synonymGaussian(German mathematician) generally refers to John Karl Friedrich Gauss
Johann Carl Friedrich Gau,Latin: Carolus Fridericus Gauss, April 30, 1777 – February 23, 1855), a famous German mathematician, physicist, astronomergeometryJia, a geodetic, graduated from Carolinum College (nowBrunswick University of Technology）。[1]
Carolinum College (now Brunswick University of Technology)
Occupation
Mathematician
Key achievements
The Drawing Method of Ruler and Gauge for Finding the Regular Seventeen sided Shape exportbinomial theoremGeneral form of Draw the world's first map of the Earth's magnetic field Determine the position of the Earth's magnetic south pole and magnetic north pole inventionmagnetometer
Gauss was born on April 30, 1777Brunswick。Gauss is the son of an ordinary couple.His mother was the daughter of a poor stone mason. Although she was very smart, she had no education and was almost illiterate.Before she became Gauss's father's second wife, she worked as a maid.His father had worked as a gardener, foreman, assistant to a businessman and an appraiser of a small insurance company.He once said that he could make complicated calculations in his head.
When he was a child, Gauss's family was very poor, and his father didn't think learning was useful, but Gauss still liked reading books. When he was young, his father would ask him to go to bed after eating in winter to save fuel, but when he went to bed, he wouldViburnumThe inside of the book is hollowed out and stuffed with a cotton roll, which is used as a lamp to continue reading.[1]
Gauss married Miss Johanna Elizabeth Rosina Osterhoff (1780 – 1809) from Brunswick on October 5, 1805.
On August 21, 1806, he welcomed his first child, Joseph.Since then, he has two more children.William Ming (1809 – 1840) and Louis (1809 – 1810).[1]
Professor and director
In 1807, Gauss became a professor of Gottingen University and a localobservatoryThe head of the platform.[1]
The character died
Gauss is very religious and conservative.His father died on April 14, 1808, and later on October 11, 1809, his first wife Joanna also died.On August 4 of the following year, Gauss married his second wife, Frederica Williams Minna (1788 – 1831).They also had three children: Eugen (1811 – 1896), William (1813 – 1883) and Teresa (1816 – 1864).
His second wife also died on September 12, 1831. In 1837, Gauss began to learn Russian.On April 18, 1839, his motherGottingenHe died at the age of 95.Gauss died in Gottingen at 1 a.m. on February 23, 1855.[1]
The next year, it was proved that 17 sided shapes could be constructed only with ruler and gauge.It also provides the first important supplement to Euclidean geometry that has been circulated for 2000 years since the ancient Greek era.
Gauss summarizes the application of complex numbers, and strictly proves that every n-orderalgebraic equationThere must be n real or complex solutions.In his first famous book《Disquisitiones Arithmeticae 》Medium, madeQuadratic reciprocal lawThe proof of number theory has become an important basis for the continued development of number theory.In the first chapter of this booktriangleThe concept of congruence theorem.
Gauss based on the least square methodSurvey adjustmentWith the help of theory, calculate the orbit of celestial bodies.In this way, he calculatedasteroidCeresThe running track of.
Ceres wasItalyAstronomer Piazzi found that, but due to illness, he delayed the observation and lost the track of the asteroid.PiazziMYTHOSIn“Harvest goddess”(Ceres) named it Planetoiden Ceres, and published its previous observation data, hoping that astronomers around the world would find it together.Gauss passed the previous 3 timesobserved data The orbit of Ceres is calculated.AustriaAstronomer Heinrich Olbers successfully discovered Ceres based on the orbit calculated by Gauss.Gauss published this method in his book Theoria Motus Corporum Coelestium in sectionibus conicis solem ambientum.
In order to know the date of Easter every year, Gauss deduced theCalculation formula。
From 1818 to 1826, Gauss dominatedHanoverPrincipalityGeodesyWork.adoptleast square methodThe method and solution of surveying adjustment based onLinear equationsThe accuracy of the measurement is significantly improved.
