of the Yellow River from the mountainous area to the plain. Nanyi Mang Mountain It is adjacent to Qingfeng Ridge in the north, and some sections are built with embankments.^[11]

3、 Downstream

The lower reaches of the Yellow River are from Taohuayu to the estuary. The drainage area is 23000 square kilometers, accounting for only 3% of the total drainage area. The river channel is 785.6 kilometers long, with a fall of 94 meters, which is steeper than the gradient, with an average of 1.11 ‱. The lower reaches cross the North China Plain, and most of the river sections are constrained by dikes. The river covers a total area of 4240 square kilometers. Due to a large amount of sediment deposition, the river channel is raised year by year, and the riverbed is 3~5 meters higher than the ground behind the river Fengqiu, Henan The area near Caogang is 10 meters high, which is the world famous "suspended river on the ground" Huaihe River 、 Haihe River System The watershed of.^[11]

Restricted by historical conditions, the current channel of the lower Yellow River is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom. Peach Blossom Valley to Lankao The Dongbatou River is 136 kilometers long, which is the channel of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The embankments on both banks have a history of 300 to 500 years. The section from Dongbatou to Taochengpu is 236 kilometers long. In 1855, the Yellow River burst and changed its course. After flooding for more than 20 years, the embankment was gradually built. Below the Taochengpu is the old road of the Daqing River.^[11]

The Taohuayu Gaocun River section is 206.5 kilometers long, and the two banks are generally Dike spacing It is 5-14km, with the maximum width of 20km. The river is wide and shallow. There are many sandbanks in the center of the river. The water flow is scattered, the scouring and silting changes violently, and the mainstream is wandering. It is a typical wandering river. As the water flow is restricted by the clay spout, dangerous construction and high beach cliff, the river channel forms several nodes River regime It has a certain control and guidance function. In the past, due to Main slot Swing, causing serious beach collapse. According to the survey, from 1949 to 1958, the average area of beach lost in the section from Zhengzhou to Sunkou was 53 square kilometers every year, most of which was above Gaocun.^[11]

The section from Gaocun to Taochengpu is 165 kilometers long. The distance between embankments is 1.5~8.5 km, and the swing and speed of the main channel are smaller than those of wandering river sections, generally 3~4 km. It belongs to the transitional river section between wandering river and curved river. After regulation, the river channel has gradually stabilized. Taochengpu to Lijin The river reach is more than 310 kilometers long, with a dike distance of 0.4~5 kilometers Control and guidance works The protection section accounts for 70% of the river length, and the river regime has been Basic control It is a curved river channel with little change in plane.^[11]

Below Lijin is the estuary of the Yellow River. The Yellow River estuary is located at Bohai Bay And Laizhou Bay Between, coastal area Marine dynamics Weak, Tidal range Generally about 1m, it is a continental estuary with weak tide and sand and frequent swing.^[11]

As the Yellow River transports a large amount of sediment to the estuary area, most of it is deposited in the coastal area, Reclamation Land formation , shaping the Yellow River Delta 。 With the siltation, extension and swing of the Yellow River estuary, the flow path into the sea changes accordingly. In history, the rivers below Lijin have been diverted for many times. After 1949, there have been three planned manual diversions, and the river length of the estuary section has also been changing. In the 1990s, the Yellow River estuary flowed into the sea, which was manually diverted in 1976 Qingshuigou The new river channel is gradually silted and shaped later. In the past 40 years, the Yellow River has transported about 1 billion tons of sediment to the estuarine area on average, and the annual average net land area is 25-30 square kilometers (excluding estuarine siltation Delta coast Regression). The Yellow River into the sea is silted and extended, resulting in the Yellow River Traceability Siltation, whose impact can be traced back to Jinan The above is an important factor for the sedimentation and uplift of the downstream river channel. On the other hand, the Yellow River sediment fills the sea to make land, making the delta Land area Gradually expand and become coastal Petroleum exploitation Created favorable conditions.^[11]

Main tributaries

I Shirakawa Heheihe

The Baihe River and the Heihe River are two major tributaries in Sichuan Province in the upper reaches of the Yellow River. They are located in the southernmost part of the Yellow River basin and flow through North Sichuan Zoige On the plateau, the watershed of the two rivers is low, there is no obvious watershed boundary, there is a landscape of different waters in the same valley, and the basin characteristics are basically the same, so it can be called "sister river".

