synonymGaochang Uighur(Gaochang Uighurs) generally refers to the Uighurs in Xizhou
Xizhou Uighur is a local regime in Xinjiang, China, which existed from 866 to the beginning of the 13th century. It is also called Gaochang Uighur and Hezhou Uighur.
XiantongIn the seventh year (866), the Uighur leader of BeitingFu GujunAndTubo、XiegasThe war recovered Xizhou (todayTurpan Basin）、Wheel table(TodayUrumqiCity)Qingzhen(TodayManas County）From then on, the Uighur regime in Xizhou was established.From the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty, the Ganzhou Uighurs had a close relationship with the dynasties in the Central Plains. They often sent envoys to pay tribute and received the gifts from the Central Plains. At the same time, they also carried out trade activities along the Silk Road in the name and way of paying tribute[10]。Taiping RevitalizationIn the sixth year (981), the Uighur king of Xizhou began to call himself "Ashlan Khan, the foreign teacher of Xizhou", and sent Mai Suowen, the governor, to pay tribute to the Song Dynasty,Song TaizongwithConsecration officerWang YandeAs an envoy, Bai Xun was appointed as a deputy envoy to the Uighurs in Xizhou.Afterwards, Wang Yande wrote a travel note.According to his travel records, the Uighurs in XizhouGaochangchengEast Capital,BeitingThe city is the lower capital.The north of Tianshan Mountain is mainly engaged in nomadism, while the south of Tianshan Mountain is engaged in agriculture.Most people believe in Buddhism. There are many Buddhist temples in Gaochang City.There are Han peopleTurkic, Da Zhongyun, Xiao ZhongyunSample mill(i.ePharyngeal surface）、Qarluq , Geduo (a branch of Tubo), etc.It had close contacts with the Song Dynasty and the Liao Dynasty.In 1130,Yelü Dashi Traveling westward, he once borrowed from his country, and was accepted by the Uighur kingBilcoYour hospitality.Western Liao DynastyAfter its establishment, it was attached to the Western Liao Dynasty.
In 1209, its kingBalshu Alte's weightInvested in Genghis Khan, which was translated intoUyghur Country.HaiduheWowDuring the Rebellion, the Uighur King of XizhouNewlin's cattyHe led his department to move to GansuYongchang。At the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming DynastyChagatai Khanate A part of a territory.The Uighur State in Xizhou no longer exists.[7]
The official seal of a kind of Chinese character used by the Uighur prime ministers in Xizhou unearthed in Turpan has the words: "The lower jaw of the book door in the Great Uighur Kingdom is the treasure seal of all the Uighur prime ministers in Jiasi", which shows that the official title of the Uighur regime in Xizhou is“Dafu Great Uighur State”In its native language, it is the "ten surname Uighur state" (on uygur eli).[8]The historical records of the Central Plains are generally called the Uighurs in Xizhou, because the main body of their territory was originally from the Tang DynastyXizhou。Because its capital isGaochangcheng, also called Gaochang Uighur;Because its capital is located inUighurIt is called "Kala Hezhu" in Chinese, and Hezhu is also called "Hezhou", sometimes called Hezhou Uighur.[7]
history
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sinceGu Li Pei LuoSince then, the Uighurs in Mobei have replaced the Mongolian grasslandPost TurkicThe Khanate was founded, and in 840 it wasXiegasPeople break.In the second year of Tang Dazhong (848), he led the westward migrationUighur Major partPang Teqin, known as Khan in the territory of the former Anxi Prefecture Protectorate of Tang Dynasty.He lives in Yanqi (now Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous RegionYanqi County）, governing todayXinjiangEastern region.This is the beginning of the establishment of political power by the Anxi Uighurs in this area.Tang DynastyXiantongIn the seventh year (866), the great leader of the UighursFu GujunfromBeiting(Today's XinjiangJimsar CountyNorth Breaking City) attack and defeatTubo, CollectionWheel table(TodayUrumqiCity)Qingzhen(Today's XinjiangManas County）When waiting for the city, he sent Dagan (official name) Mi Huaiyu to courtTang YizongLi Cui, report this victory.Xizhou Pastoral Guard also obtained Xizhou (the seat of governance)Gaochang, Xinjiang todayTurpancityiduqut shahri ）Rule.Later, the Uighur attackedIllinois, graduallyGaochangIs the center.[1]
According to《Liao History》Load,taizu In December of the first year (907), the "Hezhou Uighurs" paid tribute to Khitan.And StateGaochang.This indicates that the Uighur Kingdom with its capital in Gaochang had been established before this time.
