The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine is the earliest and most influential medical book in China, and is respected as the "master of doctors" by later generations.The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine is very extensive. In addition to medicine, it also records ancient philosophy, astronomy, meteorology, phenology, biology, geography, mathematics, sociologyPsychology, phonology, etc., and infiltrated these knowledge and achievements into medicine, thus making the book a multidisciplinary work with medicine as the main body.[125][129]
Title
Inner Canon of Huangdi
Alias
Internal Classic
Category
Medical Science
Foreign name
Huang Di Nei Jing
Value
The first of the four classics of traditional Chinese medicine, the "ancestor of medicine"
The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine is divided into《Plain question》And Lingshu.
Plain Questions focuses on the visceramain and collateral channelsEtiology, pathogenesis, syndrome, diagnosis, treatment principles, acupuncture and moxibustion, etc.
"Lingshu" is an inseparable part of "Suwen", and its content is basically the same.In addition to discussing the function, etiology and pathogenesis of the zang fu organs, it also focuses on the meridians and acupoints, acupuncture tools, needling methods and treatment principles.[32]
Catalogue of works
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Directory of questions
Southern Dynasty, The Beginning of the Whole Yuan Dynasty
Volume I, the first chapter is about the theory of balancing people, the second chapter is about the determination of death and life, the third chapter is about the timing of the dirty qi method, the fourth chapter is about the five qi of Xuanming, the fifth chapter is about economic cooperation, the sixth chapter is about regulating the classics, the seventh chapter is about the four timing of stabbing and disobedience, and the seventh chapter is about all seven chapters.
Volume II: Theory of Essence Shifting and Qi Changing, Chapter IX of the Jade Edition, Chapter X of the Final Diagnosis Sutra, Chapter XI of the Eight Righteous Gods, Chapter XII of the True and Evil, Chapter XIII of the Biography of Specimens and Diseases, Chapter XIV of the Skin, Chapter XV of the Qi Acupoints, Chapter XVI of the Qi Family, Chapter XVII of the Bone Void, Chapter XVII of the Miao Sting, Chapter XVII of the All Eleven.
Questions about Huangdi Neijing collected by Waseda University in Japan
Volume III, the separation of yin and yang, the twelve internal organs, the twenty, the six, the twenty-one, the twenty-two, the twenty third, the five internal organs, the twenty-four, and the six.
Volume IV, the 25th chapter of "Qi Connecting to Heaven", the 26th chapter of "Quankui Zhenyan", the 27th chapter of "Yin and Yang", the 28th chapter of "Meridians", the 29th chapter of "General Comment on Deficiency and Reality", the 30th chapter of "Tai Yin and Yang Ming", the 31st chapter of "Inverse Tune", the 32nd chapter of "Wei", and the eighth chapter.
Volume V, Special Treatise on the Five Zang Organs, Thirty three Treaties on Soup and Fermented Glutinous Rice, Thirty four Treaties, Thirty five Treaties on Heat, Thirty six Treaties on Puncture, Thirty seven Treaties on Fever, Thirty eight Treaties on Malaria, Thirty nine Treaties on Abdominal Cavity, Forty four Treaties on Extravagant Diseases, Forty one Treaties on Sickness, Forty two Treaties on Strange Diseases, Ten Treaties.
Volume 6: Meridians should be refined and detailed Chapter 43, Yuji Zhencang Chapter 44, Malaria Piercing Chapter 45, Lumbago Piercing Chapter 46, Qi Piercing Chapter 47, Ban Piercing Chapter 48, Zhi Piercing Chapter 49, Acupuncture Decoding Chapter 50, Four Time Piercing and Rebellion Chapter 51, and eight chapters.
Volume VII, Que.
Volume VIII: Bi Theory 52, Shui Re Acupoint Theory 53, Calmly Farewell to White and Black Theory 54, Negligence Theory 55, Prescription Theory 56, Yin Yang Theory 57, Four Seasons Disease Theory 58, Prescription Theory 59, Prescription Theory 60, and nine chapters.
Volume 9, Ancient Innocence, Four Qi Regulating Spirit, Sixty second, Yin and Yang Should Be Like, Sixty fourth, Five Zang Organs Generation, Sixty fifth, Cough, Wind, Sixty seventh, Jue, Sixty eighth, Miraculous, Seventy ninth, Pulse Decomposing, Seventy and Ten.
The above eight volumes are combined into seventy chapters.
Tang Dynasty, Wang Bing
Health care, yin and yang, viscera, treatment, pulse method, pathogenesis, disease syndrome, acupuncture method, essence, qi and blood, qi, four diagnostic methods
Volume 1: Ancient Innocence Chapter 1, Four Qi Tunes the Spirit Chapter 2, Anger Tongtian Chapter 3, Golden Chamber Truth Chapter 4.
Volume II: Yin and Yang should be like the fifth chapter of the great treatise, the sixth chapter of the separation of Yin and Yang, and the seventh chapter of the other chapter of Yin and Yang.
Volume III: Linglan's Secret Classic Chapter VIII, Section VI: Viscera Theory Chapter IX, Five Zangs Generation Chapter X, Five Zangs Other Theory Chapter XI.
Lingshu of the Yellow Emperor's Internal Scripture - Ming Gu Congde
Volume IV, the twelfth chapter on the suitability of different methods, the thirteenth chapter on the transformation of essence into qi, the fourteenth chapter on the liquors and fermented foods, the fifteenth chapter on the jade version, and the sixteenth chapter on the final diagnosis of essential meridians.
Volume V: The pulse should be subtle, Chapter XVII, and the average weather, Chapter XVII.
Volume VI: Yuji Zhencang Theory Chapter XIX, Part III Jiuhou Theory Chapter XX.
Volume VII, Chapter 21, Chapter 22, Chapter 23, Xuanming Five Qi, Chapter 24, Chapter 24, Blood, Qi and Shape Annals.
Volume 8, The Whole Form of Baoming, Chapter 25, The Eight Righteous Gods, Chapter 26, Lihe, True and Evil, Chapter 27, General Comments on the Real and False, Chapter 28, Taiyin and Yangming, Chapter 29, Yangming Pulse Interpretation, Chapter 30.
Volume 13: Theory of Sickness and Energy 46, Theory of Strange Diseases 47, Theory of Great Strangeness 48, and Theory of Pulse Resolving 49.
Volume 14, Essentials of Stabbing Chapter 50, Qi Stabbing Chapter 51, Prohibition of Stabbing Chapter 52, Annals of Stabbing Chapter 53, Acupuncture Interpretation Chapter 54, Long Stab Section Chapter 55.
Volume 15: Skin Part 56, Meridians 57, Acupoints 58, and Qi Mansions 59.
Volume 16: Bone Empty Theory Chapter 60, Water Heat Acupoint Theory Chapter 61.
Volume 17, Chapter 62 of Tiaojing.
Volume 18: Miao Stab Theory Chapter 63, Four Time Stab Theory Chapter 64, Specimen Disease Theory Chapter 65.
Volume 19: The Sixty sixth of the Tianyuan Period, the Sixty seventh of the Five Movements, and the Sixty eighth of the Six Minor Tenets.
Volume 20, the sixty ninth chapter of the great theory of gas exchange, and the seventieth chapter of the great theory of five permanent policies.
Volume 21, The Six Yuan Canon Chapter 71, The Acupuncture Method Chapter 72 (epilogue), The Disease Chapter 73 (epilogue).
Volume 22, the most important chapter, the 74th chapter.
Volume 23, written in the seventh chapter of Zhijiao, the seventh chapter of Shicong, the seventh chapter of Shuwu Guo, and the seventy-eight chapter of Zhengsi Lose.
Volume 24: Theory of Yin and Yang, 79; Theory of Fang Sheng and Fa, 80; Theory of Xie Jing and Wei, 81.
Lingshu Catalog
Volume 1: Nine Needles and Twelve Origins are the first, the first is the loss, the third is the solution of small needles, and the fourth is the disease form of the evil gas reservoir.
Volume II: Root knot fifth, Shouyao's hardness and softness sixth, official needle seventh, God eighth, and always ninth.
Volume 3: The tenth meridian, the eleventh meridian, and the twelfth meridian.
Volume IV: Meridians 13th, Boneness 14th, Fifty Battalion 15th, Business Qi 16th, Pulse 17th Battalion Health Club 18th, Four Seasons Qi 19th.