The Heihe River (also called Moqu) is named after the grey river water due to the development of swamp peat on both banks. The Baihe River (also known as Gaqu) is relatively high, the peat is not exposed obviously, and the river water is relatively clear.^[12]

II Taohe River

Taohe River is a large tributary on the right bank of the upper reaches of the Yellow River, originating from Qinghai Province Henan Mongolian Autonomous County Xiqingshan Donglu, Gansu Province Yongjing County Into the Yellow River Liujiaxia Reservoir District, with a total length of 673km and a drainage area of 25527km2, according to the data of Goumen Village Hydrological Station, the annual average Runoff 5.3 billion cubic meters, with an annual sediment transport of 29 million tons, and an average sediment concentration of only 5.5 kilograms per cubic meter. There is more water and less sediment. In the tributaries of the Yellow River, Taohe River The annual water volume is second only to the Weihe River. Runoff modulus 208000 cubic meters per square kilometer, second only to Baihe and Heihe Upper Yellow River The tributary with the largest inflow.^[12]

III Huangshui

Huangshui is a large tributary on the left bank of the upper Yellow River, originating from Daban Mountain Qinghai Province in the south Haiyan County Environment Xining City It joins the Yellow River at Fuzi Village, Yongjing County, Gansu Province, with a total length of 374 kilometers and a drainage area of 32863 square kilometers, of which about 88% belong to Qinghai Province and 12% belong to Gansu Province.^[12]

4、 Dahei River

Dahei River Located in Inner Mongolia Hetao region The northeast corner is a large tributary at the end of the upper reaches of the Yellow River, originating from Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Zhuozi County Daming Village, passing through Hohhot In the suburb of the city, it flows into the Yellow River near Toktor County. The main stream is 236km long and the drainage area is 17673km2. The basin area in the basin is 5154 square kilometers, accounting for 29% of the basin area. With flat and fertile land and crisscross canals, it is one of the important food bases in the autonomous region. The north is mountainous area, accounting for about 54% of the drainage area, and the rest is Loess hill Zone. In Inner Mongolia, the Yellow River flows from west to east, and the main stream of the Dahei River flows from northeast, forming a convection pattern, so it is called a reverse tributary.^[12]

V Kuye River

Kuye River is a sandy and coarse tributary on the right bank of the middle reaches of the Yellow River, originating from Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Dongsheng Bading Gully flows to the southeast Shenmu County, Shaanxi Province Shamaotou Village It flows into the Yellow River, with a length of 242 kilometers and a drainage area of 8706 square kilometers. According to the measured data of Wenjiachuan Hydrological Station from 1954 to 1980, the annual runoff is 747 million cubic meters, the annual sediment transport is 136 million tons, and the average sediment concentration is up to 182 kg per cubic meter, 6.4 times the average sediment concentration of the Yellow River Sediment transport modulus It reaches 15600 tons per square kilometer, and the loess hilly and gully area in the middle and lower reaches reaches 20000 to 30000 tons per square kilometer. It is the Yellow River basin soil erosion The most serious area. The coarse sediment whose particle size is greater than 0.05 mm accounts for 60% of the total sediment. Therefore, the Kuye River basin is one of the main sources of coarse sediment of the Yellow River, which has a serious impact on the sedimentation of the lower Yellow River.^[12]

VI Wuding River

Wuding River is a sandy tributary on the right bank of the middle reaches of the Yellow River, originating in northern Shaanxi Province Baiyu Mountain North piedmont Dingbian County Inner Mongolia Yikehe League Wushen Banner Boundary, flows to the northeast, then turns to the east, to Yuhe Castle , then turn southeast, in Shaanxi Qingjian County Hekou Village It flows into the Yellow River with a total length of 491km and a drainage area of 30261km2. According to the measured data of Chuankou Hydrological Station from 1957 to 1967, the average annual runoff is 1.535 billion m3, the annual sediment transport is 217 million tons, the average sediment concentration is 141 kg/m3, and the total sediment transport is second only to the Weihe River, ranking second in all tributaries.^[12]

VII Fenhe River

Fenhe River originates from Shanxi Province Ningwu County Guancenshan Mountain , running through the middle of Shanxi Province, passing through Taiyuan and Linfen Two major basins Wanrong County It flows into the Yellow River. The main stream is 710km long and the drainage area is 39471 square kilometers. It is the second largest tributary of the Yellow River and the largest river in Shanxi Province. Fenhe River Basin It covers 25% of the area of Shanxi Province, covers 47 counties and cities, has a population of 9.17 million, and 17.6 million mu of cultivated land, accounting for 37% of the provincial population and 30% of the cultivated land, of which Irrigate the land 7.19 million mu, accounting for 44% of the province. Many important Industrial city , such as Taiyuan Yuci Linfen, Houma, etc. are concentrated in the two basins of the Fenhe River and play an important role.^[12]