Five DynastiesWhen the country andCentral Plains DynastyContact, then“Xizhou”Uighur name.Week afterIn February of the first year of Guangshun (951), the Uighurs in Xizhou sent their governors toWeek afterTribute a large number of square objects. At that time, the country had certain economic strength
According to《History of the Song Dynasty》According to records, Gaochang State is also called Xizhou Uighur (hence Gaochang Uighur).Its king's title is Ashilanghan, and its Chinese translation is Shiziwang (lion).
Song Jianlong (962), Qiande (965) andTaiping RevitalizationIn the sixth year (981) and 983, the Gaochang Uighurs sent envoys to offer prescriptions to the Song Dynasty.In 981, when his king submitted a letter to Emperor Taizong of the Song Dynasty, he called himself "a nephew of Xizhou".
"Ashilanhan"《Liao History》It is translated as Asaran or Asilao.The Gaochang Uighurs had a close relationship with the Liao Dynasty at first, and had paid tribute to the Liao Dynasty 24 times.LiaoHeavenly praiseIn October of the third year (924), Khitan "sent troops beyond the quicksandFutu CityTake all the western tribes ".Futu City, namely Beiting, is located in the territory of Gaochang Uighurs.From then on, Gaochang Uighurs became Khitan (Liao)“Dependent country”。LiaoChongxiIn February of the 22nd year (1053), "the Uighur Asaran (King Gaochang) was invaded by neighboring countries and sent envoys to ask for help" in Liao.The History of the Liao Dynasty · Records of Hundred Officials lists the "Grand Mansion of Gaochang State".The Liao History, Records of Soldiers and Guards, Belonging to the National Army lists "Gaochang" and "Hezhou Uighurs", which refer to Gaochang UighursHistoriographerRepeated inclusion of different names of the same country.[2]
In May 1981,Song TaizongZhao KuangyiDispatch a sacrificial officerWang YandeThe front of the palace has received a decree that Bai Xun should be sent to Gaochang as an envoy.
Song DynastyYongxiIn April of the first year (984), after returning to Beijing, Wang Yande and others reported to the Song Dynasty the general situation of the Gaochang Uighurs at that time.Although the Shiziwang took Gaochang as his capital, he took the "Northern Court" (Beiting) as his capital in summerSummer Capital, go to summer vacation.Illinois(Today's XinjiangHami City）State ofSurnameChen, "He first led the state in the second year of Kaiyuan (714) of the Tang Dynasty, and the imperial edict was still in place in the Tang Dynasty for dozens of generations.".To the west of Yizhou is the jurisdiction of Gaochang Uighur.Its south is separated from today's Taklimakan Desert and Khotan (today's XinjiangHotan City）Facing each other, to the north is theGurbantunggut Desert, including Qiuci (modern XinjiangKuqa County), Xinjiang todayBaicheng CountyThe Gobi in the West andBlack sweatDynasty is the boundary.Among the residents under its jurisdiction are "South Turks, North TurksPopular ironing(Zhong Yun), Small crowd ironingSample mill, Selu（Qarluq ）, XiegasiEnd barbarian, GeduoPre dragon clan”All the tribes saidTurkiOfAncient nation。
In the Song Dynasty, the Uighurs in Qiuci were part of the Gaochang Uighurs, so the local people also called themselves the Uighurs in Xizhou, calling their placeXizhou Qiuci。The Uighurs in Qiuci often paid tribute to the Song and Liao dynasties separately.fromHeavenly Sage(1023-1031) toJingyouIn the fourth year (1037), Kucha paid tribute to Song for five times.For the last time, the Song Dynasty gave back a collection of Buddhist scriptures (the general name of classics).Later, in the fourth year of Song Xining (1071), 1072ShaoshengIn the third year (1096), envoys were sent to pay tribute to the Song Dynasty.