Compiled by Su Wen Lingshu, Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic
Volume 5: Five evils are the twentieth, cold and fever are the twenty-first, madness is the twenty second, fever is the twenty third, syncope is the twenty fourth, miscellaneous diseases are the twenty sixth, Zhou Bi is the twenty seventh, and oral diseases are the twenty eighth.
Volume 6: The teacher's biography is the 29th, the determination of qi is the 30th, the intestines and stomach is the 31st, the level man Juegu is the 32nd, the sea is the 35th, the chaos is the 34th, the distention is the 35th, the body fluid of Wulong is the 36th, the fifth reading is the 35th, the anti obesity is the 38th, the blood collateral is the 39th, the yin and yang are clear and turbid is the 40th.
Volume VII. Yin and Yang are the forty first of the sun and the moon, the forty second of disease transmission, the forty third of lust and evil dreams, the forty fourth of four hours on a day of good fortune, the forty fifth outside, the forty sixth of five changes, and the forty seventh in Tibet.
Volume VIII. Forbidden clothes ranked 48, five colors ranked 49, bravery ranked 50, back shu ranked 51, wei qi ranked 52, pain ranked 53, age ranked 54, disobedience ranked 55, and five tastes ranked 56.
Volume 9: Water Swelling 57, Thief 58, Wei Qi Disorder 59, Jade Version 60, Five Prohibitions 61, Movement 62, Five Tastes 63, Yin and Yang 25 64.
Volume 10: Five tones and five tastes are the sixty-five, diseases are the sixty-six, acupuncture is the sixty-seven, upper diaphragm is the sixty-eight, anxiety, anger, wordlessness, cold and heat are the sixty-nine, evil guests are the seventy-one, and the seventy-two.
Volume XI: The seventy third in official power, the seventy fourth in disease diagnosis, the seventy fifth in true and evil stabbing, the seventy-six in Wei's qi practice, and the seventy-seven in nine palaces and eight winds.
Volume 12, Nine Needles, Seventy Eight, Suilu, Seventy Nine, Big Doubts, Eighty One, Carbuncle and Gangrene.
historical background
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Origin of name
Inner Canon of Huangdi
The Book of the Han Dynasty, Art and Literature Annals, Fang Ji Lue contains“Medical classics”、“Classic prescription”, "Immortals" and "Fangzhong"[3]The Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic was included in the "Medical Classic".
The so-called "medical classics" are the interpretation of human physiologyPathology, diagnosis, treatment, prevention and other medical theories[4]。It is called "Jing" because of its importance.The ancients called important books with certain rules that must be learned generally as "classics", such as Confucianism“Six Meridians”Laozi's "Tao Te Ching" and its simple“Three Character Classic”Etc.The reason why it is called "Neijing" is not likeWu KunThe "Five Internal Yin and Yang" in Su Wen Zhu and Wang Jiuda's "Internal Economic Cooperation" are notZhang JiebinThe Analects of Confucius said that "the inside is the way of life", but only the opposite of "the outside".This is similar to the "internal biography of Korean poetry", "external biography of Korean poetry", "internal biography of Spring and Autumn Period", "external biography of Spring and Autumn Period",ZhuangziThe meaning of "Nei Pian" and "Wai Pian" in "Han Fei Zi" and "Nei Chu" and "Wai Chu" in "Han Fei Zi" are the same, except that "Huang Di Wai Jing", "Bian Que" and "Bai Shi" have all been lost.[5]
Book age
The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine, also known as the Canon of Internal Medicine, is one of the earliest classics in China and the first of the four classics of Chinese traditional medicine.Legend has it thatYellow EmperorIt is famous for what it has done.However, it is generally acknowledged that this book was finally formed in the Western Han Dynasty, and the author was not a single person, but was created by the inheritance, supplement, and development of the ancient Chinese doctors[6-7]。As pointed out in Huai Nan Zi Xiu Wu Xun, the title of "Yellow Emperor" is intended to trace the origin of Chong Ben, thereby illustrating the early birth of Chinese medical culture[8]。It is not a word of the moment, nor a hand of one person.[9]
At the time when Huangdi Neijing was written, the ancients had three main views:
Pre Qin period
Those who hold this view are Huangfu Mi of the Jin Dynasty[10], Song DynastyLin Yi, Gao Baoheng[11]Etc.They believed that such a scientific masterpiece as the Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine could not be done without wise sages and great wisdom, so it must be written by the Yellow Emperor.
the Warring States period
Those who hold this view are from the Song DynastyShao Yong[12]、Cheng Hao[13]、author of the history Zizhi Tongjian[14]、Zhu Xi[15], Ming DynastySang Yue、Fang Yizhi[16]Fang Xiaoru[17], Qing DynastyWei Litong[18]Etc.The main reasons are as follows: First of all, comparing the Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine · Suwen with the Zhou Li of the Warring States Period, there are many similarities, which fully proves that the two books are works of the same era and the same ideological system;Secondly, the content of medical science in the Historical Records · Bian Que Biography is similar to that in the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic · Su Wen, but it is much simpler and more primitive. However, the content of medical science in the Historical Records · Cang Gong Lie Zhuan is more advanced than that in the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic · Su Wen. It can be inferred that the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic should be a work after the Bian Que era and before the Cang Gong era,It is also the works of the Warring States Period.Finally, taking the style of Huangdi Neijing as an example, it can also illustrate this point: the text of the Pre Qin Dynasty is mostly rhymed, while the text of rhyme in Suwen is particularly rich.[19]
Qing Dynasty《Concise Contents of Siku Quanshu》This statement is further confirmed[20]Because Sikuquanshu had a very high position in the ancient academic circles of China, this statement was accepted by many people.
Western Han Dynasty
Inner Canon of Huangdi
the Ming dynastyLang YingFrom the legend of Yidi making wine in the time of Xia Yu and the evidence that "Luo" appeared in the Han Dynasty, it can be inferred that Suwen was produced in the Western Han Dynasty.[21]
Modern TCM expertsLiu Changlin[22]Wu Wending[23]Others also hold this view.The main reasons are: First, the Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine is about 200000 words, which can be said to be a great work more than 2000 years ago.Compiling such medical records requires a stable social environment and requires huge manpower and material resourcesSengokuIt's impossible.Only whenWestern Han DynastyDuring the period, with the political stability and economic development, it provided a realistic condition for medical practitioners to compile medical books;Second, the King of Huainan in the early Western Han DynastyLiu AnHuai Nan Zi Xiu Wu Xun (Huai Nan Zi Xiu Wu Xun) said: "Most secular people respect the ancient but despise the present, so those who are Taoists must remember Shennong and the Yellow Emperor." The Yellow Emperor's Internal Canon has a close relationship with“Huang Lao School”The close connection of the "Huang Lao School" in the Western Han Dynasty also provides evidence that only in the heyday of the "Huang Lao School" can the book be completed;Third, Sima Qian in the Western Han Dynasty recorded in the Historical Records · Biographies of Cang Gong that Chun Yu, a famous doctor in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, intended to accept the ten medical books taught to him by his teacher Gongcheng Yangqing, but there was no Huangdi Neijing, which is enough to show that Huangdi Neijing could not be written before the Western Han Dynasty.[19]
It can be seen from the above views that the ancient people believed that the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic was written in the Warring States Period.However, it cannot be considered that all the chapters of Plain Questions and Lingshu are out of the Warring States Period.Medical experts at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming DynastyLv FuHe has made pertinent comments on this, and believes that the Internal Medicine is not a word of the moment, nor a hand of one person[9]。Yao JihengTextual Research on Ancient and Modern Pseudo Books, Zhou Mu's Brief Preface to Simple Question CorrectionCheng MinzhengXin'an Literature Collection - Theory of LuckHuang ShengzengLu Fu was also approved by the people in the Five Mountains Collection, Annotation and Differentiation of Internal Classic.[24]
The more scientific point of view is that the Huangdi Neijing was not completed by one author in a short time, but was assembled by several authors across a long time period:
1、 Pre Qin style has many rhymes, and some chapters in Huangdi Neijing also have many rhymes, which may be works of pre Qin period.
Inner Canon of Huangdi
2、 Compared with the silk book Moxibustion Sutra of Ten Pulse of Foot and Arm from Mawangdui in Changsha in 1973, the pressed medicine slips unearthed from Wuwei Han Tomb in Gansu in 1972, the "Six Wangs Binpan" and "Taiyi Jiugong Zhanpan" unearthed from Ruyin Marquis Tomb of Western Han Dynasty in Shuanggudui, Fuyang, Anhui in 1977, it can be seen that some chapters in Lingshu were written in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, and some were written earlier in the Western Han Dynasty.[5]
3、 Some documents cited in Huangdi Neijing, such as Shangxiajing and Yandu, were written in the Warring States Period or even earlier.