VIII Weihe River

Weihe River is located at the base of the Yellow River hinterland in the shape of a big "few", starting from Wurat Mountain in the west, Tongguan in the east, Baiyu Mountain in the north, and Qinling Mountains in the south. With a drainage area of 134800 square kilometers, it is the largest tributary of the Yellow River. Press Huaxian County In total, according to the test data of the Weihe River and the (\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\. The Weihe River basin covers 87 counties and cities in Shaanxi, Gansu and Ningxia provinces, with a population of 24.06 million and 58.67 million mu of cultivated land, accounting for 28.5% of the population and 30.4% of the cultivated land in the Yellow River basin, respectively. Baoji Gorge The area to the east is famous guanzhong plain ， Large irrigation area Concentrated and continuous, Large and medium-sized cities Many, economic status is very important.^[12]

9、 Luohe River

Luohe River originates from the southern foot of Huashan Mountain in Shaanxi Province Lantian County It flows into the Yellow River from Gongxian County, Henan Province. The river channel is 447 kilometers long, the drainage area is 18881 square kilometers, the average width of the drainage basin is 42 kilometers, and the shape of the drainage basin is narrow and long. According to the statistics of Heishiguan Hydrological Station, the annual average runoff is 3.43 billion cubic meters, the annual sediment transport is 18 million tons, the average sediment concentration is only 5.3 kilograms per cubic meter, and the runoff modulus per square kilometer is 182000 cubic meters. With more water and less sediment, it is one of the tributaries of the Yellow River with more water. The drainage basin covers 21 counties and cities in Shaanxi and Henan provinces, with a total population of 5.69 million, Population density Up to 301 people per square kilometer.^[12]

X Qinhe River

Qinhe River originates from Shanxi Province Pingyao County Heicheng Village, from north to south, crosses Qinlu Plateau Taihang Mountain , self help Wulongkou Into the alluvial plain, in Henan Province Wuzhi County It flows into the Yellow River in the south. The river is 485 kilometers long, with a drainage area of 13532 square kilometers.^[12]

XI Jindi River

Jindi River originates from Henan Xinxiang County It flows to the northeast, passes through Henan and Shandong provinces, and reaches Taiqian Near Zhangzhuang, it crosses the Yellow River embankment and enters the Yellow River. Huaxian County The main stream below is 158.6km long, which is a plain slope river. The main tributaries are Huangzhuang River (including Liuqinghe ）, timber trench and Menglou River Etc. The river basin is wide at the top and narrow at the bottom triangle It covers an area of 4869 square kilometers, has a total population of 2.88 million, and has 5.3 million mu of arable land.^[12]

XII Dawen River

Dawen River originates from Shandong Xuangu Mountain North piedmont Yiyuan County Domestic, from east to west Dongping Lake, out of Chenshan Pass and into the Yellow River. The main river is 239km long, with a drainage area of 9098 square kilometers. Habitually Dongping County Above Makou, called Dawen River, the main stream is 209 kilometers long and the drainage area is 8633 square kilometers; Hereinafter referred to as Dongping Lake District, the drainage area (excluding the New Lake District) is 465 square kilometers^[12]

Main lakes

The Yellow River is evolved from many lake basin water systems, and only three large lakes remain, namely, Zhaling Lake in the source area, Eling Lake and Dongping Lake in the lower reaches.^[13]

I Gyaring Lake and Eling Lake

Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake are Tectonic lake It evolved from the ancient Great Lake Basin. Around the end of Pliocene Himalayan Movement Large scale uplift. During the uplift, the Qinghai Tibet Plateau moved along the Fault zone The relative subsidence of the lake basin has laid the foundation of the lake. Early Pleistocene , the lake basin area is more than doubled, from the middle Pleistocene to Late Pleistocene At the beginning, with the Eling Lake as the center, the lake basin continued to relatively subside. At that time, the area below Mangga Gorge, Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake were unified water bodies. Since the late Pleistocene, the basin has continued to relatively subside with the Eling Lake as the center, and the unified lake gradually "disintegrated". Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake had been completely separated at this time, and there were many small lakes beside the lake, more than 70 of which remained. Between these small lakes and the big lakes Sand gravel The natural levee is separated, and the traces of the lake body sinking and the lake surface shrinking are very clear. Zhaling Lake and Eling Lake are fresh water lakes with high altitude in China.^[13]

