synonymKorea(Another name for Koguryo) Generally refers to Koguryo (the ancient frontier regime of China)
Gao Ju (g ō u) Li (l í) is an ancient frontier regime in China that existed from the first century BC to the seventh century AD, spanning the present ChinaNortheast ChinaAndKorean Peninsulanorth.[128]Southern and Northern DynastiesIt was renamed "Korea", also known as "Gaoshi Korea", and was established in the 10th centuryKorea(also known as Wang Gaoli) has no inheritance relationship.[1][10]
Its capital was moved in three directions and two directions, and its initial capital is nowLiaoning ProvinceHuan Ren, moved to the present in AD 3Jilin ProvinceJi'an, moved to the Korean Peninsula in 427Pyongyang。[129]
Since the Han Dynasty, Koguryo has been in the position ofJimivassal stateUnder the system.After the relocation of the capital to PyongyangBaekje 、SillaTo fight for supremacy.[128][132]
From the middle and late fourth century to the middle fifth century, Koguryo conqueredLichengjiangThe river basin, Hanjiang River basin and other places are attached to Koguryo.[143]In the late fifth century, Koguryo defeated Baekje and Silla many times to dominate the Korean Peninsula.[143]In the middle of the sixth century, the alliance of Baekje and Silla occupied the Hanjiang River basin.[143]Later, Koguryo captured 33 cities of Silla.[133]In the fourth year of Daye (608), Koguryo defeated Silla twice.[143]From the eighth year of Daye (612 years) to the tenth year of Daye (614 years), Koguryo broke many timesSui DynastyThe army obtained the huge amount of materials carried by the Sui army.[134-135]From the 16th year of Zhenguan period (642) to the 17th year of Zhenguan period (643), Baiji captured more than 40 cities in Silla, and Koguryo conquered two cities in Silla.[143]From the 19th year of Zhenguan (645) to the first year of the General Seal (668),the tang dynastyKoguryo and Baekje have been broken many times,[136-137][140-142]In the first year of Zongzhang (668), the Tang Dynasty attacked and destroyed Koguryo.[138-139]
History of Koguryo in China《Koguryo Army and War Studies》All textual research points out that there are 600000 troops in Koguryo.[5-6]
Chinese name
Goguryeo
Abbreviation
Guli, Guli, renamed Korea in the late 5th century[1]
Capital
Hesheng Bone City → Marudu Mountain City/Domestic City → Pyongyang City
Koguryo《Later Han Dynasty》Zhongji as "Koguryo"[7], referred to as "Guli" or "Guli" for short, is an ancient ethnic group living in northeast China from the 1st century to the 7th century BC.Emperor HanyuanIn the second year of Jianzhao (37 years ago), Zhu Meng, a supporter, founded his country in Gaogouli County, Xuantu County, Western Han Dynasty, so it is called Gaogouli.[8]scholarLuo XinIt is believed that the original meaning of "Koguryo" is "mountain city".[9]
In the late 5th century, Koguryo was renamed "Koguryo", and cultural relics were unearthed in Koguryo“In the seventh year of Yanjia period, gold and copper Buddha statues were engraved”The "Central Plains Koguryo Stele" is called the "Republic of Korea", and its monarch was also honored as the "King of Korea" by the emperor of the Central Plains Dynasty.[1]However, more than 200 years after the fall of KoguryoWang's GaoliIt is not its successor State.Because the two regimes have different founding time, different historical development affiliations, different regions under their jurisdiction, different ethnic composition within their jurisdiction, and the royal family of Wang Gaoli is not the descendant of Gao Gaoli.[127]
The specific time and reason for Koguryo changing its name to Koguryo are also different in academic circles.Li DianfuSir thinks that Koguryo changed to "Koguryo" becauseSouth beam，Emperor Liang WuIn the first year of the ordinary year, Gao Anwei was conferred the title of“General NingdongKing of Korea changed its name to "Korea".Sun JinjiSir《Wei Shu·According to Feng Wentong Zhuan, Koguryo was called Koguryo 435 years ago.Mr. Yang Baolong believed that Korea was the abbreviation of Koguryo, which had appeared at the end of the 4th century, and was also used by Koguryo people at the end of the 5th century and the beginning of the 6th century at the latest.After the emergence of the Korean abbreviation, it alternated with the full name of Koguryo (Li) in more than 100 years of historical records, and completely replaced the full name in the Sui and Tang dynasties.Wei CunchengMr. Li believed that the name of Koguryo should be changed to the end of the 5th century. After a period of combined use, the name of Koguryo will not be seen again in the Sui and Tang dynasties[1]
In order to distinguish the two regimes, in today's historical studies, the Koguryo is generally referred to as "Koguryo" and the Wang Koguryo as "Koguryo".[10]
history
Announce
edit
Founding the People's Republic of China
Early Koguryo
In 37 BC, Fuyu people Zhu Meng established Koguryo inBoiling waterRiversideHesheng Bone City(Today LiaoningHuan RenWunv Mountain City, some people think it is near Huanren County).[11]The legend of its founding was first seen inGwanggaeto Stele inscription on a tablet.The first part of the inscription says: "Only the foundation of the former ancestor King Zou Mou came from Beifuyu,Emperor of HeavenHis son, the mother He Bolang, was born with noble virtue after dissecting his eggs. He ordered him to travel southward and route to Fu Yuyan and Li Dashui. Wang Linjin said, 'I amHigh HeavenKing Zou Mou, the son and daughter of Mother Hebo, joined the Jiafu turtle for me. 'Responding to the call is to build a floating turtle in Lianjia, then build a ferry, and build its capital on the Xicheng Mountain of Kuben in the Boiling Stream Valley. "[12]In addition, Chinese history books《Wei Shu》And Korean Peninsula History《Samguk sagi 》Such historical materials have recorded more detailed legends about the founding of Koguryo.[13-14]These legends reflect that Zhu Meng (Zou Mu) was a member of the Royal Family of FuyuConcubine outThe prince's mother may just be a maid. Zhu Meng ran away from Beifuyu due to the power struggle, and may have taken a small tribe, which will form the royal family of Koguryo in the future（Gyeru ）At the beginning of the establishment of the Koguryo regime, some small ethnic groups and regimes in the surrounding areas were merged.[15]
The country name of Koguryo at the beginning of its founding may not be Koguryo, but“Make up for the rest of the staff”。In 14 AD, Zuben Fuyu occupiedNew KoreaXuantu CountyKoguryo CountyTherefore, it was renamed "Koguryo".[16]Some scholars believe that there was a "Gulihu" in Koguryo County, which belongs to the Boiling Stream Department, and is not the same as Fuyu,usurper who founded the Xin dynastyKoguryo marquis killed by the regime騊It belongs to this department.Liu Li, the son of Zhu Meng, annexed the "Gulihu" in Koguryo County after the killing of Liu Li, and renamed it "Koguryo" by borrowing its name.[17]
Centralization and Early Expansion
In AD 3, Koguryo moved its capital to the city of Ji'an, Jilin Province“Domestic city”。Over the next 400 years, the Koguryo regime has been headquartered here.After the establishment of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Koguryo continued to annex the neighboring border regimes and gradually became stronger.
After the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Central Plains had a long period of war, which made Koguryo more developed.During this period, Koguryo made obeisances to various dynasties in the Central Plains and receivedthe Wei state of the Three-Kingdoms PeriodandMurong XianbeiTwo strikes by the regime.In 427 AD, Koguryo moved its capital again and established its capital in Pyongyang.[18]
In the late Eastern Han Dynasty,Liaodong CountycoverGongsunduControl.Koguryo actively allied with Cao Wei to attack Liaodong County.After the Cao Wei conquered Liaodong, Koguryo stopped cooperating with the Cao Wei and attacked the west of Liaodong.In the first five years (244), Cao Wei counterattacked and destroyedMarudal City。Goguryeo Dongchuan KingEscape toOkjeo 。
Revival and expansion
Koguryo Stone Carving
After destroying the Maru capital, Cao Wei thought that Koguryo was dead, so he quickly evacuated.However, only 70 years later, Koguryo rebuilt the Marudal City and began to attack Liaodong, Lelang and Xuantu.