5、 Some chapters in Lingshu appeared late, such as the sentence "Yin means Yin, and the first month means Yang" in the Sun and Moon Chapter, so it can be concluded thatMartial EmperorAfter the promulgation of the Taichu Calendar in the first year of Taichu (the first 100 years).[5]
6、 Some chapters in Suwen use Ganzhi to count the years, which was the thing of the Eastern Han Dynasty.The seventh volume of Plain Questions has been lost for a long time. Wang Bing of the Tang Dynasty, according to the secret copy of his teacher Zhang Gong, added "Tianyuan Ji Da Lun", "Five Movements Da Lun", "Six Subtitles Da Lun", "Qi Alternation Da Lun", "Five Chang Zheng Da Lun", "Six Yuan Zhengji Da Lun" and "Zhizhen Yao Da Lun", which are actually another medical book, "Yin Yang Da Lun".By counting the years with Jiazi, we can conclude that it must be in the Eastern Han DynastyEmperor Zhang of the Han DynastyAfter the promulgation of the quadrennial calendar in the second year of Yuanhe (085);Because he was onceZhang ZhongjingWriting《Treatise on typhoid and miscellaneous diseases》It must have been quoted by Zhang Zhongjing before.[5]
7、 In Plain Questions, the 72nd chapter, "On Stabbing Methods", and the 73rd chapter, "On the Origin of Disease", were already aimless when Wang Bingci annotated Plain QuestionsLiu WenshuWhen writing "Su Wen Ru Xing Lun Ao", they were displayed later as "Su Wen Yi Pian".It can be considered that these two articles were fakes of the Tang and Song dynasties.[5]
To sum up, the Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine was not written for a while, and the author was not a single person.His writing should be written in the Warring States Period, and his individual chapters were written in the Han Dynasty.As for the supplement of Wang Bingzhi and the attachment of Liu Wenshu, they should not be regarded as the text of the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic, but they are also considered as internal classics according to the practice.[5]
Biographical evolution
1、 Plain Questions
Questions about Huangdi Neijing collected by Waseda University in Japan
The name of Plain Questions first appeared in the Eastern Han DynastyZhang Zhongjing"Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases - Preface": "Write and use" Plain Questions "," Nine Volumes "," Eighty One Difficulties "," Yin Yang Theory "," Fetal Lu "and" Medicine Record "
Lin Yi, Gao Baoheng and others said in their "new correction" that human beings are life bodies with air quality, and it is inevitable that there will be diseases of small and big differences. Therefore, they explained it in the form of questions and answers, which is the original meaning of Plain Questions[25]。Sui dynastyYang ShangshanIt is quite insightful to reorganize the Internal Classic and call it the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic Taisu.[5]
Plain Questions has been written since the Warring States Period to the period between Qi and LiangFrom all yuanWhen he wrote Suwen Xunjie, he kept the old system of nine volumes, but by the time the whole Yuan Dynasty began to annotate Suwen, the seventh volume of Suwen had been lost.Wang Bing believes that it is because he is afraid of others and hides from time to time, so Shishi hid it in the seventh volume.Wang Bing called himself the "Secret Book of the Master Zhang", "so he wrote notes, used them to pass on immortality, and combined them with the volumes of the old collection, which is composed of 81 articles and 24 volumes".Because Wang Bing has added seven major theories, including the Great Theory of the Tianyuan Period, the Great Theory of the Five Movements, the Great Theory of Six Minor Purposes, the Great Theory of Qi Alternation, the Great Theory of the Five Permanent Policies, the Great Theory of the Six Yuan Zhengji, and the Great Theory of the Supreme Truth, and has widely annotated the full text of Suwen, it has greatly expanded from the original nine volumes to 24 volumes, thus becoming the popular Suwen of the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic.Of course, there are also 12 volumes of Hu's "Ancient Forest Library" in the Yuan Dynasty and the Ming DynastyorthodoxThe 50 volumes of Daozang were published during the reign of the Qing Dynasty, but its contents and contents remained unchanged, just like Wang Bing's old works.
2、 Lingshu
Lingshu was first called the Sutra of Needles.In the first chapter, Nine Needles and Twelve Plains, there is a saying that "the Sutra of Needles was first established", which is equivalent to self introduction.Later, it was also called "Nine Volumes"[26]Jin Huangfu Mifu also called it "The Sutra of Needles", and then "Nine Voices"[27]Nine Spirits[28]Yellow Emperor's Sutra of Needles[29]Equal name.
Inner Canon of Huangdi
The name "Lingshu" was first found in the preface of Wang Bing's "Suwen" and Wang Bing's annotations to "Suwen".When Wang Bing annotated Suwen, he twice quoted the saying "the meridians are the inner part, the branches and the transverse parts are the collaterals, and the other collaterals are the Sun collaterals"Three Parts and Nine MarquisesWhen quoted in, it is called "Lingshu", and when quoted in Tiaojing Lun, it is also called "Needle Sutra". It can be seen that Lingshu is also called "Needle Sutra".This is further proved by the fact that the "Sutra of Needles" quoted in other "Suwen" notes are all articles of "Lingshu".[5]
The evolution of the name of Lingshu is roughly like this, and the meaning of its naming needs specific analysis.Ma Hong[30]andZhang Jiebin[31]I think it is because of the mystery of the pivot.Lingshu mainly studies acupuncture, so it is called the Needle Classic;Because its volume is nine volumes, it is named "Nine Volumes", and therefore has the names of "Nine Spirits" and "Nine Voids".
As for Lingshu, although there are several biographical systems such as Jiujuan, Jiuxu, Jiuling and Needle Sutra, they have all been lost since Sui and Tang dynasties.In the Song Dynasty, Lin Yi, Gao Baoheng and others tried to correct medical books because they were too incomplete.Southern Song DynastyShi SongAlthough the "Lingshu Sutra" presented is different in content from the "Lingshu" cited by Wang Bing and the "Lingshu" cited by Wang Dui, it is the only version in existence after all.The reason why Shi Song changed Lingshu into 24 volumes was that it had the same number of volumes as the Suwen volume noted by Wang Bing, but had no other profound meaning.Because these two books were originally nine volumes, they eventually became twenty-four volumes.[5]
The "Ancient Forest Shutang" edition of the Hu family in the Yuan Dynasty combined Lingshu into twelve volumes, which also matched the twelve volumes of Suwen.As for Lingshu, which was originally published in Daocang in the Ming Dynasty, only has 23 volumes instead of 50 volumes, it is because Lingshu has less words than Suwen.
In a word, the 24 volume version of Suwen annotated by Wang Bing is the earliest existing version that has been corrected by the Northern Song Dynasty Bureau of Correcting Medical Books.
The twenty-four volume version of Lingshu, adapted by Shi Song, is the earliest and only existing version.[5]
24 volumes of the new Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon Lingshu
Academic thought
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The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine accepted the philosophical thought of the ancient Chinese materialism of Qi monism, and regarded human beings as a part of the whole material world. All things in the universe were formed by their original material "Qi".Under the guidance of the concepts of "man and the earth are connected" and "corresponding to the sun and the moon", people and nature are closely linked.[5]
1、 "Qi" is the origin of all things in the universe
LaoziIn the Tao Te Ching, it says: "Things are mixed and born naturally. They are lonely, independent and unchanged, and can be the mother of the world." It believes that the original substance that constitutes the world is the "Tao" of the metaphysics.Song Jing、Yin WenThis original substance is called "Qi".Influenced by these theories, Huangdi Neijing also believes that "Qi" is the origin of all things in the universe.Before heaven and earth were formed, there was Qi, which was full of too much emptiness and kept running, and then everything in the universe came into being[96]。This is actually to reveal the natural laws of celestial evolution and biogenesis.Before the formation of the universe, it was too empty.Taixu is full of primordial qi, which is the beginning of the transformation of heaven and earth.Due to the movement of qi, there are stars, seven suns, yin and yang, cold and summer, and everything.The movement of yin-yang and five elements, the president of the movement of the earth changes and the emergence and development of all things.[5]
2、 The relationship between man and nature
The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine believes that human beings are closely related to nature, and the movement changes of nature will not affect the human body at any time."Su Wen · Bao Ming Quan Xing Lun" said: "People are born with the qi of heaven and earth, and the law of four seasons is formed".It means that human beings, like all things in the universe, are born from heaven and earth and grow according to the laws of four seasons[97-98]。In order to survive, we must rely on the movement and nourishment of yin and yang in the world.[99]
The internal environment of the human body must be coordinated and consistent with the external environment of nature, which requires that human beings have strong adaptability to nature."Lingshu Wulong Body Fluid Separation" said: "In summer, thick clothing will open the striae, so sweat will come out. In cold weather, striae will close, and qi will not be wet. If you stay in the bladder underwater, it will be drowning and qi." This is obviously the adaptation of water metabolism to the external environment.The pulse of human beings is represented by spring string, summer flood, autumn hair and winter stone, which is also due to the adaptive response of human qi and blood to different climate changes in spring, summer, autumn and winter, so as to achieve coordination and unity with the external environment.If people violate the regimen of spring, summer, autumn and winter, diseases may occur[100]。Even within a day, day and night, the human body will change with the rise and fall of the qi of the sun.If it violatesobjective law, will also be damaged.[101]
The corresponding relationship between man and nature can be seen everywhere in the Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine.Whether it is physiology or pathology, whether it is health care prevention or diagnosis and treatment, it is inseparable from the guidance of this theory.