II Dongping Lake

Dongping Lake is the only natural lake in the lower reaches of the Yellow River. It is located in Liangshan, Dongping and Pingyin At the junction of the three counties, it faces the Yellow River to the north, mountains to the east, Dawen River to the east and Dawen River to the west Beijing Hangzhou Canal Directly into the Yellow River by the lake.^[13]

socioeconomic

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Economic overview

According to statistics in 1990, the population of the Yellow River basin is 97.81 million, accounting for 8.6% of the total population of the country. Cultivated land area 179 million mu, accounting for 12.5% of the country.

The Yellow River Basin has been around for a long time Chinese Agriculture Economic development area. Ningmeng upstream Hetao Plain , midstream Fenwei Basin And the downstream irrigation area of the Yellow River Agricultural production base one of. The upper and middle reaches of the Yellow River are still relatively poor. To speed up the development and construction of this area and get rid of poverty and become rich as soon as possible will help improve the ecological environment and realize the transfer of economic focus from the east to the central and western regions strategic deployment It is of great significance.

Historically, the industrial base of the Yellow River basin was weak, New China was founded Since then, it has made great progress and established a batch of energy industry , Foundation industrial base And emerging cities for further development Basin economy Laid the foundation. The energy industry includes coal, electricity, oil and natural gas, Raw coal output Accounting for more than half of the national output, Oil production It accounts for about 1/4 of the whole country and has become the largest in the region industrial sector 。 Lead, zinc, aluminum, copper, platinum, tungsten, gold, etc Non ferrous metal smelting Industry, and rare earth Industry has great advantages. Of the eight large-scale aluminum smelters in China, four are located in the Yellow River basin.

Flood protection area

According to the statistics in 1990, the lower reaches of the Yellow River with an area of 120000 square kilometers Flood protection area It has a total population of 78.01 million, accounting for 6.8% of the total population of the country. The cultivated area is 106.99 million mu, accounting for 7.5% of the country. The flood control protection zone in the lower reaches of the Yellow River is one of the important grain and cotton bases in China. The output of grain and cotton accounts for 7.7% and 34.2% of the country respectively, and the agricultural output value accounts for 8% of the country. There are also oil, chemical, coal and other industrial bases in the zone, which play an important role in China's economic development.

natural resources

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The Yellow River basin is rich in land, hydropower, coal, oil, natural gas, minerals and other resources, and occupies an important position in the country, development potential Very big.

There are 179 million mu of arable land and 153 million mu of forest land in the basin, Pastureland 419 million mu. The wasteland suitable for reclamation is about 30 million mu. Hydropower resources in the upper reaches of the Yellow River basin coal resource The downstream area is rich in oil and natural gas resources, and plays an extremely important role in the country, known as China's "energy basin". For example, the Shengli Oilfield , the second largest oil field in China.

Yellow River Basin mineral resources It is rich in minerals. In 1990, there were 114 kinds of proven minerals. Among the 45 kinds of proven major minerals in China, there are 37 kinds in the Yellow River basin. Among them, those with national advantages (reserves accounting for more than 32% of the total reserves in China) are rare earth , gypsum, glassy silica raw materials, coal bauxite , aluminum Fireclay Etc. The Yellow River basin is rich in mineral resources with relatively concentrated distribution, which provides favorable conditions for comprehensive development and utilization.

fishery resources

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There are 121 species (subspecies) of fish in the main stream of the Yellow River Freshwater fish There are 98 species, accounting for 78.4% of the total. main Economic fish yes Gymnocypris eckloni 、 platypharodon extremus 、 Thick lipped naked lipped fish 、 Schizopygopsis pylzovi 、 Leuciscus waleckii 、 Northern copperfish (dove fish), carp Crucian carp Fish. There are only 16 fish species in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, and the composition is relatively simple Cyprinidae And loaches Yalo fish , loach, etc. The fish in the middle and lower reaches are generally similar, mainly Cyprinidae. There are 71 kinds of fish in the middle reaches, but there is no natural fish of typical plain groups such as silver carp, bighead carp, bream, and bream. The upper middle reaches share the same fish with the upper reaches Schizothorax and Loach There are 78 species of fish in the downstream, including many Estuarine fishes and Brackish water fish 。 According to the survey data of the Yellow River tributaries Taohe River , Shaanxi Weihe River Jinghe River According to the fish statistics, there are more species in Weihe River, 30 species, 11 species in Taohe River, and only 4 species in Jinghe River. Most of the tributaries in the upper and middle reaches are Cyprinidae Misguriaceae In addition, there are a small number of fish and catfish, and the economic fish are carp, crucian carp, yaluo fish and catfish. According to《 Ichthyology of the Yellow River 》Record, Yellow River system There are at least 177 indigenous fish species (including tributaries).^[14]