In the fifth year of Yongjia (311), Koguryo took the opportunity of chaos in the Central Plains to "attack Xi'anping in Liaodong in autumn and August", cut off the land and water passage from the Korean Peninsula to Liaodong, then "invaded Lelang County in winter and October, captured more than 2000 men and women" in the seventh year of Yongjia (313), and "invaded Fangjun in the south in autumn and September" in the second year of Jianxing (314),Gained control of the northern part of the Korean Peninsula.[19-20]To the 19th King of KoguryoGuangkai TuwangOn morality(392-412) When he was in power, the trend of outward expansion became more and more fierce, except for the southward expedition to Baiji and the northward expeditionKhitan、SurplusIn addition, about the 13th year of King Tu of Guangkai (404), they all occupied Xuantu and Lelang, bringing a large area of land to the east of Liaoshui into the territory of Koguryo, and the territory of Koguryo has expanded unprecedentedly.[20]
Koguryo's expansion was not smooth.In the eighth year of Xiankang (342), the Maru capital wasQianyanAttack.[21]Baiji, the first year of Xian'an (371)King Geunchogo Lead the army to attack Pyongyang in Koguryo, KoguryoThe former king of the old countryHe was shot by a stray arrow and died on the 23rd of the same month.[22]
Goguryeo Small Animal Forest KingAfter taking the throne, he began to strengthen the stability and unity of Koguryo.New laws were introduced.Introduced from the Central Plains in the second year of Xian'an (372)BuddhismIt is a national education and a national educational institution is established according to the Central Plains system“Imperial College”。 King Kobayashi also reformed the Koguryo army.
Koguryo King
In the third year of Yuanxing (404), Koguryo opened a wide range of mirrors, and Koguryo was safeGood Tai WangCapture Liaodong.[4]
Koguryo has entered its heyday since the succession of the Good Prince of Koguryo.According to the son of Hao Tai WangLongevity KingThe stele of the Great Prince built for him records that the Great Prince conquered 64 cities and 1400 villages in Fuyu in a battle with Fuyu.Later, the Good Tai Wang annexed the Fuyu Kingdom in the north andMohetribe;It has formed an absolute advantage over Baekje in military affairs;And in Silla and Baekje,JiayaoandJapaneseThe war forced Silla to yield.
In the ninth year of Yixi (413),Koguryo longevity kingAscend the throne.Due to the confrontation between Baekje and Silla, in the fourth year of Yuanjia (427), the Changshou King moved his capital to Pyongyang to strengthen the control over Baekje and Silla.The King of Longevity continued his father's expansion policy.At the end of the fifth century, the Changshou King annexed some Fuyu, Mohe and Khitan tribes;Fighting with the Northern Wei Dynasty;And kept control of Silla.
The territory of Koguryo in the era of King Changshou, east to the Sea of Japan, south toYashan Bay/Zhuling ranges from Liaohe River in the west to the northeastYilouThe land.[23]
internal disturbance
Historical pictures of Koguryo
Koguryo reached its peak in the sixth century.Tibetan King of KoguryoAfter being assassinated, his brotherKing AnyuanSuccession.During the reign of King Anyuan, disputes among royal families intensified.The two political groups fought over the succession to the throne.Last 8 years oldYangyuan KingAscend the throne.But the struggle for power is not over.The aides of the opposition began to build their own army and effectively control their own territory.In the 1950s, the northern part of Koguryo was affected by internal and external troublesnomadic peopleAttacks.However, the internal staff competition in Koguryo continued.
In the second year of Dabao (551), Baekje and Silla began to jointly attack Koguryo in order to get rid of their enslavement by Koguryo.Koguryo lost the fertileHanjiang RiverWatershed.Baekje, the main combatant of the Baekje Silla Alliance, was almost exhausted in the war against Koguryo.In the second year of Chengsheng (553), Silla sent troops in the name of helping Baekje.However, it launched an attack on Baiji, and finally took the entire Han River basin into account.Anger at Silla's betrayal,Baiji Holy KingThe next year, he attacked the west of Silla in revenge, but was captured by Silla and later executed.
Dispute with Sui Dynasty
Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty
In the 17th year of Emperor Kaihuang's reign (597), the King of Pingyang, together with Mohe, made a preemptive attack on the military station in western Liaoning, and was taken over by the governor of YingzhouWei Chongrepel.[24]In the 18th year of Emperor Kaihuang (598), Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty ordered the King of HanYang Lang、Upper PillarsWang ShijibyMarching Marshal，Zhou LuohouHe was the general manager of the navy and led 300000 troops to attack Koguryo by water and land.[25-26]Yang Lang, the king of Han Dynasty, led the Sui army out of Linyu Pass (nowShanhaiguan)。During the rainy season, the roads are muddy, the supply of food and grass is not available, the army is short of food and suffers from epidemics.The Sui Army, led by Zhou Luohou, sailed from Donglai (now Yexian County, Shandong Province) to Pyongyang City. When encountering strong winds on the sea, many ships sank.On September 21, they were forced to return it by land and water.Eight to nine tenths of the Sui army died.[27-28]The Sui army retreated.Baby Yang KingGao Yuan said in the above table that he was "a vassal of Liaodong". Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty left the army and treated it as before.[29]
Period of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty
Koguryo Wang Gaoyuan did not obey the public ceremony,Emperor Yang of the Sui DynastyIt was decided to levy on Koguryo.[30]Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty decreed that all the armies in the world should converge in Zhuojun, regardless of the distance between north and south.In addition to the army, there are hundreds of thousands of people who have been traveling on the road for a long time. The road is full of people, and the dead sleep together day and night. The road is full of filth and the world is in turmoil.[31]
Before the first invasion of Koguryo, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, in order to conquer Koguryo, excessively brutally collected the people, which led to the poverty of the people and the exhaustion of their goods and resources. When the obedient people would encounter unbearable coldness, they would soon face death. Instead, they could live longer for plagiarism, so the people began to gather together to resist.[32]Wang Bo, beansDou JiandeFrom then on, people and farmers began to revolt, and countless people and farmers revolted and captured the city.Order of Emperor Yang of the Sui DynastyDuwei、powerfulI knew about the counties and counties and hunted them down, but there were still more common people and peasants uprisings, which still could not be stopped.[33]
In the first month of the eighth year of Daye (612), all the soldiers of the Sui Dynasty who went to war were concentrated inZhuojunThere are one million one hundred thirty-three thousand eight hundred servicemen, in addition to transporting materials for themmy husbandIt is twice the number of soldiers.[34]At the end of March in the eighth year of Daye, the army of the Sui Dynasty reached the Liaohe River.Because the bridge built by the Sui army was still several meters away from the bank, the Sui army went to the water to fight with the Koguryo army on the opposite bank. As a result, the Sui army died a lotWheat iron staffAndHubenlangQian Shixiong and Meng Cha were killed in battle.Later, the Sui army lengthened the bridge, finally crossed the Liaohe River and defeated the Koguryo army on the east bank.[35]At the beginning, when Emperor Sui Yang joined forces in Liaoshui, in order to prevent the general's light troops from attacking the isolated army and fighting alone to gain credit and reputation, he ordered them to be divided into three groups. Whenever there was an attack on military action, the three groups must inform each other, and the light army is not allowed to advance alone. In addition, when military progress is stopped, the Emperor Sui Yang must first report to him and wait for an order.[36]Emperor Yangdi of the Sui Dynasty ordered the generals to appease and accept Koguryo if she wanted to surrender, and not to lead any more attacks.When the eastern Liaoning city was about to be captured, the Koguryo army in the city claimed to surrender. The generals of the Sui Dynasty, acting on the order of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, did not dare to continue the attack. Instead, they told Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty first, and when the reply order arrived, the Koguryo army in the city was ready to defend and began to resist again.This situation has been repeated many times, but Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty still did not wake up.The Sui army still did not capture Liaodong City.Even if Emperor Yang went to the front to command in person, the Sui army, whose morale had declined, failed to win the city after another month of stalemate under the stubborn resistance of the defenders in Liaodong.Other cities in Koguryo also stood firm, and the Sui army did not attack.[37]
General YouyiweiCome and nurse the babyLead the troops of Lingjiang River and Huaishui River to enterWater(Datong River), and then led 40000 elite troops to land and attack Pyongyang. As a result, Koguryo's fight to protect the children was defeated, and only thousands of Sui soldiers were returned.[38]Yu WenshuThey led a Sui army of 300000 people, and were beaten by Koguryo. Xin Shixiong, the general of the left garrison guards of the Sui Dynasty, died in battle.When Yu Wenshu and other nine armies crossed the Liaohe River, there were 305000 soldiers. When they returned to Liaodong City, there were only 2700 people. The weapons and armaments in the material reserve were tens of thousands, and they were also lost.[39]Sui Yangdi's first attack on Koguryo ended in a disastrous defeat.