3、 Man is a unity of opposites between yin and yang
People areYin Yang OppositionThe unity of[102]。Vital parents' essence makes contact with each other, that is, Yin and Yang make contact with each other, forming a life form[103]。After the formation of life, Yin and Yang exist in it, which are conditions for each other's existence.They are linked, funded, transformed and struggled with each other.[104-105]
From the perspective of the organizational structure of the human body, the Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine regards the human body as the unity of yin and yang at all levels[106]It also divides each viscera and each fu organ into yin and yang, so that the unity of opposites between yin and yang can be formed at each level, regardless of the whole and part, organizational structure and physiological function.
4、 The human body is the harmonious unity of the five systems of liver, heart, spleen, lung and kidney
The five zang organs mentioned in the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic actually refer to the five systems with the liver, heart, spleen, lung and kidney as the core.[5]
Take the heart as an example: the heart is located in the chest, and it is the sun in the yang. It is connected to the summer qi, governs the gods, governs the blood vessels, combines the heart with the small intestine, generates blood, and glorifies the color. Its beauty lies in the face, hides the pulse, gives up the spirit, opens the mind in the tongue, and is happy in the mind.When talking about physiology and pathology, we should at least consider the above aspects systematically to avoid losing one sidedness.Therefore, each viscera is a big system, and the five systems are connected together through the meridians, qi and blood, forming a unity.These five systems also coordinate, patronize and restrain each other according to the five elements' restraint law. Under the condition of relative stability, each system engages in various life activities according to its inherent law.[5]
5、 Outlook on life
The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine denies the existence of supernatural and supermaterial gods, and recognizes that life phenomenon originates from the contradictory movement of life itself.It believes that Yin and Yang are the birth of all things[107]。For the whole biological world, it is believed that all things in the world and people are the products of the combination of yin and yang in the world.Yin and Yang are eternal movements, and their basic way is ascending and descending[108]。The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine regards essence as the basic substance that constitutes life and the driving force of life[109]。staySoul Pivot - MeridiansIt also describes the development process of embryonic life: "When human beings are born, they become essence first, and the essence becomes brain marrow. Bone is trunk, pulse is battalion, muscle is rigid, flesh is wall, and skin is firm and hair is long".This understanding of the material properties of life and embryonic development is basically correct.[5]
6、 Concept of unity of form and spirit
The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine explains the dialectical unity of body and spirit, pointing out that spirit is unified in body, and spirit is a life movement generated from body.[110]
Among the pre Qin scholars, there is no one who has a clearer and more scientific understanding of God and the relationship between form and spirit than the Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine.There are many discussions on the unity of form and spirit, such as Lingshu Tiannian[111]And Su Wen · Ancient Innocence[112]。If the form and spirit are not unified, people will die.Such as Plain Questions, Soup and Fermented Rice[113]And "Plain Question · Theory of Inverse Tone"[114]。The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine has made great contributions to ancient Chinese philosophy.
The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal MedicineFive ElementsTaking the human body as the main research object, it forms the unique thought system of the integration of heaven and man of the physicians.
The basic theoretical spirit of the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic includes: the overall concept, the five elements of yin and yang, the zang xiang meridians, the etiology and pathogenesis, the principle of diagnosis and rule of law, the theory of prevention and health preservation, and the theory of luck
① The "holistic concept" emphasizes that the human body itself and the nature are a whole, while the human body structure and various parts are connected with each other.
② "Yin Yang and Five Elements" is a theory used to explain the unity of opposites between things.[5]
③ The purpose of "Zangxiang Meridians" is to study the internal organsTwelve MeridiansThe physiological functions, pathological changes and interrelationships of the eight odd channels are the main contents.
④ "Etiology and pathogenesis" describes whether various pathogenic factors affect the human body and the internal mechanism of disease occurrence and change.
⑤ "Rule of law in diagnosis" is the basic principle of TCM in understanding and treating diseases.
⑥ "Preventive health care" systematically expounds the health care theory of traditional Chinese medicine, which is an important summary of the experience of health care and disease prevention.
⑦ The "theory of luck" studies the influence of natural climate on human physiology and pathology, and takes this as the basis to guide people to seek advantages and avoid disadvantages.[5]
Doctors of all previous dynasties studied Huangdi Neijing with classification.The most complicated classification isYang Shangshan, divided into 18 categories;The simplest isShen Youpeng, divided into 4 volumes.The common understanding of all schools is that the visceral signs (including meridians), pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment are the four major theories.These four theories are the main contents of the theoretical system of Huangdi Neijing.[5]
Visceral image theory
The theory of zang xiang is a theory that studies the physiological function of human viscera and meridian system, the relationship between each other, the external appearance and even the relationship with the external environment.[5]
The theory of zang xiang is based on the five zang organs, six fu organs and twelve meridians[33]。Of course, the content of anatomy is far more than that, but what is more important is that this theory is gradually enriched through constant understanding and repeated demonstration of a large number of medical practices, and finally reaches the height of guiding clinical practice.[5]
The Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic fully recognizes the dialectical principle of "all things inside must form all things outside", which makes the theory of visceral phenomena systematic and perfect[34]。The theory of zang xiang mainly includes three parts: zang fu organs, channels and collaterals, and essence, qi and spirit.The zang fu organs are also composed of five zang organs, six zang organs, and qi heng fu organs.
The five zang organs are liver, heart, spleen, lung and kidney.[35-36]
The six fu organs, namely the gallbladder, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, bladder and triple energizer.[37]
Qi Heng FuIt also belongs to Fu, but it is different from Chang.It refers to brain, marrow, bone, pulse, gallbladder and female cell.The side gallbladder here is one of the big fu organs and also belongs to the Qi Heng fu organs.[38]
Although zang fu organs are divided according to their different forms and functions, they are not isolated, but cooperate and serve each other.[39-40]
The meridian system can be divided into three parts: meridians, collaterals and acupoints[41]。There are twelve main meridians: Hand Taiyin Lung, Hand Yangming Large Intestine, Foot Yangming Stomach, Foot Taiyin Spleen, Hand Shaoyin Heart, Hand Taiyang Small Intestine, Foot Taiyang Bladder, Foot Shaoyin Kidney, Hand Jueyin Pericardium, Hand Shaoyang Sanjiao, Foot Shaoyang Gallbladder, Foot Jueyin Liver.The twelve meridians are connected like a ring without reason, and the meridian qi is popular in the cycle.There are also eight extra meridians different from the main meridian: Du, Ren, Chong, Dai, Yin Qiao, Yang Qiao, Yin Wei and Yang Wei.(Note: The name of "Eight Extra Meridians" starts from "Twenty seven Difficulties of Difficult Classic")
The communication between channels is called collaterals.The small ones are countless Sun Luo;The great ones are fifteen, called fifteen collaterals.Lingshu Meridians is very detailed.
AcupointsIt is a place for people to march in and out through the atmosphere, just like transportation.Those who talk about acupoints in the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic first saw Suwen Qixue Lun, and then saw Suwen Qifu Lun, both of which talk about 365 acupoints.In fact, Qixue Lun contains 342 points, and Qifu Lun contains 386 points.