Main parts of the Yellow River Catch There are also changes in the types of fish In history, the yield of carp is the highest“ Yellow River carp "Fish" is famous in China, and its output has declined significantly in the 21st century. Before the 1960s, carp accounted for 60~70% of the catch in the middle reaches of the Shaanxi Shanxi River, ranking first in the composition of the catch. According to the survey on the catch in the ports of the Yellow River in Shaanxi Province in 81~82 years, the changes in the past ten years showed that carp accounted for only 21% of the catch, while catfish took the lead, accounting for 41.1%; Followed by Pelteobagrus fulvidraco , accounting for 26.3%. 1983 to Shanxi Province Pinglu County According to the survey on the catches in the main stream of the Yellow River, only 20% of them are carp, while as many as 60% of them are catfish, making them the main catches. In the early 1950s, carp in the downstream Shandong section total output It accounted for 50~70% of the total, and decreased to 15% in the 1960s, and only 7.1% in the 81~82 years according to the survey. The status of fishery labor force in the eight provinces and regions where the Yellow River mainly flows is as follows: except Qinghai Province, there has been no statistics, the number of fishery professional fishing labor force in seven provinces and regions, including Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan and Shandong, was 26964 in 80 years, and decreased to 11320 in 83 years, accounting for 3.0% and 2.1% of the total number of similar labor force in the country respectively; There were 24843 part-time fishing workers in 80 years and 25873 in 83 years, accounting for 8.9% and 5.7% of the total number of similar workers in China respectively. Over the past 30 years, the number of carp resources, the main economic fish in the Yellow River's catches, has declined significantly, and the composition of its catch groups has also changed accordingly. In the early 1980s, the majority of carp caught in Tongguan Port reach of the Yellow River were 3 years old, with an average of 0.7 kg per tail accounting for 44.7%, followed by 4 years old, with an average weight of 1.5 kg accounting for 28.4%.

main Fishing method : Main stream of the Yellow River Fishery production The fishing gear and fishing method used in the operation are as follows: gill net There are many Dragnet The gill net can be divided into single layer and three layers Streaming gill net Good efficiency. In addition, there are roll fishing Fishing hook There are only four or five kinds of clips in the middle reaches.

fishing zone Characteristics: upstream: Schizothorax and Leptopodinae 8 species; Middle reaches: carp, crucian carp, catfish; Downstream: Coilia mystus , carp Grass Carp 、 catfish 。

Brief History of Watershed

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The Yellow River basin is Chinese nation The birthplace of civilization, Banpo The clan is in the Yellow River basin of China clan commune Typical representative of. The Yellow River Basin is the first place for China to enter Farming civilization And the birthplace of agricultural civilization. The climatic characteristics are“ Rain and heat synchronization ”Of monsoon climate The rain and heat with sufficient light, high temperature and abundant rainfall are very superior in China climatic resources It is very suitable for crop growth and is an important condition for the birth of agricultural civilization.

The Yellow River is a relatively young river. In the late and early Pleistocene, 1.15 million years ago, there were only some disconnected lake basins in the basin, forming independent Inland water system 。 Since then, with the uplift of the western plateau, River erosion , Raid, after 1.05 million years Middle Pleistocene The lake basins are gradually connected, forming the prototype of the Yellow River water system. To 100000 to 10000 years ago Late Pleistocene The Yellow River has gradually evolved into a big river that runs from the source to the estuary.