goldDay MeetingEight years (1130), Khitan royal familyYelü Dashi During the Western Expedition, he was once awarded the title of Gaochang Uighur KingBilgorTo help.
In the 10th year of the Golden Heaven Society (1132), Yelu Dashi was foundedWestern Liao DynastyAfter the dynastyGaochang KingdomAccept as a vassal.Western Liao SchoolJuvenile prisonResident in Gaochang to supervise national affairs and collectTribute fu。Later, the Gaochang Uighurs were in a semi independent state.The title of its monarch is“Iduq-qut ”One is found in historical records.
In 1209, its kingBalshu Alte's weightIt was transferred to Genghis Khan and translated into the Kingdom of Weiwuer in the Yuan Dynasty.HaiduheWowDuring the Rebellion, the Uighur King of XizhouNewlin's cattyThe department moved to GansuYongchang。At the end of the Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of the Ming DynastyChagatai Khanate A part of a territory.The Uighur State in Xizhou no longer exists.[7]
territory
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In the early period of the Uighur in Xizhou, its territory was expanded toqiuci(Today's XinjiangKuqa ）Aksu in the west,Wushi Belt, andKara-Khanid Khanate It borders on Tianshan Mountain in the northwest and includesJunggar Basin, separated to the southTarim BasinAdjacent to Khotan, east to Dunhuang, west to KhotanXixiaBoundary, southeastAltun MountainAndYellow headed Huihe(In the south of Altun Mountains,QinghaiNorth).[5]
Western Liao DynastyAt the end of the year, the territory of the Gaochang Uighurs was roughly "unified"Don't lose eight li(Today's XinjiangJimsar CountyIt is located in the north of the city, north of the Azhu River (now the Acagole River in northern Xinjiang), and south of the cityJiuquan(TodayGansuJiuquan City, Jiangsu Province), to the east of Wudunjiashiha (today's XinjiangHamiDongwunagshi Lake in the city), and Xifan in the west (referring to the place of Tianshan South Road).[9]
Economics
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Animal Husbandry
The Uighurs areNorth of the Gobi desertWhen he was engaged in nomadism, he moved westwardAnimal HusbandryIt is still very developed.Most of the pastures are on the grassland north of Tianshan Mountain, mainly raising horses.The King of Gaochang, the Queen and the Prince each had horses to graze on the plain, which lasted for more than 100 milesCoat colorWe don't know the number of groups.Each good horse is worth one square.Poor horses are for meat. Each horse is worth only ten feet.Aristocratic foodHorsemeat, civilians eating sheep andwild duck, wild geese, etc.
Uighur After moving to the agricultural areas around Gaochang, many civilians, especially the poor herdsmen, turned to farming.There is basically no rain or snow in Gaochang, and it is extremely hot in summer. People wear the ground as their acupoints to escape the summer heat.Hot weather is good for crops and fruits.Especially from Jinling (modern XinjiangBogda Shan ）The abundant water resources upstream and downstream provide good conditions for the development of agriculture.The Uighurs led water around the city, irrigated the countryside, and turned the mill.Crop removalbuckwheatOtherGrainsAll have, and produce white (cotton).plain white cloth(Cotton cloth) is an important commodity imported into the mainland.
In the first year of Guangshun (951) of the Later Zhou Dynasty, 1329 sections of white cloth were among the "tribute" sent by Gaochang Uighurs to the Later Zhou Dynasty.