The essence, spirit and spirit are the three treasures of human body.Essence, including essence, blood, fluid and fluid;Qi refers to Zongqi, Rongqi and Weiqi;God refers to God, soul, soul, will and ambition[42]。Essence and qi are the basic substances that constitute the human body, and qi and spirit are the complex functions of the human body. It can also be considered that qi is the guard of essence, essence is the house of god, and god is the use of essence and qi.[5]
Pathogenesis theory
The theory that studies the internal mechanism of disease occurrence, development, prognosis and change is called pathogenesis theory.[5]
The contents of this theory include "examining the pathogenesis without losing qi" and "observing the pathogenesis carefully and taking care of its own" in Plain Questions · The Most Important Theory.
1. Etiology: There are many causes of human disease, which are classified into two categories in the Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine[43]。Wind, rain, cold and summer“Six obscenities”Generalization of;Yin and Yang are happy and angry“seven human emotions”Generalization of;The diet residence is "diet fatigue".It can be considered that this is the origin of the theory of three causes in later generations.[5]
2. Incidence: The contrast between the forces of good and evil determines the occurrence and development of disease, which means that "good qi is stored inside, and evil cannot be done"[44]。This is demonstrated in the words of "keeping the spirit inside and keeping the disease safe" in Suwen · Ancient Innocence Theory, and in the words of "Reviewing Fever and Disease" in Suwen · Ancient Innocence Theory[5]。
3. Pathological changes: The changes of diseases are complex. The Huangdi Internal Classic summarizes the pathological changes in many ways, including Yin and Yang[45-46], summarized in the table[47-48], summarized by cold and heat[49-50]From the point of view of reality[51-52]It refers to the excess of evil, and it refers to the decline of healthy.To sum up, there are positive and negative, positive and negative, positive and negative, positive and negative, positive and negative, and positive and negative.[5]
Diagnostic theory
The four diagnostic methods of seeing, hearing, inquiring and feeling originate from the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic.[53-54]
1. Inspection: including observation of appearance, morphology and tongue coating.
Watchers of facial expressions, such as "Lingshu Five Colors"[55]Lingshu Five Readings and Five Emissaries[56]And Lingshu Five Colors[57]All of these are clinically significant.
The person who looks at the shape is to look at people's bones, flesh and skin to infer the condition[58]In clinical practice, deficiency and excess areperplexingOnly when we know how to change, can we achieve change.[59]
The one who distinguishes tongue coating, such as Plain Questions - Hot Comments[60]Plain Questions, On Sting Fever[61]And Lingshu[62]And so on.
2. Smell: including sound and smell.
Hearing the voice is to listen to the patient's voice and diagnose the disease.[63-65]
The second is smell. As mentioned in Suwen Jinkui Zhenzhuan, the liver disease is smelly and smelly, the heart disease is smelly and burnt, the spleen disease is smelly and smelly, the lung disease is smelly and smelly, and the kidney disease is smelly and rotten.
3. Inquire: Inquire the patient's conscious symptoms to diagnose the condition.[66-68]
4. palpation: including pulse and skin palpation.The Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic is the most detailed, mainly including:
(1) Three parts and nine marquis method: divide the head, hands and feet into three parts, and each part has three marquis of heaven, earth and people.[69]
(2) Renying Cunkou Pulse Method: that is, the two pulse methods of Renying and Cunkou are diagnosed and compared with each other.[70]
(3) Breath regulating method: it refers to regulating the doctor's breath and diagnosing the patient's pulse.[71]
(4) It is called stomach qi pulse: whether there is stomach qi in the pulse is very important. If there is stomach qi, there will be life; if there is no stomach qi, there will be death.[72]
(5) Six Cardinal Veins: The Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic contains many pulse conditions, such as floating, sinking, late, counting, empty, solid, slippery, astringent, long, short, string, fine, micro, ru, soft, weak, loose, slow, firm, moving, flood, volt, sound, leather, promotion, knot, generation, large, small, urgent, firm, prosperous, impetuous, disease, pulse, hook, hair, stone, camp, asthma, etc.However, it is often summarized based on the six meridians.[73]
Next is skin cutting: skin refers to the whole body skin, and there are many contents to assist in diagnosis according to the skin, such as "follow it", "play it", and so on.But the most detailed one is to cut the ruler skin[74]。Because pulse and ulnar skin are inextricably linked, they can also cooperate with each other in diagnosis.[75]
Therapeutic principle theory
The theory that studies the therapeutic principle is called the therapeutic principle theory.
onecheck erroneous ideas at the outset: including prevention before disease and prevention against disease[76]。For example, "nourish yang in spring and summer, nourish yin in autumn and winter" and other words are to prevent diseases, and treat diseases early to prevent their transmission[77]。
2. Adjust measures according to time, place and people:
Those who adjust measures to the circumstances warn doctors not to use drugs in the four seasons of cold, hot and warm.[78]
Inner Canon of Huangdi
Those who adjust measures to local conditions cannot be treated in the same way and must be differentiated[79]。In Su Wen · On the Suitability of Different Methods, it is discussed in detail that "one disease can be treated differently" in the southeast, northwest and northwest. For example, in the eastern region, it should be treated with stone needle;In the western world, poisons are suitable for treatment;In the northern region, moxibustion is suitable for treatment;In the southern region, micro needle is suitable for treatment;In the area of the central government, governance should be guided by good governance.
Suiting measures to people's conditions, such as "Simple Questions · The Great Theory of the Five Permanent Policies"[80]And "Plain Questions · Zheng Si Lose".[81]
3. Specimen sequence: treatment according to the priority of the disease[82]。The most detailed description of the great method of treating the symptoms and the root causes successively is in "Plain Questions, Biography of the Diseases and the Root Causes".
4. Seeking the root of treatment: This is the most fundamental rule in the Huangdi Internal Classic."Simple Questions: Yin and Yang should be like the Great Theory" said: "Treatment must be based on this."
5. Make best use of the situation: skillfully make changes based on the treatment of the disease.[83]
6. Harmonize Yin and Yang: This is the essence of the great method of treatment.[84-85]
7. Positive treatment and negative treatment: positive treatment is also called negative treatment, which is a direct treatment method that is opposite to the disease.For example, "heat is cold, cold is hot, deficiency is replenished, and excess is purged";The counter treatment is also called the subordinate treatment, such as "cold is used because of cold, heat is used because of heat, general is used because of common reasons, and secession is used".[86]
8. Suitability: Both the strengthening of the right and the dispelling of evil should be moderate, especially for the disease of both deficiency and excess.Remember that "no exuberance, no emptiness", that is, the use of tonic, can not be excessive.[87-88]
9. Disease is the foundation and work is the standard: The Plain Questions on Soup and Fermented Rice pointed out that "disease is the foundation and work is the standard." This means that disease exists objectively and is the foundation;Doctors recognize that treating diseases is the standard.Doctors must be based on the patient, so that they can get the sample and cure the disease.
tenTreatment based on syndrome differentiationThe Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine does not propose the term "treatment based on syndrome differentiation", but it does.The above points all contain this meaning, and the book has viscera syndrome differentiationMeridian syndrome differentiationThe connotation of eight principles and six channels.[5]
11. Formulation and dispatching of prescriptions: Although the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic does not contain many prescriptions, it already has the rationale for prescriptions.[89-90]
12. Acupuncture and Moxibustion: The Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic talks about meridians, acupoints, acupuncture, and moxibustion, which are very common. Breathing and purging can be achieved only by reinforcing and reducing techniques[91]. Prescription staff reinforcing and reducing[92]. Deep and shallow reinforcing and reducing[93]. Xu disease reinforcing and reducing[94]And reinforcing and reducing the severity[95]These techniques have been used by later generations.[5]
Value impact
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The Book of the Han Dynasty, Art and Literature Annals, and Fang Ji Lue contain four kinds of Chinese medical classics, classic prescriptions, immortals, and houses.Except for Huangdi Neijing, other medical classics have been lost.Therefore, Huangdi Neijing has become the earliest extant classic of traditional Chinese medicine.
As a classic of Chinese traditional culture, Huangdi Neijing is not only a classic classic of traditional Chinese medicine, but also a profound cultural masterpiece. Centering on life, it discusses the relationship between heaven, earth and people from a macro perspective, discusses and analyzes the most basic proposition of medical science - the law of life,It has also created a corresponding theoretical system and principles and technologies for disease prevention and treatment, which contains rich knowledge of philosophy, politics, astronomy and other disciplines. It is an encyclopedia focusing on life issues.