In the ninth year of Daye (613), Emperor Yang of the Sui DynastyDrive yourselfKoguryo.In the first month of the lunar month, Emperor Yang issued an edict to collect soldiers from all over the world in Zhuozhou and began to recruit people forXiao fruit。[40]Yang XuanganYang Guang decided to revolt because of his suspicion.[41]When Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty attacked Koguryo for the second time, Yang Xuangan rebelled.Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty secretly summoned all generals and ordered them to withdraw.The military funds, equipment and attack tools left by the Sui army were piled up like hills, and the barracks, tents and cases could not be blocked, so they were abandoned.The Sui army was so frightened that it lost its deployment and division in confusion, and all roads were scattered.Koguryo sent thousands of soldiers to pursue, because there were too many Sui troops, so they did not dare to get too close.There were still tens of thousands of soldiers in the Sui Dynasty. Koguryo followed them and killed thousands of weak people.[42]Yang Xuangan's rebellion was quickly quelled.
Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty marched against Koguryo for the third time in person: in the tenth year of Daye (614), Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty issued an edict to recruit soldiers from all over the world again to attack Koguryo.[35] In March, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty arrived at Zhuo County, and soldiers of the Sui Dynasty fled on the road one after another.When Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty came to Linyu Palace, he offered sacrifices to the Yellow Emperor and killed the rebels to fight with drums, but still he could not stop people from fleeing.[43]In autumn and July, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty drove to Huaiyuan Town.At this time, the Sui Dynasty was in chaos, and most of the soldiers were not able to arrive on schedule. Koguryo was also trapped. The Sui Dynasty came to protect children and wanted to march to Pyongyang. King Gaoyuan of Koguryo was afraid, so he sent envoys to surrender, imprisoned and sent backHu Sizheng。Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty was very happy and sent an envoy to protect his son and lead his army back.Koguryo's request for surrender was not really a surrender, but a delaying tactic to cheat out the Sui army.However, Yang Guang, who was "conceited about his talent and learning", failed to see through this and ordered his class teacher to return to court.[44]Lai Huer thought that this was a good opportunity to break through Koguryo. He wanted to continue the attack and refused to obey the imperial edict. However, all the generals obeyed the order of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty and asked them to return. Lai Huer then obeyed the imperial edict to return.[45]
Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty waged a war against Koguryo, which killed millions of people in successive years. The excessive and brutal levy and rule caused strong dissatisfaction with Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty.When Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty attacked Koguryo for the first time, it broke outPeasant Uprising in the Late Sui Dynasty。By the time Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty levied on Koguryo for the third time, a large number of peasant uprisings throughout the country had led to the collapse of the rule of the Sui Dynasty, which existed in name only.
In October, Ding Mao, Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty arrived in the East Capital, Ji Chou, and Xijing.Wang Gaoyuan of Koguryo was recruited into the court, but Gao Yuan did not come.Emperor Yangdi of the Sui Dynasty ordered the generals to wear strict clothes and prepare to invade Koguryo again, but in the end they failed.[46]
During the third conquest of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, the King of Koguryo ostensibly expressed his submission, but he did not follow the orders of Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty and captured a large number of Sui people. Later generations, people from the Central Plains came to Koguryo, "Sui people cried when they looked at it, and everywhere in the countryside".[47]
Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty levied on Koguryo, but Koguryo was still there, but the Sui Dynasty fell into chaos,Northern Zhou DynastyThe rich legacy left by Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty was ruined. The chaos caused by Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty severely weakened China, resulting in a sharp reduction of the population to more than 2 million households[48]It also left a serious split and civil war. Even Tuyuhun returned to his hometown and attacked the Sui Dynasty Heyou, but the Sui Dynasty counties were unable to defend[49], andEast TurkicThe rise reached the peak level of "military and military strength, unprecedented in ancient times". The Turkic khans included some areas in the central plains of the Sui Dynasty into their sphere of influence. The Turkic khans still wanted to follow suitTuobaEmperor DaowuAcquire the Central Plains,[50]Huaxia is in danger of being exterminated by the Turks.Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty levied on Koguryo, but the result was that China was seriously weakened by the chaos, which destroyed China far more than Koguryo, and had a negative impact on the later generations' expedition to Koguryo.
During the Zhenguan period of the early Tang Dynasty, the Tang Dynasty attacked and destroyed the East Turkic KhanateTuyuhunThe Khanate, the Western Regions, defeatXue YantuoThe khanate, the four barbarians, is a powerful force.In the seventeenth year of Zhenguan period (643), Silla sent envoys to Korea, describing Koguryo's plan to cut off its access to the Tang Dynasty.Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty, sent an envoy to Koguryo to stop the war, but Koguryo refused. Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty decided to send troops to Koguryo.
In the 18th year of Zhenguan period (644), Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty took Zhang Liang as the general manager of the military in Pyongyang. He led 40000 soldiers from Jiang, Huai, Ling and Xia, and 3000 from Chang'an and LuoyangLaizhouGo to Pyongyang by sea.Li Shiji（Li Ji）He was the general manager of Liaodong Dao's army, led 60000 troops, and the Hu people who surrendered from Lan and He prefectures marched towards Liaodong.[51]Because the number of troops used by Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty was far less than that used by Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, and the burden on the people was far less than that caused by Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, when Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty levied on Koguryo, people broke their hands and feet to avoid going to war and corvee, which did not happen when Emperor Taizong levied on Koguryo.Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty said, "Emperor Yang had no way. When he was invading Liaodong, people broke their hands and feet to avoid going to war and corvee. Now I am invading Koguryo, and I choose those who are willing to go to war. If I raise ten, I will get one hundred, and if I raise one hundred, I will get one thousand. Some people who fail to follow him to go to war will be indignant about Yu Yi."[52]
In the 19th year of Zhenguan (645), Li Shiji led the army to arriveYouzhou。[53]In March, Emperor Taizong drove to Dingzhou.Emperor Taizong personally condoled the sick soldiers and entrusted them to the prefectures and counties for treatment.There were many people who volunteered to join the army in private clothes without pre enlisting their names. They all said, "I don't want to be rewarded by county officials, but I want to die in Liaodong." Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty did not allow this.[54]
In summer and April, Li Shiji (Li Ji) led the army to cross the Liaoshui River from Tongding to Xuantu.Koguryo was very afraid, and the cities were closed.Li Daozong led thousands of soldiers to the new city.Zhang Jian led his army across the Liao River and marched towards Jian'an City, defeated the Koguryo soldiers and beheaded thousands of ranks.[55]Li Shiji captured Koguryo'sGaimu City, captured more than 20000 people and more than 100000 grains.[56]Zhang Liang led the army to cross the sea from Donglai to attackPeshawar City。Cheng Mingzhen leads the army to arrive at night, and Wang Dadu is the pioneer.In May, Tang Army captured eight thousand men and women.Dispatch the general manager Qiu Xiaozhong and other Yao soldiers to Yalushui.[57]
Li Shiji leads his army to the outside of Liaodong.Koguryo rode 40000 yuan to save Liaodong City.Li Daozong fought four thousand cavalry, and Li Shiji also led troops to help Li Daozong defeat the Koguryo army.The Tang army beheaded the enemy more than a thousand ranks.[58]
Li Shiji led the army to attack Liaodong City, and Emperor Taizong led the elite troops to join them.The Tang army captured Liaodong city, killing more than 10000 enemies, capturing more than 10000 enemy troops, and capturing 40000 men and women.Take its city as Liaozhou.[59]
The Tang army marched into Baiyan City.Li SimoWhen he was shot by a crossbow, Emperor Taizong sucked blood for him personally.When soldiers heard of it, they were moved.Goguryeo Black Bone CityMore than 10000 troops were sent to support Baiyan City.Qibi He LiLead eight hundred cavalry to attack them.Qi Bi He Li personally entered the enemy's position and was stabbed in the middle,Xue WanbeiHe Li rescued Qibi, tied his wound, continued to fight, followed his cavalry to attack, defeated the Koguryo army, pursued for dozens of miles, beheaded more than 1000 levels, and stopped because of sunset and darkness.[60]