Hunting is an important sideline of the Gaochang Uighurs.Beasts and wild birds are one of the sources of meat for people.Animal skins can be used to make clothes.especiallyMink skinAs "tribute", it was sent to the Central Plains royal court andLiao Dynasty。
A tribute in 951Week after"WhiteMarten skinTwo thousand six hundred thirty-two, blackMartenSkin 250, sableRat skinFive hundred three, old mink coat four "Four of the old mink coat are obviously not gifts to the emperor, but goods used for trade.
handicraft industry
Gaochang Uighur people are "skillful in nature, good at smelting gold, silver, copper and iron as tools and attacking jade".at that timeSmelting industryThe jade carving industry has reached a certain level.In the "tribute" given to the Later Zhou Dynasty in 951“White jade ringOne jade ring, one jasper ring, two iron mirrors, sixty-nine jade belt hinges, one jade belt, one jade saddle bridle, etc. ".Mining industryThere are also preliminary developments."Beiting BeishanMiddle outSalsa ammoniaca”。The Gaochang Uighurs imported a large amount of Naosha into the mainland for medicinal materials.According to incomplete statistics from 924 to 1077, the Uighurs transported medicines and spices toLater Tang Dynasty、Later Jin Dynasty、Later Han Dynasty, next week andNorthern Song Dynasty12 of them included ammoniacal ammonia.At that time, amber was also mined. For example, in 951, nine kilograms of "green amber" and thirty pieces of "big amber" were paid tribute to the Zhou Dynasty, and in 1071, amber was paid tribute to the Northern Song Dynasty.Families who weave white cloth, embroidered stamen cloth, tanned leather, etchandicraft industryIt is also quite common.Textiles include "DouluoWoolen wool, marmoset, brocade, Zhusi, cooked damaskOblique brown”And so on.
Trade
The trade of Gaochang Uighurs was also prosperous, and a considerable part of it was carried out in the form of "tribute".Except for the rightcentral plainsBesides frequent trade exchanges and tribute,Gao ChangguotowardsLiao Dynasty"Tribute once every three years, offering jade, beads, frankincense, oblique lining, brown lining, etc. There are also exchanges".qiuciThe Uighur merchants were the most active. According to incomplete statistics, from 1001 to 1096, Kucha paid tribute to the Song Dynasty 15 times, including horses, camels, big tailed white sheep, ShidaoWrought ironSword, bow and arrow, armorGlassware, Yu stone, Yu stone bottleSalsa ammoniaca, jadejade Buddha statue, jade saddle, jade bridle, jade belt, jade axe, amber, ivory, jade, real pearlRhizoma Picrorhizae、Fragrant medicine, frankincense (124.5 kg at most once),StamenCloth, linen, brown, sundries, etc.In addition, Kucha monks offer Buddhist clips, bodhi leaves, prayer beads, Buddhist relics, Buddhist bones, etc.Kucha isthe Silk RoadAs one of the hubs of the East West trade, the local Uighur merchants actually did a lot of transit work.They sometimes associate with Brahmans (today's India)Persia(TodayIran）People went to the capital of the Northern Song Dynasty to pay tribute.From the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty, the Ganzhou Uighurs had a close relationship with the dynasties in the Central Plains. They often sent envoys to pay tribute and received the gifts from the Central Plains. At the same time, they also carried out trade activities along the Silk Road in the name and way of paying tribute.[3][10]
Culture
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The Gaochang Uighurs not only have their own unique culture, but also enjoy the traditions of GaochangChinese cultureImpact.To be an envoy of the Song DynastyWang YandeDuring his visit to Gaochang, the envoys sent by the Liao Dynasty to the Uighurs in Gaochang also admitted that "Gaochang (Chang) was originally Han soil".