A source of traditional Chinese medicine
The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine comprehensively summarizes the achievements of medicine before the Qin and Han Dynasties. Its completion marks a new stage of Chinese medicine from empirical medicine to theoretical medicine.It summarized the medical achievements before the Warring States Period in the aspects of holism, contradiction, meridians, visceral signs, etiology and pathogenesis, health preservation and preventive medicine, and diagnostic and therapeutic principles, and provided theoretical guidance for the development of Chinese medicine after the Warring States Period, laid a solid foundation, and had far-reaching influence.Most of the innovations and achievements of famous physicians in the past dynasties in theory and practice are closely related to the Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine.[5]
Twenty four volumes of Wanli Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic
The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine has a very high position in Chinese medicine. Later generations have made great achievements in medicine, and all pay attention to this book.It has been translated into Japanese, English, German, French and other languages, which has also had a noticeable impact on the development of world medicine[5]。The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine, with simple materialism and dialectical thinking, expounds the principles of human and nature as well as physiology, anatomy, pathology, diagnosis, health preservation, disease prevention and treatment.It has become the cornerstone of Chinese medicine, the source of the theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine, and the basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment in various departments. Later generations will regard it as a "classic medical book" and a must read book for those who study traditional Chinese medicine.It is an important document for the study of traditional Chinese medicine and a valuable cultural heritage of the Chinese nation.AsTraditional Chinese MedicineIts theoretical and ideological basis and essence have played a leading role in and contributed to the medical science of the Han nationality in the long history of nearly 2000 years.[115]
Huangdi Neijing is the cradle of the theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine and a classic that comprehensively discusses the theory of traditional Chinese medicinework。Based on the ancient anatomy knowledge and guided by the ancient philosophy, through long-term observation of life phenomena and repeated verification of medical practice, it gradually developed from sensibility to rationality, from fragment to synthesis, and put forward many important theoretical principles and academic viewpoints[5]。It not only establishes the basic framework of the theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine, but also provides the possibility for the continuous improvement and development of traditional Chinese medicine in later generations.The book Neijing is not only the best witness of the medical development level at that time, but also the reliable cornerstone of the research and development of modern Chinese medicine.[116]
First of all, the book "Internal Classic" laid the cognitive foundation of human physiology, pathology, diagnosis and treatment.Its basic materials come from the Chinese ancients' long-term observation of life phenomena, a large number of clinical practices and simple anatomical knowledge.For example, the records of "drinking into the stomach, overflowing the essence, being transmitted to the spleen, and the spleen qi dispersing essence, being transmitted to the lung, dredging the channels, and draining the bladder" (Suwen · On the Meridians) and "the bladder is the official of the state capital, and the body fluid is stored, and the qi can flow out" (Suwen · Linglan Sutra) are vivid descriptions of the process of water metabolism in the human body, and become the later generations' treatment of edema disease from the lungThe theoretical basis of starting with the spleen and kidney.The modern treatment of nephrogenic edema and cardiogenic edema starts with regulating the lung, spleen and kidney, and its theoretical source is obviously from the Internal Classic.Another example is that "the change of sorghum will lead to the birth of a large number of people, and the reception will be like holding the virtual" (Su Wen · Qi Tong Tian Lun), which means that overeating the thick taste of sorghum is likely to cause people to suffer from boils.From a modern clinical point of view,Diabetic footThe occurrence of gout and joint swelling and pain are closely related to overeating fat, sweet and thick taste.For another example, the view of "why the mouth of Qi is the sole owner of the five zang organs" in Su Wen · On the Five Zang Organs is the origin of "feeling the pulse and taking the cunkou" in later generations;The exhortation of "treating diseases with great poisons, six out of ten; treating diseases with ordinary poisons, seven out of ten; treating diseases with small poisons, eight out of ten; treating diseases without poisons, nine out of ten; eating all kinds of grains, fruits and vegetables, without overpowering them, and injuring their rightness" in Su Wen · Five Permanent Policies has become the maxim of traditional Chinese medicine in clinical medicine, health care and disease prevention.[116]
In addition, there are many other contents related to human health in the book Neijing, involving health preservation, prevention, acupuncture, regulation and many other aspects, which effectively guide people's disease prevention and treatment.In particular, the idea of "prevention of disease" has attracted more attention from the world under the current biological psychological social medical model.
The theory of Neijing still has very important guiding significance for modern Chinese medicine clinic.Although Neijing has been written for more than 2000 years, the physiological function and pathological changes of human individuals have not changed much.According to the theory of the Internal Canon, if the lung controls qi and breath, the heart stores spirit and blood vessels, the spleen rises clear and promotes transportation, the liver stores blood and promotes catharsis, the kidney stores essence and promotes qi, the function of the body is completely normal, and the circulation of qi and blood is unblocked, the body will not get sick.The unique perspective of health preservation and disease prevention established in the Internal Classic determines that it has not only made great contributions to the protection of people's health and the reproduction of the Chinese nation, but also will continue to protect the health of mankind as always.[116]
life sciences
Supplement the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic Questions (Volume 24)
Huangdi Neijing is the first classic of TCM theory.The formation of Chinese medicine as an academic system began with the Huangdi Neijing, so the Huangdi Neijing is recognized as the foundation of Chinese medicine.[117]
The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine is the first treasure of health preservation.The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine talks about how to treat diseases, but more importantly, how to avoid getting sick and how to keep healthy and live long without taking medicine.There is a very important idea in Huangdi Neijing: "to cure disease before it happens".The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine says: "If you do not cure the disease, you will cure it before it is ill; if you do not cure it, you will cure it without disorder."
Huangdi Neijing is the first encyclopedia about life.The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine focuses on life. It talks about medicine, astronomy, geography, psychology, sociology, philosophy, history, etc. It is an encyclopedia focusing on life issues.The core of traditional Chinese culture is actually the philosophy of life. The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine is a classic of traditional Chinese culture named after the Yellow Emperor and has great influence.[117]
Philosophical science
The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine also contains a lot of philosophical science, such as the enlightenment on talent management.[118]
As an important category of the ancient Chinese view of nature, virtue, its extension, has finally transformed into the objective law of the formation of heaven and earth and the operation of natural phenomena, while the "virtue" of talent inside has been transformed into the "content" of talent, which is also a kind of internal and external unity conforming to the harmony of nature.The publication of Huangdi Neijing gave the earliest written expression and interpretation of medical ethics of Chinese medicine.The Neijing summarized and summarized the doctors' understanding of medical ethics at that time, formed a relatively perfect thought of medical ethics, and announced the birth of the theory of medical ethics of Chinese medicine.