Governance planning

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Governance achievements

government Yellow River It can be traced back to the legendary Gun and Yu governing the river, and then created the dike. The Qin Dynasty has unified the downstream dike system. Western Han Dynasty Jia Jean , Eastern Han Dynasty Wang Jing , Yuan Dynasty Jalu , Late Ming Dynasty Pan Jixun And Qing Dynasty Jin Fu 、 Furnishings They have made important contributions to the theory and practice of flood control, among which Pan Jixun's Harness water to attack sand The strategy has the greatest impact. Modern water conservancy scholar Li Yizhi The general plan for the comprehensive management of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River is put forward. It is proposed to build water conservancy, afforestation and flood detention reservoirs in the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River; Downstream regulation Channel ， Siltation beach Notching And development distributary Flood discharge. H. Engels, a German hydraulic scholar, has carried out many activities for the Yellow River River model test 。 Large scale enterprises that use water resources of the Yellow River earlier Irrigation project It was in the Warring States Period A tributary of the Yellow River Built on the Zhanghe River Twelve Channels for Diversion from Zhangzhou The famous irrigation areas built in later dynasties include Zhengbaiqu Hanyan Canal Tang Laiqu , Fangkou Weir and modern Jinghuiqu Irrigation Area Etc. In history, the Yellow River water transport was also relatively developed. In its heyday, it could reach the Jianghuai River in the south and Jijin River in the north.

The People's Republic of China After establishment, start to improve Lower Yellow River Flood control capacity, planning and research on the development and utilization of water resources of the Yellow River. In October 1954, the Technical and Economic Report on Comprehensive Utilization Planning of the Yellow River was put forward on July 30, 1955 The First National People's Congress The Resolution on the Comprehensive Planning for the Radical Control of the Yellow River Water Disaster and the Development of the Yellow River Water Conservancy was passed.

Yellow River regulation Great achievements have been made in development. ① Improve by heightening and strengthening embankments, regulating river courses, building flood retaining and detention works Rainstorm flood forecast And Flood control regulation The flood control system has been initially established. ② More than 3000 reservoirs of various types have been built in the whole basin, including Large and medium-sized reservoirs More than 170 seats; More than 80 hydropower stations with a capacity of more than 500 kilowatts have been built, Installed capacity About 2.6 million kilowatts. The backbone projects built on the main stream include Liujiaxia 、 Salt Pot Gorge Bapanxia, Qingtongxia, Sanshenggong, overpass Sanmenxia Wait for seven seats. Under construction Longyangxia Hydropower Station The installed capacity is 1.28 million kilowatts (power generation started in 1988). Whole basin Effective irrigation area From 12 million mu in 1949 to nearly 70 million mu. Industry, agriculture and Urban water It has reached more than 27 billion cubic meters, accounting for surface water resources 1/21 After 1972, there were five Tianjin The municipal water supply is about 1.6 billion cubic meters. ③ stay The Loess Plateau We have carried out afforestation, grass planting, terracing Warping dam And other water and soil conservation work, with an area of about 100000 preliminarily controlled by 1985 square kilometre 。④ Flood and sediment are widely used in the basin, such as Flood diversion 、 Hyperconcentrated flow Irrigation Dredger Warping and strengthening the embankment.

March 12, 2021 Shaanxi Xi'an, the first Yellow River basin in the province ecological environment Judicial protection Base at Shichuan River Yan Liang Duan was officially unveiled, opening the judicial protection of the ecological environment of the Yellow River basin“ Administrative law enforcement + procuratorial supervision +Judicial trial "comprehensive governance model. It is reported that the judicial protection base for the ecological environment of Xi'an in the Yellow River basin is Xi'an Railway Transport Court And Xi'an Yanliang District People's Procuratorate union Yanliang District A judicial protection base for ecological environment jointly established by the Bureau of Culture, Tourism and Sports and other relevant departments.^[16]

February 15, 2022, from China Development Bank It is learned that in 2021, the National Development Bank will issue loans of 149.6 billion yuan in the whole year, actively helping the comprehensive management of the Yellow River basin Water security And other key areas of ecological protection Modern industrial system Protect, inherit and carry forward the Yellow River culture, improve people's livelihood and other fields High quality development 。^[17]

On September 28, 2023, the Yellow River Basin (Xi'an) Ecological Environment Judicial Protection and Governance Office Officially unveiled.^[18]