In June, Tang Army occupied Baiyan City.Take White Rock City as the exampleYanzhou。Take Gaimou City as an exampleGaizhou。[61]
Drive from Liaodong toAnshi CityOutside.In the north of Koguryo, Nitsa extended life, Huizhen led Koguryo, and Mohe soldiers came to save Anshi.[62]Life extension led the army to reach the place forty miles away from Anshi City.Order of Emperor Taizong of the Tang DynastyAshnasserHe led a thousand Turkic cavalry to lure the enemy, and pretended to retreat just after the battle.The Koguryo troops rushed forward to the place eight miles to the east and south of Anshi City, and lined up against the mountains.[63]Emperor Taizong personally andZhangsun Wuji People and hundreds of cavalry went to high places to observe the situation of mountains and rivers, where they could ambush and go in and out.[64]Emperor Taizong ordered Li Shiji to lead 15000 troops to set up an array in the Xiling, and Chang Sun Wuji led 11000 elite troops to attack the enemy's rear from the north of the mountain through the narrow valley.Emperor Taizong personally led 4000 troops to climb the North Mountain with drum horns and flags, and ordered all troops to attack together when they heard the sound of drums and horns.Yanshou saw Li Shiji set up an array and formed an array to fight.When Emperor Taizong saw that Changsun Wuji's army was gathering dust, he ordered the army to act as a drumbeat and raise a flag. All armies were marching together with noise. People who were afraid of prolonging their lives wanted to divide their forces to resist.Tang Dynasty's general Xue Rengui shouted and rushed into the Koguryo military, invincible.When the Tang army attacked, the Koguryo army collapsed.Tang Jun beheaded more than 20000 people.[65]
Yanshou and others led the rest of the army.Emperor Taizong ordered all armies to encircle it.Changsun Wuji withdrew the bridge and cut off the return of the Koguryo army.Yanshou and Huizhen led 36800 people to surrender, entered the army, walked on their knees, and bowed down and asked for orders.Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty elected 3500 chiefs from Nusa and below to move to the mainland. The rest were released and sent back to Pyongyang. They all raised their hands and shouted cheerfully tens of miles away.In addition, the war also captured 50000 horses, 50000 cattle, more than 10000 collars of iron armour, and a large number of other weapons.Koguryo was shocked and frightened all over the country. The Koguryo people in Houhuangcheng and Yincheng deserted the city and fled. There were no people for hundreds of miles.[66]
In September, the Tang army began to besiege the city of Anshi.Due to the desperate resistance of the defenders, the Tang army failed to conquer.It was late autumn, and Taizong was still in court because the local area became cold and early, the grass dried up and the water froze, the soldiers and horses could not stay long, and the food was running out.[67]
Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty was a leisurely teacher.When he was in charge of his teacher, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty also showed his troops under the city of Anshi. No one in Anshi could be seen. The city lord of Anshi went to the city to say goodbye. Emperor Taizong appreciated the persistence and loyalty of the city lord of Anshi, and gave him a hundred horses.On the way back, Tang Taizong heard that the prince was coming. In order to see the prince as soon as possible, Tang Taizong also rode a horse and galloped. In this case, he rode a horse and galloped. It can be seen that Tang Taizong was apparently not injured in the process of recruiting Gaogouli and his teachers.[68]
Emperor Taizong regretted that he did not succeed because he did not attack Koguryo, but the achievements of the Tang army far outweighed the losses.This time, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty invaded Koguryo, captured ten cities, namely Xuantu, Hengshan, Gaimou, Momi, Liaodong, Baiyan, Beisha, Maigu, Yinshan, and Houhuang, moved 70000 people from three prefectures of Liao, Gai, and Yan to China, and destroyed a large number of Koguryo troops in the three wars of Xincheng, Jian'an, and Qianbi,More than 40000 heads of Koguryo were captured (usually more than the number of heads killed, for example, the Ming army beheaded 800 hundred heads in the war in Pyongyang, but the loss of the first army in Xiaoxi exceeded 10000), and nearly 2000 Tang soldiers and 8000 horses died.[69-70](When Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty invaded Koguryo in person, the Tang army won many victories. Only the one that destroyed the 150000 troops of Koguryo's Gao Yanshou and Gao Huizhen, the Tang army also captured 50000 horses, 50000 cattle, 10000 iron collars, and a large number of other equipment.)[71]Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty fought in Gaogouli personally, and the battle results far outweighed the losses.
After Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty returned to the imperial court, his officials suggested that the Koguryo SchoolPartial teacherThe invasion and harassment made his countrymen tired of dealing with it and delayed the farming season. A few years later, Koguryo would collapse due to the food shortage. Taizong adopted this proposal.Later, Tang Jun adopted the strategy of launching harassing attacks on Koguryo, including the following several times: in the 21st year of Zhenguan (647), Taizong orderedNiu Jinda, Li Ji and Li Haian led the army to harass Koguryo from both land and water.Li Ji led his army across Liaoshui River and passed through several cities such as the South Soviet Union. Most of the Koguryo soldiers fought against the city walls. Li Ji defeated them and burned their outer cities before returning to the army.[72]Niu Jinda and Li Hai'an led their troops into Koguryo. After more than 100 battles, they were invincible and captured Shicheng again.At the foot of Jili City, more than 10000 soldiers of Gao Lijin went out of the city to fight. Li Hai'an defeated them and beheaded them by 2000 levels (usually killing far more enemies than beheading them).[73]In December, King Koguryo asked his son Mo Lizhi Renwu to enter the court to apologize.[74]In the 22nd year of Zhenguan period (648 years), Gu Shengan led the Tang army to cross the sea to attack Koguryo. When they met the Koguryo army on 5000 feet, the Tang army defeated them in Yishan.That night, more than 10000 Koguryo troops attacked the ship of Koguryo and were defeated again by Koguryo.[75]Xue WancheLead Tang Jun across Yalu and arriveBoburn CityThe Goguryee was afraid, gave up her residence and fled. The Grand Chieftain, Suo Fu, and Sun resisted. Xue Wancheng killed Suo Fu and Sun, and defeated 30000 Goguryee reinforcements.[76]Baekje and Silla also participated in the war between Tang Dynasty and Koguryo, and 13 cities of Silla were conquered by Baekje.[77]
Tang Gaozong Period
In the fifth year of Yonghui (654), Angu led the Koguryo army and the Mohe army to attack Khitan, and Li Kuge, the Song Desert Governor of the Tang Dynasty, defeated them in the new city.[78]In the sixth year of Yonghui (655), Goguryo, Baiji and Mohe invaded SillaGolden Spring and AutumnSend envoys to Tang for help, and Gao Zong orders the governor of YingzhouCheng MingzhenAnd the left back Zhonglang GeneralSu DingfangLead the army to attack Koguryo.In summer and May, Cheng Mingzhen and others crossed Liao River. Koguryo saw that there were few troops for Cheng Mingzhen and others, so they opened the door and crossed Guiduan River to fight. Cheng Mingzhen and others fought hard to defeat Koguryo's army, killed more than 1000 people, burned the enemy's outer cities and villages, and returned.[79]In June of the third year of Xianqing (658), the governor of Yingzhou and the capital of Dongyi, Cheng Mingzhen and the right leader Zhonglang attacked the Chifeng Town of Korea with Xue Rengui, decapitated more than 400 ranks and captured more than 100 people.Korea sent its general Dou Fanglou, commander of the army, 30000 people to reject it. Mingzhen used Khitan soldiers to fight against it, defeat the Koguryo army, and behead 2500 ranks;[80]In the fourth year of Xianqing (659), Tang Youjun led Zhonglang GeneralXue RenguiDefeat Koguryo general Wen Shamen at Hengshan.[81]
In the fifth year of Xianqing (660 years), Baiji invaded Silla many times with the aid of Koguryo. Wang Chunqiu of Silla asked for help in the Tang Dynasty.The Tang Dynasty took Su Dingfang, the general of Zuowuwei, as the chief commander of the Shenqiu Road march, leading the general of ZuowuweiLiu BoyingWait for 100000 troops on land and water to attack Baiji.Take Silla Wang Chunqiu as the commander in charge of the march on the Yidao Road and lead the Silla people.[82]Su Dingfang led the Tang army to cross the sea from Chengshan, and Baiji took the Xiongjin River mouth to resist the Tang army.Su Dingfang led the Tang army to defeat the Baiji army. Baiji killed thousands of people, and the rest fled in disorder.Su Dingfang commanded the Tang army to march on both land and water, directly to the capital of Baiji.Baekje used the national forces to fight.The Tang army smashed the Baekje army and attacked Baekje. King Yici of Baekje, Prince Long, the second son and other cities surrendered to the Tang army.Baiji has five ministries, thirty-seven prefectures, two hundred cities and 760000 households. The Tang Dynasty set up Xiongjin and other five prefectures in Baiji.[83]
When the Tang Dynasty attacked and destroyed Baiji, Koguryo lost its allies and fell into isolation.