Gauss attended in personField surveyWork.He observes during the day and calculates at night.In five or six years, he calculated more than one million geodetic data.When Gauss ledTriangulationOutfield observationAfter getting on the right track, Gauss shifted his main energy to the calculation of processing observation results, and wrote nearly 20 articles on modernGeodesyA paper of great significance.In these papers, he derived the formula for the projection from the ellipse to the spherical surface, and made a detailed proof.This theory still has practical value.
Geodetic work in the Principality of Hanover ended in 1848.This itemGeodesyThe great project in history could not be successfully completed without Gauss's careful theoretical consideration, reasonable and accurate observation and careful data processing.At that timeunderdevelopedUnder the condition ofGeodetic control network, accurately determine 2578Triangular pointOfGeodetic coordinates。
To use an ellipse on a sphereOrthomorphic projectionIn this period of time, Gauss also engaged in the research of surface and projection theory, and this achievement becamedifferential geometry The important theoretical basis of.He independently proposed that it is impossible to prove Euclidean geometryParallel postulateWith 'physical'InevitabilityAt least we can't use human reason to give this proof.But hisNon Euclidean geometryThe theory has not been published.Perhaps he was worried that his contemporaries could not understand this theory.relativityProvedCosmic spaceIt's actually a non Euclidean space.Gauss's idea was accepted by physics nearly 100 years later.
Gauss tried to verify the correctness of non European geometry in the geodetic survey of the Principality of Hanover by measuring the sum of the internal angles of the triangle formed by the three hills of Brocken of Harz, Inselsberg of Thuringer Wald and Hohen Hagen of Gottingen, but failed.Gauss's friendBowyerIn 1823, Janos, the son of Nietzsche, proved the existence of non Euclidean geometry.Gauss praised his spirit of exploration.
In 1840, Lobachevsky usedGermanHe wrote the article "Geometric Study of Parallel Line Theory".The publication of this paper attracted the attention of Gauss.He attached great importance to this argument and actively suggested that Gottingen University hire Lobachevsky as an academician of communications.In order to read his works directly, Gauss, 63, began to learn Russian from this year, and finally mastered the foreign language.Gauss eventually became the ancestor of differential geometry (Gauss, Janos andLobachevsky）One.
Out of interest in practical applications, Gauss invented daylightReflectometer。Solar reflectors can reflect light beams to places about 450 kilometers away.Gauss later improved the original design more than once, and successfully trial produced the mirror type which was later widely used in geodesySextant。
In the 1830s, Gauss inventedmagnetometer。He quit his job at the observatory and turned to physics.He and Weber (1804 – 1891)electromagneticsfieldWorking together。He is 27 years older than Weber and cooperates with him as a teacher and friend.In 1833, he sent a telegram to Weber through the compass pointer affected by electromagnetism.This is not only the first telephone and telegraph system between Weber's laboratory and the observatory, but also the first telephone and telegraph system in the world.Although the line is only 8 kilometers long.
In 1840, he and Weber drew the first picture in the worldGeomagnetic fieldAnd the following year, these locations were confirmed by American scientists.
Gauss studied in several fields, but only published his mature theories.He often said to his colleagues that their conclusions had been proved by himself before, just becauseBasic theoryIt is incomplete and has not been published.Critics say he did it because he liked to steal the limelight.In fact, Gauss recorded his research results.After his death, his 20 notes recording his research results and ideas were found, proving that what Gauss said was true.It is generally believed that 20 notes are not all of Gauss's notes.[1]
Anecdotes and allusions
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Three year old error correction
At the age of three, Gauss was able to correct his father's debt account.[1]
Fast sum
It took a short time to calculate the tasks assigned by primary school teachers: YesNatural numberSum from 1 to 100.His method is to sum the sequence of 50 pairs of structures and 101 (1+100, 2+99, 3+98...), and get the result: 5050.This year, Gauss was 9 years old.[1]
member of family
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Gauss's personal life was eclipsed by the early death of his first wife, Johanna Osthoff, in 1809, and the death of his children, Louis.Gauss fell into a melancholy abyss that he never fully recovered.He remarried later, and the object was his first wife's friend, Friederica Wilhelmine Waldeck, but usually called Minna.When his second wife died in 1831 after a long illness, one of his daughters, Therese, took over the whole family and took care of Gauss until the end of his life.His mother lived in his home from 1817 until her death in 1839.[1]