Existing problems

① The downstream flood control task is still arduous. stay Sanmenxia Reservoir Under the condition of controlling the upstream flood, Huayuankou More than 40000 m3/s still occur Peak discharge It is far more than the capacity of the existing embankment to resist 22000 m3/s, and the embankment must be continuously raised with the siltation of the river channel. ② Loess Plateau ecosystem And economic base Weak. Prevent and control soil erosion, develop local resources such as coal and non-ferrous metals, and revitalize the local Urban and rural economy Is a long-term arduous task. ③ Insufficient water resources. A considerable part of the Yellow River water is used to transport sediment into the sea, and the amount available for industry and agriculture is limited. The regulation capacity of the Yellow River is low, and the water quality of some river sections is polluted. The contradiction between supply and demand has become acute. In the future, with the increase of industrial and agricultural water use, the imbalance between supply and demand of water resources is bound to become more prominent. Water energy in the basin Resource development and utilization The degree is not high, and reasonable deployment is needed to speed up the development process. Some river sections should also consider the restoration and development of shipping.

plan

There are many opinions about the Yellow River harnessing plan. They basically agree on the development of hydropower in the upper and middle reaches, the development of water and soil conservation in the water and soil loss areas in the upper and middle reaches, the consolidation of embankments in the lower reaches, and the planned harnessing in the estuary area. However, they have different opinions on how to deal with flood cement sand, mainly including: ① focusing on the upper and middle reaches, such as strengthening the harnessing of sandy and coarse sand areas, or Flood is used for irrigation and desert reconstruction; ② Build a large reservoir in the middle mainstream, build a high dam in the canyon to cut flood and retain sediment, or advocate regulating water and sediment, and transporting sediment with high concentration, Storing clear water and discharging muddy water And other application methods, so as to preserve the existing reservoir Effective storage capacity , and make the downstream sedimentation Decrease; ③ Large area silting and dike consolidation in the middle and lower reaches to utilize flood sediment; ④ The lower Yellow River is changed to a new channel; ⑤ The downstream river channel is scoured by the water from the Yangtze River; ⑥ Many outlets in the lower reaches divert water and sediment on both banks of the Yellow River to the east of Zhengzhou.

According to China's economic development and the current situation of the Yellow River, the guiding ideology of the plan for harnessing and developing the Yellow River is to eliminate harm and promote benefits, and make comprehensive use of the water and sediment resources of the Yellow River to be conducive to production in the upper, middle and lower reaches. The main task is to take comprehensive control measures to alleviate the flood threat in the lower Yellow River; Prevent and control soil erosion, gradually reduce the sediment input into the Yellow River, and improve the ecological environment of the Loess Plateau; Rational utilization of water and sediment Hydropower resources And promote the development of industrial and agricultural production. The main contents of the plan include four aspects.

Downstream flood control

Continue to consolidate the dike dangerous section , regulation of river courses and estuaries, construction detention basin Engineering and flood forecast and alarm system. Xiaolangdi Project After completion, the downstream can be greatly improved by cooperating with Sanmenxia, Luhun, Guxian and other reservoirs Flood control standard , downstream Ice flood The threat can also be basically lifted. The role of the reservoir in blocking water and sediment can make the downstream river course not be silted up and raised within 20 to 30 years, so as to gain buffer time for the realization of other sediment reduction measures. Longmen, Qikou and Qinhe Hekou Village Reservoir It is also planned to build in succession. To jointly control flood sediment, form a flood control system and strengthen flood control safety.

rational exploitation

Yellow River water volume Utilization Although it is high, the average annual water inflow into the sea is still 30 billion cubic meters, including more than 10 billion cubic meters in non flood season, which can be further developed. The key is to start from the whole river, build more reservoirs with greater regulation capacity in the upper and middle reaches, and coordinate and balance the utilization requirements of water resources in all aspects. Longyang Gorge to Heishan Gorge 13 million kilowatts of hydropower can be developed in the river reach, Tokto 6.3 million kilowatts of hydropower can be developed in the Taohuayu reach, and priority should be given to Construction Project 。

It is planned to arrange about Grade 30 hydroproject in the section from Longyangxia to Taohuayu on the main stream, of which the backbone works are Longyang Gorge 、 Liujiaxia 、 Heishan Gorge 、 Moraine mouth , Gantry Sanmenxia 、 Xiaolangdi The total storage capacity of these seven buildings is 85 billion cubic meters, which can retain more than 40 billion cubic meters of effective storage capacity for a long time. 7. The joint use of libraries will be able to Effective control The water, sand and flood of the Yellow River are used comprehensively to eliminate harmful effects and promote benefits. In combination with the harnessing and development of the Yellow River Yellow River system To strengthen the navigation capacity of water resources protection Work. Predicting the 21st Century water consumption Will increase significantly, and it is necessary to consider Yangtze River Transfer water for relief.