In December of the fifth year of Xianqing (660), the Tang Dynasty sent Qi Bi He Li, Su Dingfang, Liu Boying and Cheng Mingzhen to attack Koguryo separately.[84]
In the first year of Longshuo (661), the Tang Dynasty recruited 67 state soldiers from the north and south of the river and Huainan, and more than 44000 people went to Pyongyang to camp.withHonglu QingXiao SiyeHe is the commander of the rest of the marchHuiheAnd other troops went to Pyongyang.[85]
At the beginning, Su Dingfang leveled Baiji and stayedLang JiangLiu RenyuanGuarding the Baekje Prefecture, the left guard Zhonglang GeneralWang WenduHe was the governor of Xiongjin.Wang Wendu died while crossing the sea.The Baiji monk Daochen and the old general Fuxin gathered together to guard Zhou LiuchengUe-kok Welcome Feng Lizhi, the former prince, and lead the army to encircle Liu Renyuan in the capital.Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty issued an edict to appoint Liu Rengui, the inspector, to lead the governor of Fangzhou, to command Wang Wendu's army, and to recruit Silla soldiers to assist Liu Renyuan.Liu Rengui's imperial army was strict and everything he attacked was successfully defeated.Baiji set up two fences at the mouth of the Xiongjin River. Liu Rengui led his army and the Silla soldiers to attack and break through them, killing and drowning more than 10000 enemies.Daochen and others lifted the siege of the city and retreated to Ren Cuncheng.Silla has run out of food, return.Daochen called himself the leading general, and Fuxin called himself General Frost Cen. He gathered disciples and became more and more powerful.Liu Rengui had few soldiers. He joined forces with Liu Renyuan and rested his soldiers.Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty ordered Silla to send troops, and Silla Wang Chunqiu was ordered to send his general Jin Qin to lead the army to assist Liu Rengui.Arrive at Gusi, Fuxin intercepts and defeats Jin Qin.Jin Qin returned to Silla.[86]
Tang Gao SectRen YaxiangQi Bi He Li, Su Dingfang and Xiao Siye led the army to march by land and water.[87]In July, Su Dingfang defeated Koguryo in the Taejiang River. He won many battles and surrounded Pyongyang.[88]In September, Qi Bi He Li arrived at Yalushui, and Mo Lizhi boys guarded it with tens of thousands of elite soldiers.When Qi Bi He Li arrived, he was catching up with Bingdahe on the upper floor. Qi Bi He Li led his army to cross the water on ice, defeated the Koguryo army, beheaded the Koguryo army at 30000 levels, and the rest surrendered to the Tang army. The boys escaped alone.[89-90]
In the second year of Longshuo (662),Pang XiaotaiWith KoguryoSnake waterHe fought and was defeated, and 13 of his sons died.The other side, Su Dingfang, encircled Pyongyang but failed to capture it. When encountering heavy snow, it broke through and returned.[91]Governor XiongjinLiu Renyuan, Governor of Daifang PrefectureLiu RenguiBreaking Baekje in the east of Xiongjin: Liu Renyuan and Liu Rengui first captured Baekje's Zhiluo City, Yincheng, Dashan, Shajing and other fences, killed and captured many enemy troops, and divided their forces to defend them;Baekje increased its army to defend the dangerous Zhenxian City;Later, Liu Rengui still captured Zhenxian City and opened the road of grain transportation in Silla.Liu Renyuan asked for more soldiers.An imperial edict was issued to send 7000 soldiers from Zizi, Qinghai, Lai and Hai to Xiongjin.[92]King Baekje sent envoys to Koguryo and the Japanese (Japan) to ask for help against the Tang army.[93]
In the third year of Longshuo (663), Baekje and Japan helped Koguryo.Sun Renshi, Liu Renyuan and King Famin of Silla led the army forward without meeting the Japanese army.Liu Rengui Led the Water Army and the Grain Ship to Enter from XiongjinBaijiang, met Japanese troops at Baijiangkou.Liu Rengui commanded the Tang army to defeat the Japanese army four times, burning 400 Japanese ships, "the smoke burns the sky, and the sea is red".Baiji Wang Feng fled to Koguryo. Prince Zhongsheng, Zhongzhi and others surrendered. Baiji was all pacified. Only Ren Cuncheng was not captured by the Tang army.Black TeethSurrender to the Tang army.Soon after, the Tang army captured Ren Cuncheng.[94]
In the second year of Linde (665), Prince Fu Nan of Koguryo came to the Tang DynastyAncestral Hall。[95]
In the first year of Qianfeng (666), KoguryoQuangai SuwenDeath, eldest son Quan boy succeedsMoli branch, go on patrol, assign his brotherQuan Nanjian、Quan maleLeave to govern state affairs.Quan Nanjian took the opportunity to win the country, and took the initiative to fight against Quan Nanjian.Quan boy escaped and stationed in another city to let his sonQuan XianchengGo to the Tang Dynasty for help.In June, Ren Yin (seventh day of the lunar calendar) was appointed by the Tang DynastyRight Xiaowei Grand GeneralQi Bi He Li is the pacification ambassador of Liaodong Road, leading the troops to save the boys in Quanquan;Appoint Quan Xiancheng as the general of Youwuwei as the guide.Also appointedGeneral Youjin WuweiPang Tongshan and the governor of Yingzhou, Gao Kan, served as the general manager of the march and jointly attacked Koguryo.[96]
In September, Pang Tongshan broke through the Koguryo Army, and Quan Boy led his followers to meet Pang Tongshan.Emperor Gaozong of the Tang Dynasty issued an imperial edict appointing Quan Nanxiong as Tejin, the governor of Liaodong, the pacification ambassador of Pyongyang Road, and the Duke of Xuantu County.[97]
In winter, in December, the Tang Dynasty appointed Li Ji as the general manager of Liaodong Daoxing Army, and Silei Changbo, the deputy general manager of Anlu People's Amnesty Division, to attack Korea.Pang Tongshan and Qi Bi He Li are the chief executives of Liaodong Daoxing Army and still serve as pacifying ambassadors;Dou Yiji, the commander in chief of all armies on land and water, and the transport of foodDugu Qingyun、Guo DaifengThey were all under the command of Li Ji.[98]
In the second year of Qianfeng's reign (667), Li Ji captured the new city (today's Beigolshan City, Fushun, Liaoning) and stayed in Heli, Qibi, to guard the city.Fifteen thousand troops from Koguryo are stationed in Liaoshui, and tens of thousands of Mohe soldiers from Koguryo are stationed in Nansu City.Qi Bi He Li commanded the Tang army to attack, defeated the enemy, beheaded more than 10000 people and captured seven cities.So he led his army back to join Li Ji and captured the two cities of Liyi and Daxing together.[99-100]
Li Ji captured 16 cities in Koguryo.Quan Nanjian sent troops to attack Tang Jun Pang Tongshan and Gao Kan's military camp in the new city, and was defeated by Tang Jun Xue Rengui.Gao Kan marched to Jinshan (in the west of Changtu, Liaoning Province today) to fight with Koguryo, which was disadvantageous. Xue Rengui led the Tang army to smash the Koguryo army, beheaded more than 50000 ranks, and captured three cities, namely, the South Soviet Union (the exchange between the East Suzi River and the Hunhe River in Fushun, Liaoning Province today), Mudi (the West Muqi Town in Xinbin, Liaoning Province today), and Cangyan (the west border of Ji'an, Jilin Province today), to join the Quan Boy Army.[101]
In February of the first year of General Zhang (668), Xue Rengui led 3000 people to break through the Koguryo Army, killed more than 10000 people, captured Fuyu City (now Siping, Jilin), and more than 40 cities in central Sichuan of Fuyu surrendered.[102]Quan Nanjian once again sent 50000 troops to save Fuyu City. He met Li Jijun in Xue Heshui (also known as Saheshui, which is now the Zhaojiagou River in the southwest of Dandong, Liaoning). The Tang army broke through the Koguryo army, captured more than 30000 people, and seized the Daxing City (now the Niangniang City in the southwest of Dandong, Liaoning).[103]
In the spring and summer of the first year of the General Zhang (668), all Tang armies met and advanced to Yalu Gate.Korea sent troops to resist, and the Tang army bravely attacked, defeated the Koguryo army, chased for more than 200 miles, attacked and defeated the Yi city (today's Yongrou border of Korea), and other cities in Koguryo defended or fled or surrendered.Tang Jun marched into the city of Pyongyang and surrounded Pyongyang for more than a month. King KoguryoGaozangPai Quan has 98 male leaders.Quan Nanjian still refused to defend behind closed doors and sent troops to fight many times, all of which were defeated.On September 12, Koguryo monk Xincheng opened the city gate, and the Tang army rushed into the city, captured the man, and Koguryo was completely pacified.