There are many records about the Han culture in this area. For example, at that time, Gao Changguo still "used the 719 calendar of the seventh year of the Kaiyuan era, and took March 9 as the calendarCold food, Yu Ershe (Spring SocietyChinese Thanksgiving Day in autumn）And the winter solstice ";There are more than 50 Buddhist temples in the area, all of which were awarded by the Tang Dynasty. There are Tripitaka Sutra《Tang rhyme》、《Jade article》, Jingyin, etc. ";"There is a royal libraryTang Taizong、Ming EmperorImperial edicts ";The Northern Court has "the Temple of Taining, built in the fourteenth year of Zhenguan (640)".
written words
In the 8th century, the Uighurs began to use the Uighur language written in Sogde letters.After the Uighurs moved westward, this script continued to be used in Gaochang until the 17th century,taizu At that time, there was a Uighur envoy to Khitan,Abao machineThird BrotherYelladieraLearn Uighur from him to create "Khitan script".Mongolian was originally written in Uighur lettersMongolian languageAnd created.Nurhachi's subordinates, on the basis of Mongolian letters, created the "old Manchu" without circles.soKhitan small script、Mongolian、Manchu scriptTo a certain extent, they have a long historyUighur。
stayiduqut shahri Many Uighur, Chinese, SanskritTangut 、TibetanMongolian woodcut prints, of which the first three characters are mainly used.In Dunhuang, another movable type made in Uighur woodcut around 1300 years ago was found.suchMovable typeIt is made by imitating Chinese movable type.Gaochang Uighur in ChinaTypographyIt played a certain role in the westward spread.
Religion
Gaochang Uighurreligious beliefThere are changes before and after.Uighur Belief before the Westward MovementManichaeismThey brought this belief to Gaochang.Gaochang used to be the place where Buddhism prevailed. After the Uighurs moved to Gaochang, they gradually converted from Manichaeism to Buddhism.
In November of the third year of Emperor Qiande of the Song Dynasty (965), "the Uighur Khan in Xizhou sent a monk Fayuan to offertooth relic of Buddha、Glazed wareAmber lamp "in Song Dynasty.This shows that the Gaochang Uighurs had mainly believed in Buddhism at that time.The west of Gaochang Uighur mainly believes in Islam.
In 1221, the 14th year of Jiading, Song Dynasty,Changchun ImmortalWestward travel to "Huihe"ChangbalaCity "(today's XinjiangChangjiCity), the local "Uighur monk" told him, "The east of this place belonged to the Tang Dynasty, so there was nothing to go westMonk Taoist。”That is to say, the Gaochang Uighur region, where Buddhism is prevalent, has emerged from the Kuachangbala Lama. Going west, there will no longer be monks and Taoists, but regions that believe in other religions.In addition, the Uighurs originally believed inShamanism , still had some influence on the Gaochang Uighurs;There are also a few Jing believers in Gaochang.
Art
Murals of the Gaochang Uighur period were found in the ancient city of Gaochang and Bashlik. Most of them belong to Buddhist portraits, and there are also Manichaean murals.There are Han, Uighur, Indian andEuropaA portrait of.The style of murals is mainly a mixture of Chinese style and Greek Indian Gandharan style, with an obvious tendency of blending eastern and western cultures.Gaochang Uighur people love music. "If you want to visit, you must hold musical instruments".When King Gaochang invited Wang Yande, an envoy of the Song Dynasty, and other officials to the banquet, "Zhang Le dined forExcellent play”；When boating around the lake, "drum music is played around the pool".Qiuci musicAt that time, they were still in Kucha and Gaochang.[4]
science and technology
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Except that the Kaiyuan calendar of the Tang Dynasty is a national calendarGaochang Ancient City SiteIt was unearthed in the Gaochang Uighur periodManichaeismIdiomaticSogdian Calendar fragments, including Chinese Heavenly Stems, Five ElementsSogdianOfQiyao DayAnd twelve animal names (mouse, cow, tiger, rabbit, etc.).Twelve animal name calendars, originallyTurkicUsed by people.These calendars are Han, Turkic and Sogdecultural fusionCrystallization.