water and soil conservation

Strengthen the work of water and soil conservation and improve the local environment Production conditions Combine current interests with long-term interests, economic performance And ecological benefit combination. extension Comprehensive management of small watershed The experience of using flood sediment in multiple ways to harvest the actual effect of irrigation and fertilizing fields; Determine the governance direction of different types of areas, and allocate various governance measures for agriculture, forestry and animal husbandry water; Resolutely prevent new water and soil loss caused by various construction and human activities; To strengthen the construction of coarse sand areas Huangfuchuan 、 Wuding River 、 Sanchuan River We should also strengthen the Kuye River And other tributaries. Other tributaries of the Yellow River should build water conservancy projects with various functions and develop hydropower resources of about 3 million kilowatts according to the needs of drought resistance, flood control and production development.

To solve the problem of siltation in the lower reaches of the Yellow River through multiple ways: in addition to continuing to accelerate the work of water and soil conservation, it mainly includes: ① using the large reservoirs in the main stream such as Xiaolangdi, Longmen and Qikou to retain and regulate water and sediment, so that the lower reaches will not be silted up and raised in decades; ② Use the role of Xiaolangdi and Longmen Reservoirs in controlling water and sediment and raising water level to send sediment in the reservoir to the broad beach downstream of the reservoir for desilting in a planned way; ③ stay Main tributaries Popularization of flood diversion and desilting in irrigation areas Muddy water irrigation Etc.

Hydro junction

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Sanmenxia Water Control Project : Shanxi Pinglu Henan Sanmenxia At the city boundary, it was put into use in 1960.

Sanshenggong Water Control Project ： Inner Mongolia Dengkou , put into use in 1966.

Qingtongxia Water Control Project ： Ningxia Qingtongxia City, put into use in 1968.

Liujia Gorge Hydropower Station : Gansu Yongjing , put into use in 1974.

Salt Pot Gorge Hydro junction : Yongjing, Gansu, put into use in 1975.

Tianqiao Water Control Project: Shanxi Baode Shaanxi Fugu Junction, put into use in 1977.

Bapanxia Water Control Project: Gansu Lanzhou , put into use in 1980.

Longyangxia Hydropower Station : Qinghai Gonghe, put into use in 1992.

Daxia Water Control Project: Baiyin, Gansu, put into use in 1998.

Lixia Water Control Project: Qinghai Hualong , put into use in 1999.

Wanjiazhai Water Control Project : Shanxi Bias Inner Mongolia Jungar Banner Junction, put into use in 1999.

Xiaolangdi Water Control Project : Henan Jiyuan and Mengjin Junction, put into use in 2001.

Gongboxia Hydropower Station : Qinghai Xunhua , put into use in 2006.

Laxiwa Hydropower Station ： Qinghai Guide 、 Guinan The junction of the two counties, still under construction, is the largest hydropower station on the main stream of the Yellow River.

Fishing ban

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On July 1, 2018, the reporter learned from the Fishery and Fishery Administration of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs that at 12:00 on June 30, the three-month fishing ban in the Yellow River basin ended and fishermen could start fishing.^[15]

2018 is the first time that the Yellow River has implemented a basin based fishing ban, and the introduction of the system has made many places aquatic in the Yellow River Biological resources In the aspect of maintenance, we should say goodbye to fighting alone and fighting independently, establish a basin based cooperation mechanism, and further strengthen the work cohesion and cooperation.

According to reports, System of closed fishing period of the Yellow River The introduction of the Protection of fishery resources The lack of major measures will play a major role in promoting the conservation of aquatic biological resources in the Yellow River basin.^[15]

From April to June 2018, nine provinces and autonomous regions in the Yellow River basin printed and distributed 426000 publicity materials, dispatched 15000 fishery law enforcement personnel, 3063 law enforcement vehicles, and enforced the law craft 1262 times, 620 times of inspecting fishing ports, wharves and natural berths of fishing boats, 3086 times of fishing boats, 811 times of market inspection a ship Netting gear There were 61 construction sites, 22000 nautical miles of water patrol, 392 illegal cases, 532 people involved and 2326 kilograms of illegal catch.

In order to maintain the order of the Yellow River fishing ban Illegal fishing From May 30 to June 3, the Fishery and Fishery Administration of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs carried out a five-day joint law enforcement and supervision of the Yellow River fishing ban in nine provinces and regions along the Yellow River.

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