After the Tang Dynasty leveled off Koguryo, it was divided into nine prefectures, forty-two prefectures and one hundred counties, and set up in PyongyangAnton Du Residence GuardAppointmentRight Weiwei Grand GeneralXue Rengui led twenty thousand soldiers to guard the campus for Anton Duhu.The 27th King of KoguryoTreasure KingGao Zang was captured by the Tang Dynasty, according toauthor of the history Zizhi Tongjian《Comprehensive Mirror for Aid Government》According to the records of, Koguryo nobles, most of the rich families and hundreds of thousands of people were moved to all parts of the Central Plains and integrated into all ethnic groups in China.Others stayed in Liaodong and becameBalhae While the rest were integrated into Turks and Silla.Since then, Koguryo no longer exists in the world.
territory
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During the period of the Good Tai Wang, the territory of Koguryo was as far as the Liaohe River basin in the west, and now Liaoyang Tieling line;From the north to Huifa River, the second Songhua River basin;To the east is the Sea of Japan;The south has crossed the Datong River and reached the north bank of the Han River.[3]
At the end of the Northern Dynasty, Goguryo reached Silla in the east, crossed Liaoshui in the northwest to Yingzhou, reached Baiji in the south, and Mohe in the north.[4]
During the reign of the Changshou King, the southern territory of Koguryo further expanded and basically controlled the Han River basin.[3]
Goguryeo
Politics
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Central bureaucracy
Goguryo officials are divided into twelve levels, namely: Da Dui Lu, or Tu Fu;Yu Zhe, director drawing book;Too great emissary;The elder brother in charge of national affairs, who is in charge of national affairs, is replaced once every three years. The competent ones are not restricted;Ambassador;Big Brother;Superior envoy;Brothers;Small emissary;Stanza;Ancestors;Gu Zou Dajia。There are 60 states and counties.One in the big city傉 Sa, equivalent to the governor;Other city settingsNear branch of Chulu, also known as Taoist envoy, is equivalent to a provincial governor.There is participation and division.yesDamoda, equivalent to General Wei;The last guest is equivalent to Zhonglang General.[104]
Local system
Koguryo set up prefectures and counties in the places where they were set up. As the chief executive of a county or city, Koguryo set up prefectures and counties in small cities.They are both local governors and military commanders, no matter whether they are prefects or Zai, or five soldiers.[105]
legal system
Koguryo has the necessary laws and institutions to maintain its rule and maintain social order.In Koguryo, the judiciary was the king, Zhujia, Dafu, Zuofu, and the minister of state in the central government, and there were prefectures and county officials in the local government.The law of Koguryo obviously absorbed some contents of the laws of the Central Plains Dynasty, such as treason, treason, banditry, theft and killing, murder, flogging, paying for dirty things, not being a slave, and other crimes were called names of punishment, which were the same or similar to those in the mainland.
The anti theft law to protect Wang You's property and personal private property is one of the important contents of Koguryo's law.The general principle of Koguryo's laws on succession to the throne is that the father dies and the son succeeds, and the elder brother ends the younger brother as a supplement.
military
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form
Koguryo heavy cavalry on murals
According to historical records, Koguryo "has a fierce and forceful nature, is good at fighting, is good at bandits' money, and both Woju and Dongwei belong to him".[106]This is also depicted on the murals of Koguryo's ancient tombs, such as the picture of prisoners being cut off from the mural tomb No. 12 in Donggou, and the picture of the siege on the north wall of the first room of the three room tomb.The whole picture of the siege is a corner of a city. The city gate is closed. Outside the city, two generals are riding with spears. They are engaged in a fierce battle. All the people and horses are wearing armor.Above the second general, there are two soldiers fighting with each other. The picture is simple and the theme is prominent. It depicts a scene of the city's defense, perhaps to show the tomb owner's meritorious performance in guarding a city during his lifetime.[107]
The Tang Dynasty was the largest period since the establishment of the Koguryo military.In the field of Koguryo historical research, historians, with a serious and scientific attitude, conducted in-depth and careful research and scientific and serious textual research on the relevant issues of the Koguryo army and war, published a number of very important academic papers and works, and put forward opinions consistent with historical facts.Among them, Mr. Geng Tiehua's research on the number of military forces in Koguryo during the Tang Dynasty is the most representative.According to the textual research and statistics of Mr. Geng Tiehua's History of Koguryo in China, the standing army before Koguryo exterminated the country was about 600000 people.[5]Judging from the number of troops used by Koguryo in previous battles and the calculation of the total population of Koguryo, Mr. Geng Tiehua's research on the number of troops in Koguryo in the Tang Dynasty was about 600000, which has objective basis.[6]
The Koguryo military was originally composed of five Koguryo people. With the expansion of the territory and the conquest of other regions and nations, the military of the Koguryo country also included other ethnic groups, such as XianbeiMalaysia and South Korea, Wumo, Mohe, Fuyu, Han soldiers.In the later period of Koguryo, the army was mainly composed of Koguryo people, Mohe people, Fuyu people and Han people.The Koguryo army consists of infantry, cavalry and navy.In the murals of Koguryo ancient tombs, there are many images of Koguryo cavalry and infantry.
According to the existing literature research and the analysis of archaeological murals, the shock cavalry equipped with both men and horses is the main force of the Koguryo army.These heavy cavalry men and horses are equipped with high iron collars to protect their necks and cheeks. They fight by charging and fighting with white swords.Thanks to the rich metal mineral resources in Koguryo, the number of heavy cavalry in Koguryo is comparable to that of the Central Plains.In addition, heavy infantry is also one of the common elements of Koguryo murals.The most common is a soldier who wears a handrail and a armour, and holds a long gun and a square shield.Secondly, there is a kind of soldier who wears a crown, wears armour and carries heavy swords and shields.
equipment
Koguryo military equipment
Koguryo's military equipment is also quite sophisticated.《Northern History• Biography of Korea, "weapons are similar to China".According to the historical documents of Koguryo, combined with the discovery of archaeological materials and the research on the weapons of Koguryo reflected in the murals of Koguryo, the attack weapons of Koguryo can be divided into two categories of copper and iron, including long weapons, short weapons, throwing weapons and defense weapons.Among them, iron weapons account for the vast majority, while copper weapons only account for a small part.The long copper weapons have bronze spears;The short weapons are bronze short swords, bronze sword darts, and bronze axe shaped axes;The throwing weapons include gilded bronze arrowheads and iron collar bronze arrowheads.Iron long weapons include iron spear, iron long knife and iron Mo Dao;Short weapons include iron sabres, ring hand sabres, triangular iron spikes, and three hook weapons;Projectile weapons include iron whistling dysprosium and iron arrowheads. The whistling dysprosium sounds through the wing holes during flight, which is harmless and can be used as an alarm signal.Goguryo's defensive weapons include armor, helmet, etc.There are two kinds of armor, one is the armor worn by soldiers, and the other is the horse armor worn by war horses.In the Historical Records of the Three Kingdoms, cavalry with armor on their soldiers and horses are called "iron cavalry". In addition, there are iron nail shoes specially made for soldiers to climb mountains and gold plated copper nail shoes for officers to wear in winter.