The medical ethics thought in Neijing is rich in connotation and extensive in extension, which can be divided into four aspects: medical health ethics, medical prevention ethics, medical treatment ethics and medical nursing ethics.People's body, mind and behavior constitute life together, and the integration of the three can make people develop harmoniously."Virtue" governs the heart, and the body and mind are incompatible, so there is no way to "support the good and dispel the evil". The selection and appointment of talents should also follow the principle of having both morality and ability, taking virtue as the first, keeping pace with the times, and harmonious development, which is also the standard of talent selection and appointment in modern society.[117]
Literature value
The completion of Huangdi Neijing is the first summary of ancient Chinese medicine and the only outstanding work of medicine before the Warring States Period.There are about 50 kinds of ancient documents cited, 29 of which have both titles and basic contents. Many people cite ancient documents in the form of "Jingyan", "Jinglun", "Lunyan", "Guyue...", "so-called...", etc. without knowing their titles.These ancient documents have very important historical significance for understanding the development of TCM in the pre Qin period.[5]
international repercussions
With the spread of traditional Chinese medicine in Vietnam and Vietnam's reference to traditional Chinese medicine, the official language of ancient Vietnam is Chinese characters. The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine was introduced into Vietnam in the form of Chinese characters in the Sui and Tang dynasties.For thousands of years, the medical thought of Huangdi Neijing has taken root in Vietnam and has had an important impact on the development of traditional medicine in Vietnam.[127]
The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine has been introduced overseas since the 1920s. There are 18 English versions, including festival versions, translated versions and full versions. The translators have different backgrounds, including medical historians, TCM clinicians and other professionals.In 1925, German scholar Percy Millard Dawson published a paper on the Annals of Medical History, which introduced Suwen,the Basis of Chinese Medicine”，This is the first overseas translation of Neijing.Later, Ilza Veith, an American medical historian, selected the translation of The Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine, which was translated from the first 34 chapters of Suwen, and published it in 1949. This is the first publicly published translation of Suwen.[126]
Dialectical cognition
Huangdi Neijing only represents the level of medical theory at that time. It is a theoretical hypothesis that explains natural science problems with the thinking of natural philosophy. Although many objective laws and conclusions have been found, there are also many wrong guesses.There are many concepts but few definitions in Huangdi Neijing, which needs dialectical understanding;The meanings of some concepts in the book are different from those in modern times and should be treated differently.[123]
1. Neijing is the foundation of the theory of traditional Chinese medicine and the work of medical theory
The Neijing is divided into two parts: Su Wen and Lingshu.Plain Questions lays particular emphasis on the basic theories of human physiology, pathology, disease treatment principles, health preservation and disease prevention, as well as the relationship between man and nature;Lingshu focuses on human anatomy, viscera and meridians, acupoint acupuncture, etc.The book contains a lot of knowledge about philosophy, humanities, astronomy, geography, etc[124]However, it obviously focuses on medical content, and the content of other disciplines also serves its medical theory. Therefore, it should belong to medical theory works, which is the summary of medical achievements at that time, the theoretical source of traditional Chinese medicine, and the symbol of the separation of medicine from philosophy and other disciplines.[123]
2. Neijing is the collective wisdom of doctors, but it does not represent the highest theoretical level of traditional Chinese medicine
The Neijing, written in the middle and late Western Han Dynasty, was a collection of the collective wisdom of many medical experts and philosophers at that time. It was undoubtedly advanced at that time and had important value in history.It integrated the achievements of other disciplines at that time, such as the philosophy of Yin Yang and Five Elements, and the indifferent and nihilistic Taoist concept of health preservation, all representing the highest level of people's understanding of health and disease at that time.Even from the present point of view, there are still many correct conclusions in the book.It is worth noting that although Neijing represents the highest theoretical level of medicine at that time, it does not represent the highest level of traditional Chinese medicine.The overall academic level of any discipline is constantly advancing, and TCM is no exception.It is not in line with the spirit of science to regard the Internal Canon as the Bible and use every sentence of it as truth or evidence.[123]
3. Neijing is a theoretical hypothesis of traditional Chinese medicine and does not represent a theoretical criterion
Although Neijing is the source of TCM theory, it summarizes and discovers many laws and conclusions that conform to the objective reality, and has made great contributions to the development of TCM, it cannot be denied that there are many wrong guesses and farfetched explanations in the book, and many theories are just hypotheses that need to be verified or falsified by later generations.The Neijing, which was written more than 2000 years ago, was constrained by the level of science and technology at that time. It was impossible to conduct in-depth and subtle research on the nature of the human body. It could only understand the objective world from a macro perspective, using the method of taking images and comparing categories, that is, using the theory of natural philosophy to explain the problems of natural science. In doing so, although many objective laws and correct guesses could be found,But there must be many wrong guesses and distorted explanations.It is unnecessary and impossible to regard the Internal Classic as a treasure, and the idea of respecting the past and belittling the present must be based on its essence and discard its dross.[123]
Historical evaluation
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In the Northern Song Dynasty, Gao Liguo presented the Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon, Lingshu, to exchange books such as Chinese history.Su Shi objected to the memorial five times, but the emperor still insisted on exchanging Cefu Yuangui and other books for Huangdi Neijing.[119]
Chongguang Supplementary Annotation of the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic, Volume 24 (Tang Dynasty), written by Wang Bing
In May 2011, Huangdi Neijing was selected into the Memory of the World List.[120-122]
Nan HuaijinThe Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine is not only a medical book, but also a medical book that includes "medical world, medical people, medical country and medical society".
Major Version
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Liang Quanyuan's initial note
The earliest annotation of the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic was from the Yuan Dynasty to the Liang Dynasty in the Southern and Northern Dynasties.The Suwen Xunjie written by Quan's family has been recorded in Sui Shu, the new and old Tang Shu, Song History, General Annals and Chongwen Catalogue."Medical prescriptions" in Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi includes "Eight volumes of Yellow Emperor Su Wen, annotated from Yuan Dynasty";The "Ming Tang Meridians" in the "Old Book of the Tang Dynasty · Annals of Classics and Records" records "Yellow Emperor's Plain Questions" in eight volumes ";The New Book of the Tang Dynasty · Art and Literature Annals records the "Ming Tang Meridians", "Nine volumes of Yellow Emperor Suwen" annotated from the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty ";"Medical books" in "History of the Song Dynasty · Art and Literature Annals" recorded "Plain Questions" in eight volumes, annotated by Sui Quanyuan (Sui Dynasty) ";Song Zhengqiao's Tongzhi · Yiwenlue records "Nine volumes of Yellow Emperor Suwen, annotated from the Yuan Dynasty";Qing Dynasty Qian Dongyuan and other scholars described "Eight volumes of Yellow Emperor's Plain Questions" in "Chongwen Zongmu Jiyi".The Old Book of the Tang Dynasty, Annals of Classics and Records, which has not recorded the author, should be a full yuan version;In the History of the Song Dynasty, Yiwenzhi mistook Quanyuanqi as a person from the Sui Dynasty.Except for New Tang Shu and Tongzhi, which are described in nine volumes, other catalog books are described in eight volumes.Comparing the Quanyuan initial note book with Wang Bing's note book, we can see that the Quanyuan initial note book is missing the seventh volume of "Seven Big Treatises on Luck".Therefore, the annotation of Suwen in the whole Yuan Dynasty was actually eight volumes, and the number of volumes described in New Tang Shu and Tongzhi was wrong.
Since the whole Yuan Dynasty, there has been no description of Tongzhi since then. It can be seen that this book has been lost since the Southern Song Dynasty, and only a few annotations have been preserved in Chong Guang Bu Zhu Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen by Song Linyi and others.Although the annotated version of Quanyuan can not be seen again, the annotations cited by Lin Yi and others in the Song Dynasty reflect the basic features of the early biographical version of Suwen, and Quanyuan is the first person to annotate the Yellow Emperor's Internal Canon. The annotations to the original text of Suwen are appropriate and the medical theory is incisive. Quan's annotations have a great impact on Yang Shangshan's later writing of Taisu and Wang Bingci's annotations to Suwen.However, there are still some shortcomings, such as repetition of words and disordered chapters.
Annotation of Sui Yang Shangshan
At the end of Sui Dynasty and the beginning of Tang Dynasty, Yang Shangshan, the imperial physician's assistant, wrote the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic Taisu, which is the earliest compilation of the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic in China.The Old Book of the Tang Dynasty · Yiwen Zhi records "Thirty volumes of the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic Taisu, annotated by Yang Shangshan";The New Book of the Tang Dynasty · Yiwenzhi records "Yang Shangshan annotates 30 volumes of the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic Taisu." Yang Shangshan integrates the contents of Suwen and Lingshu into one, and divides them into 19 categories and 30 volumes, each of which is divided into several sub items, and annotates them after the original text.The History of the Song Dynasty · Art and Literature Annals records "Three volumes of the Yellow Emperor Taisu, annotated by Yang Shangshan". It can be seen that there are only three volumes of the Song Dynasty Taisu.In the early 1990s, Tang Dynasty manuscripts were found in the Renhe Temple in Japan.In the tenth year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu in the Qing Dynasty (1884), Yang Shoujing brought back the photocopies of Taisu to China. Only 23 volumes remained, which were kept in the library of Peking University.It was later corrected by Xiao Yanping and published in Lanling Hall in 1924.After liberation, the People's Health Publishing House photocopied and printed this book.The annotation of Suwen began in the Yuan Dynasty, and the annotation of Lingshu began in Yang Shangshan.Yang is good at clinical practice and has original views;Pass through the primary school, and explain the meaning of words must be examined "Shuowen Jiezi" and other books;The annotations are accurate and clear, combining medical science with literary science perfectly;However, the classification of content is too systematic, so it is inevitably complicated.