The war horses of the Koguryo cavalry are divided into two types: armored and unarmed. The armored men are covered with iron armor and wear masks that only show their eyes;Those without armour also wear masks.[108]
Economics
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In AD 3, after Koguryo moved its capital to the domestic city (today's Ji'an County, Jilin Province), it made full use of the natural resources of the mountains and rivers in the Yalu River and Hunjiang River basins to develop production and prosper the economy, initially forming a socio-economic structure with equal emphasis on agriculture, fishing and hunting, and progress in handicrafts.[109]
taxes
As early as the Han Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, Koguryo had a tax system.Even the people of Koguryo are the receivers of military service and corvee, they are also the payers of taxes[110]Koguryo also levied taxes on the conquered areas, "resetting the adults as emissaries... and making the people responsible for the taxes, Mobu, fish, salt, and food in the sea, all of which were borne thousands of miles away"[111]Tax is included in the collection.
Agriculture
In the Han Dynasty, Koguryo had almost all the iron farm tools used in agricultural production in all seasons, which played a great role in promoting the development of agricultural production in Koguryo.By the time of the King of the Mountain, the application of iron had gone beyond the scope of agriculture, and iron was also widely used in other aspects, such as iron living appliances, weapons, handicraft production tools, etc.It indicates that the social productivity of Koguryo has been greatly improved.By the third century, cattle farming had been widely used in Koguryo, except in remote areas.After the fourth century, ox carts were widely used.This has greatly promoted agricultural production, accelerated farming and transportation, and greatly improved social productivity.Around the 5th century, Koguryo occupied Lelang, Daifang and Liaodong prefectures, which opened up a broad prospect for the further development of Koguryo's feudal economy.The great agricultural development in the middle period of Koguryo laid a material foundation for the prosperity of Koguryo in the later period.[112]
handicraft industry
With the development and prosperity of the agricultural economy, the handicraft production technology in Koguryo has also become increasingly prosperousIron smelting industry, copper smeltingGilding、Gold and silver wareManufacturing industry, paint mixing industry, textile handicraft industry, shipbuilding industry and many other industries.[112]
Animal husbandry and fishery
Although Goguryo's social economy is dominated by agriculture, it is also engaged in certain fisheries and animal husbandry.Koguryo has many mountains and deep valleys, lush vegetation, and has the best natural pastoral areas.They can herd horses, pigs, cattle and sheep.Goguryee also hunts wild animals in spring and autumn.[112]
business
Koguryo conducted political exchanges with the Central Plains and promoted the continuous development of commercial exchanges.Koguryo also has close business contacts with Silla, Baekje and Khitan.[107]
currency
Koguryo's coins include gold, silver, silk, cloth, metal coins, etc.[113]
science and technology
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During the Han Dynasty, there were a large number of iron farm tools and weapons in Koguryo.During the Southern and Northern Dynasties and the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Koguryo had been able to manufacture and equip a large number of heavy cavalry with iron armour.
Koguryo's city building technology has built a large number of mountain cities.In China's Liaoning and Jilin provinces alone, there are more than 100 Koguryo mountain cities.[114]There are also a large number of Koguryo mountain cities in North Korea and South Korea.
Koguryo has created a glorious history.Its main historical sites exist in Jilin Province and Liaoning Province of China in large numbers, becoming irreplaceable physical witness of this period of history, with important historical and cultural value.Among them, the royal city, royal tombs and noble tombs are even more precious.Wunvshan Mountain CityIt is the first capital city founded by Koguryo, with a large scale, complete system and relatively complete preservation.There are many important architectural sites, living and military sites in the early Koguryo period in the city, with rich cultural connotation.Wunvshan Mountain City has made great breakthroughs and innovations in site selection, wall construction, stone processing, etc.Thus, an extraordinary form of mountain city was formed.From here on, the Koguryo people gradually expanded their activities and created a distinctive culture after more than 700 years.Domestic city、Marudu Mountain City(initial nameWeina Rock City）It is the capital of the early and middle period of Koguryo (1-5th century AD), characterized by the mutual dependence of plain city and mountain city.Among the medieval city sites in Northeast Asia, the domestic city and Marubus Mountain City are masterpieces of capital architecture.The city walls that have been preserved in domestic cities are still solid, solid, beautiful and dignified, and the style of the capital city still exists.The layout of Marudu Mountain City is ingeniously conceived and reasonably planned due to the mountain shape trend, realizing the integration of natural style and human creation.The ruins of the palace site revealed by archaeological excavation can still show the magnificent momentum of the original building.[131]
Culture
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language
Koguryo Cultural Relics
Some American scholars, through the analysis of the geographical names and words in the History of the Three Kingdoms, believe thatKoguryoAndJapaneseThey have similar origins.However, some Korean scholars, based on the records of Chinese materials, have come to the conclusion that Koguryo, Fuyu, WojuDongye , Baiji（Ruling class）They believe that the language ofFuyu language family。But this is only a hypothesis.Some Koreans, ignoring the fact that the historical data recording the characteristics of Koguryo is seriously insufficient, claim that Koguryo and Silla are the same language, but with slightly different words.But this is an opinion without sufficient basis.Because Koguryo and Silla have their own history of formation, their geographical distance is not far today, but in ancient times their distance was enough to form very different cultures and languages.The similarity between Koguryo and Silla culture is due to theirCentral Plains CultureA lot of learning in middle school.Some Chinese scholars believe that because Koguryo is an ancient frontier country with a large number of ethnic groups in the northeast, the Koguryo people have not formed a completely unified language. For example, the language spoken by the Mohe people living under the rule of Koguryo is a completely different language from that of Koguryo.In its heyday, Koguryo also ruled some parts in the early seventh centuryCathayan 、Taunt people。According to ancient historical records, a considerable number of Han people live in its territory.According to《Old Tang Script》According to the records of Li Yuan, Emperor Gaozu of the Tang Dynasty, in the seventh year of Wude's reignShen Shu'anXiang Ce Jianwu is the King of Gaoli, the prefecture of Liaodong in the State of Shangzhu. He still sent the statue of the Heavenly King and Taoist to that placeLaoziAnd thousands of people listened to its king and Taoist customs. "It can be inferred that at least the upper class and cultural figures in Koguryo can understand Chinese.
Language does not play a decisive role in the historical attribution of Koguryo.Even people of the same language origin and race often form many different nation states after development.For example, ancient Europeans with ancient Latin as the language origin formed today's France, Spain, Portugal and other countries.The Germanic people evolvedScandinaviaEthnic groups, English, Dutch, Swiss Germans, many white people in Canada, the United States, Australia and South Africa.Therefore, the language problem of Koguryo is an academic unsettled case that cannot be clarified.Even in the case of the same language and race, these conditions are not the criteria for defining the exclusive inheritance relationship between ancient nations and today's specific nations.Koguryo belonged toChinese civilization Therefore, China's historical inheritance of Koguryo is reasonable and legal.
faith
Most of the gods that Koguryo worships, except for those inherent in the nation, are derived from the myths and legends of the Central Plains, such asFour gods、Fuxi Nuwa、Divine Husbandman, Crane Riding ImmortalWang ZiqiaoAnd the depiction of the sun and moon gods.[107]
Koguryo belief totem
Goguryeo Tripod rootAnd murals.The worship of Koguryo beauty originated from the sacred thing Sanzuwu in the Central Plains, which is worshipped in KoguryoMurals in ancient tombsIt is reflected in.The murals in Koguryo's ancient tombs are rich in content, among which the worship of four gods, Fuxi and Nuwa, Shennong, and Taoist deities in feather clothes all reflect the overall influence of the Central Plains on Koguryo culture.At the same time, Koguryo's shooting, hunting and war murals also reflect its militant and belligerent characteristics as a frontier nation. It should be pointed out that these paintings are not significantly different from the ancient tomb murals since the Wei and Jin dynasties in the Central Plains in terms of composition.Koguryo murals are the iron evidence that Koguryo belongs to the Chinese civilization system in culture.