Tang Wang Bingci's Note
The Plain Question spread to the Tang Dynasty, and there were many mistakes. In the first year of Baoying (762), the eunuch asked Wang Bing to fill in the old "Zhang Gong Secret".Wang Bing said in his preface: "The world is flawed, the contents overlap, the front and the back are not consistent, the text and meaning are separated, it is not easy to implement, it is also difficult to dress up, the years are flooded, and it will become a fraud.Or one article reappeared, and another two were established, or the two essays were merged into one eye, or the question and answer book had been separated from the tree chapter, or the simple text was removed from the book and the world was disappeared... At the Guozizhai Hall, I received the secret book of the former teacher Zhang Gong. The words were clear, and the righteousness was around. One was to refer to the details, and the doubts were dispelled.Afraid of being scattered in the last part of the learning process, we have no other teachers, so we have written notes, which are immortal and also the old collection of books. We have combined 81 articles and 24 volumes into one book. "The New Book of the Tang Dynasty · Yiwen Zhi records "Wang Bing's annotation of 24 volumes of Huang Di's Neijing Suwen", "Song History · Yiwen Zhi", "Tongzhi · Yiwen Lue", "Junzhai Reading Annals", "Zhizhai Shulu Jieti", "Chongwen Zongmu", "General Texts of Literature · Texts", and so on.Wang Bing's main contributions lie in: changing and replacing the Que, "all the words added are written by Zhu, so that the ancient and modern must be divided, and the words are not mixed" (Wang Bing's self preface).According to the interpretation of the sutra, Wang Bing has superb medical skills and cultural literacy, and his annotations are excellent works, and he quotes ancient books extensively in his annotations.Reorder and change part of the title, so that "Plain Questions" has 24 volumes. ④Seven articles were added, namely, seven articles such as the Tianyuan Ji Da Lun and a section on luck in the Six Sections of the Theory of Visceral Images.After the supplement, there are still two pieces of "needling method" and "this disease" missing. Song Liu Wenshu wrote the "Suwen Ru Style Qi Lun Ao" with these two original texts, called "Suwen Legacy".Wang Bing's annotations had a far-reaching impact, and after being corrected by Lin Yi in the Song Dynasty, they have been handed down to this day.
Collated and annotated version by Lin Yi and others in the Song Dynasty
When Wang Bing's annotations came to the Song Dynasty, "the annotations were complicated and wrong, and the meanings and theories were confused" (Lin Yi et al.During the Jiayou period of the Northern Song Dynasty, Lin Yi, Gao Baoheng and others from the Bureau of Correction of Medical Books in the Northern Song Dynasty were ordered to correct Suwen and named it Zhongguang Supplementary Annotation of the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classics Suwen.This is actually the 24 volume edition of Supplement Notes to Suwen recorded in Tongzhi Yiwenlue.The front of this volume is signed with the words "the officer, the soldier, Lang, who was in charge of the palace, Sun Zhaozhong corrected the mistake", but this person is not mentioned in the preface, and there is no record in the literature. It is suspected that after Lin Yi and other people corrected the draft, Sun Zhaofu signed it after reviewing it.
The correction work was thorough and meticulous, which played a vital role in shaping and unifying the version of Plain Questions.Lin Yi and other new corrections are based on Wang Bing's annotations, and revised with reference to various biographies, such as Huangfu Mi's A and B Sutras on Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Quanyuan's Initial Annotations, and Huang Di's Internal Classic Taisu.Lin Yi and others are good at exegesis and medical science. This correction work is "more than 6000 words for correcting errors and more than 2000 notes for adding notes". All the added notes are marked with "new correction", which can be called a good book.For the first time, Lin Yi and others marked the number of chapters in the Quan's version one by one, verified the corresponding relationship between Wang Bing's second annotated version and the beginning of the Quan Yuan version, and explained that "seven major theories" were Wang Bing's supplement.So far, the text of the biography of Plain Questions has basically been finalized, and later generations will continue to use it. Although the number of volumes has increased or decreased, the text has not changed significantly.
The proofread and annotated edition of Song Shisong
During the reign of Emperor Zhezong of the Song Dynasty, Gao Liguo presented the Yellow Emperor's Sutra of Needles, which was issued the following year.In the 25th year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty (1155), Shi Song, the Sichuan envoy, revised the "Lingshu" and named it "Huangdi Lingshu Sutra".The preface says: "Refer to all the books and correct them again. My family has collected nine volumes of the old version of" Spiritual Pivot ", a total of eighty-one chapters. The revised pronunciation and interpretation are attached to the end of the volume, which is divided into twenty-four volumes".So far, the text of the biographical version of Lingshu has basically been finalized, and later generations will continue to use this version.
Shi Song's revision work mainly lies in: ① referring to various books and then correcting them, such as "Difficult Classic", "Acupuncture and Moxibustion Classics A and B" and "Lingshu" other biographies. ②The revised pronunciation is attached at the end of the volume.It mainly interprets sounds and partly interprets meanings. ③Nine volumes were adapted into 24 volumes.
Twenty four volume system
The 24 volume system refers to the editions printed in accordance with Lin Yixin's original Plain Question and Shi Songxiao's original Lingshu, represented by Gu Congde.
The publications of the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty were lost, and no introduction will be made.Gold edition: The incomplete volume of Plain Questions, with unknown age, is kept in Volume 3, Volume 5, Volume 11, Volume 18, and Volume 20, with the dead chapters, and is kept in Beijing Library.
Yuan edition: Gui Weisui's book.The age is unknown (there were two Gui Weisui in 1283 and 1343 in the Yuan Dynasty).
Ming edition: Suwen, written by Gu Congde in the 29th year of Jiajing (1550).It is collected in Peking University Library and other major domestic libraries.This book is exquisitely carved, retaining the old look of the Song version, and can be called a good book.Since then, many people have carved and photocopied on this basis.For example, in 1956, the People's Health Publishing House photocopied this book and published it. In 1963, the People's Health Publishing House took this book as the blueprint, joined the school to guard the mountain pavilion, and printed and published the Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic Plain Questions, which became the current popular version of Plain Questions.In the 12th year of Wanli (1584), Xiugu Shulin was a Zhouyue school textbook.In 1601 (the 29th year of Wanli's reign), Buyue Tower was engraved with Wu Mianxue's "Medical Tongzheng Pulse" version of "Suwen".Collected in Beijing Library, etc.
In 1620, the 48th year of Wanli era, Pan Zhiheng's Yellow Sea was originally called Plain Question.Qing Dynasty edition: Jingkou Zunrentang edition in the 29th year of Daoguang (1849).In 1852, the second year of Xianfeng (the year of Xianfeng), Jinshan Qian Xizuo, the collating book of Shoushan Pavilion.This is a good edition of the Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine.In 1928, the Qian's book was photocopied by the Chinese Society."Siku Quanshu" and "Suwen".Twenty two Sons, Plain Questions, etc.
Version of the Republic of China: Four Part Series, Plain Questions.The Four Parts of Preparation is a book called Plain Questions.
Foreign publications: Japanese, Korean, etc.
Twelve volume system
The twelve volume system has evolved from the twenty-four volume system, represented by the Jujing Hall of Zhao Mansion.
Yuan edition: the engraved edition of Hu's Ancient Forest Hall in the fifth year of the Zhiyuan era (1339).The 24 volumes were merged into 12 volumes, and the contents were unchanged, and were collected in Beijing Library.Since then, the twelve volume version has been handed down as a separate system.
Ming edition: Xiong Zongli Zhongdetang edition in the 10th year of Chenghua (1474).In the fourth year of Jiajing (1525), the edition of Tian Jing, a Confucian teaching encyclopedia in Licheng, was published.In the tenth year of Jiajing (1531), the publication of Shandong Chief Political Envoy.Jiajing Zhao Jian Wang Zhu Houyu Jujing Hall Publication.Collected in Beijing Library.In 1963, the People's Health Publishing House checked the Lingshu on this basis, and published it for printing horizontally, which is the current current version of Lingshu.
Jinxi Wuti School Journal during Jiajing Period.Collected in Zhejiang Library, etc.In 1601 (the 29th year of Wanli's reign), Wu Mianxue's school journal "Medical Tongzheng Pulse" and "Lingshu" were engraved on the Buyue Tower.Collected in Beijing Library, etc.
Published by Lin Zhanlin in Ming Dynasty.The age is unknown.Edition of the Qing Dynasty: Complete Library of Four Books, Lingshu.The Twenty two Scholars was originally Lingshu, the chief school of Huang Yizhou in the Qing Dynasty.
Edition of the Republic of China: Four Part Series, Lingshu.The Four Part Preparation is the Lingshu.
Foreign edition: Japanese edition.
Other version systems
Orthodox Taoist Collection in the orthodox years of Yingzong in the Ming Dynasty.The Yellow Emperor's Internal Classic Suwen Supplementary Annotation divided the 24 volumes into 50 volumes, with the content unchanged;The Yellow Emperor Suwen Lingshu Collection divided Lingshu into 23 volumes.The existing thread bound edition of Shanghai Hanfen Building is photocopied from the collection of Beijing Baiyun Temple.[128]