The people of Koguryo live on agriculture, fishing and hunting, but the output of crops is not large, making them accustomed to dieting.The autumn harvest festival "ASEAN" is held in October every year to worship the countrypatron saint of travelers, tunnel god, during which people drink, sing and dance to celebrate.
marriage and funeral
Koguryo society advocates thick burial, with stones as coffins, gold, silver and other valuable funerary objects, and the outer layer has been sealed for many times and built into stone graves.In terms of marriage customs, Koguryo practices monogamy and allows men and women to marry freely according to their own wishes, that is, "if there is marriage, men and women should be happy with each other.".After marriage, the man will stay in the "son-in-law's house" prepared by his wife's family. After the children grow up, the man can take his wife and children back to the man's house.In addition, society allows younger brothers to marry widows and sister-in-law and widows to remarry.Emperor YanThe murals No. 4 and No. 5 of Koguryo Tomb No. 5, which appeared three times in Ji'an City, Jilin Province, proved that Koguryo was also a descendant of Yan and Huang.
nation
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Korean Dynasty historian on the Korean PeninsulaJin FushiAlthough Koguryo andBaekje 、SillaThey were listed as the "Three Kingdoms" in Haidong, but he believed that Koguryo originated from China. He pointed out that "Koguryo began to live in the north of China, and then moved eastwardWaterSide. "[115]Another saying: "Since the Qin and Han Dynasties,InIn the northeast corner of China, its northern neighbors are all under the authority of the Emperor. In the chaos, heroes will rise up especially, and those who steal fame and position will also. "[116]Therefore, the Koguryo nationality is an ancient nationality in Northeast China.[128]
According to the research of contemporary Chinese scholars, the Koguryo royal family was founded byRemainerThe five parts of Koguryo（Annu tribe、Abolition Ministry、Serfdom、Enslavement department、Gyeru ）Are adjacent to the annexationWei MoIt is composed of tribes.In addition to Weimo and Fuyu, the Koguryo nationality should also includeOkjeo A part of people.Although the Woju people were not all integrated into the Koguryo nationality, they, together with Wei Mo and Fuyu, formed the Koguryo nationality in history.Among the Koguryo people, the scattered Han people who have migrated and defected to Koguryo have also accounted for a certain proportion.These people originally lived in Liao of Han peopleeast, Xuantu, Lelang and other counties moved to Koguryo due to years of war.In addition, after the northern part of the Korean Peninsula was conquered by Koguryo, the local Wei people, Han people, ancient Koreans, Koreans, etc. were partially integrated into the Koguryo nationality.To sum up, Koguryo is a five part alliance formed by some Weimo tribes, and gradually absorbs the elements of the same and different lines.[130]
International Relations
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For Silla Baiji
In the fourth year of Yuanjia (427 years), after the Changshou King moved his capital to Pyongyang, Koguryo competed for territory with Baekje and Silla for a long time.As the ruling class adopted a more correct strategy (in the late development period of Koguryo, after its ruling center entered the Korean Peninsula, Koguryo's tributary relationship to the Central Plains Dynasty was not weakened, but strengthened, so that it could concentrate its strength on attacking its enemies on the peninsula), Koguryo gradually became stronger and stronger,It encroached on the prefecture and county ruling areas of the Central Plains Dynasty in the northeast and on the peninsula, and finally became a regional power in the east of Jilin and Liaoning provinces of China from the west to the present, and in the south of the Datong River basin of the Korean Peninsula from the east.
To the Central Plains Dynasty
According to the records in the Three Kingdoms, Koguryo in the Western Han Dynasty was still subordinate to the Han DynastyXuantu CountyA tribe in Koguryo County, "Koguryo orders its name" (Biography of Koguryo, Vol. 30, Annals of the Three Kingdoms), and receives from Xuantu County the rank based official uniforms that Chinese local officials should have.The Koguryo regime's senior official "master book" is exactly the title of Chinese county officials, which also proves that the Koguryo regime exists as a local regime in China and is the basic administrative organization of the Han Dynasty in northeast China.The "Lingxing" of Koguryo Temple is due to the implementation of the provisions of the Western Han Dynasty government on "Lingxing Temple in Prefectures and Counties" (Records of the Historian, Book of Zen), which fully reflects its nature as a grass-roots organization.
After the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the power of Koguryo developed rapidly by taking advantage of the war in the Central Plains.The earliest large-scale conflict with the Central Plains regime was the battle of no frugality during the Three Kingdoms period.
In addition, the original ruling center of Koguryo is located in Ji'an, Jilin Province, and Liaoning Province, China todayHuan RenThe region has little to do with the Korean Peninsula.Koguryo transited from a tribe under the rule of Koguryo County, Xuantu County, Han Dynasty, to a state. It entered the Korean Peninsula with the power of Koguryo in about the 2nd century A.D. (the formal formation of the state on the Korean Peninsula was not earlier than the 2nd century A.D., see the attached "Early Relationship between China and the Korean Peninsula" for details).To be sure, Koguryo's transition from a former state to a state was basically completed by the 3rd century AD.
Koguryo was successively hit by Cao Wei and Qian Yan, and its westward development was blocked, so it expanded to the north of the Korean Peninsula and gradually replaced the prefectures and counties established by the former Central Plains Dynasty.
According to the statistics of Japanese scholar Junming Tanaka, during the 643 years from the eighth year of Jianwu (32 years) to the first year of Qianfeng (666 years), Koguryo paid tribute 205 times to all dynasties in the Central Plains.Among them, in 391 years from the eighth year of Jianwu (32 years) to the first year of Jingpingyuan (423 years), there were only 17 times of tribute, with an average of only once in 23 years.From the first year of Jingping (423) to the first year of Qianfeng (666), 188 times of tribute were paid, with an average of 1.3 years.
In the middle of the 4th century AD, Qianyan had already appointed the King of Koguryo as the governor of Yingzhou.Since then, the Koguryo kings of all dynasties have inherited the military positions of Dudu Yingzhou, Dudu Yingping Erzhou, Dudu Liaohai and other military positions with administrative jurisdiction.Since 435 years ago, Koguryo kings of all dynasties have often carried leadersDongyiLieutenant general and leader of Dongyi school captain.
With the development and maturity of Koguryo, as a local regime in China, Koguryo has become increasingly independent, and the attitude of the central dynasty towards the Koguryo regime is also changing.Since the end of the 6th century, the central government has no longer granted the Goguryo King the official position with local administrative jurisdiction, but has instead granted the Grand General, Shangkaifu Yitong Third Division, Shangzhu State and other scattered and decorated officials, which shows that the central government of China is very dissatisfied with the independence tendency of Goguryo as its local regime, and has begun to stop granting it the power to govern all parts of the Northeast.The conflict between the central government and the local government escalated and eventually evolved into a war between the Sui and Tang dynasties and Koguryo.
The Tang Dynasty successively destroyed Baiji and Koguryo, set up five prefectures including Xiongjin in the former place of Baiji, set up Andong Capital Protectorate in the former place of Koguryo, and took King Silla as the governor of Jilin Prefecture, finally establishing China's Jimi ruling system on the Korean Peninsula during this period.
After the third year of Longshuo (663), King Silla inherited the position of Governor of Jilin Prefecture from the Tang Dynasty, except for those who had not been enfeoffed in the Tang Dynasty for a short time. The area under his jurisdiction was the Governor of Jilin Prefecture, which belonged to the Tang Dynasty, and belonged to the local regime of the Tang Dynasty on the Korean Peninsula, not an independent country. King Silla was the local administrative official of the Tang Dynasty on the Korean Peninsula.
Silla occupied the southern part of the Korean Peninsula with the help of Tang Dynasty.Throughout the Tang Dynasty, the territory of Silla was always south of Pyongyang and the Datong River.
In the Tang Dynasty, the main part of the old Koguryo area in eastern Liaoning, north and south of the Yalu River, still belonged to the Central Plains Dynasty, and the territory of Silla was still south of the Datong River and Pyongyang.[117]Silla still surrendered to the Tang Dynasty.
The long-term tribute relationship established between Silla and China still exists, and the new king will accept the title when he ascends the throne. Chinese culture has a direct and profound impact on it.Early 10th centuryWang JianTo replace Silla and establish a new kingdom on the Korean Peninsula, Wang Jian named the kingdom born directly from Silla "Korea" for various reasons.
Sociology
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basic necessities of life
The Goguryo nationality, with a long history and cultural tradition, has its own distinctive national characteristics in the customs of food, clothing, housing and transportation.Koguryo people live in "mountains and deep valleys, with the valley as their home".[118]But in every guild, people dress up in beautiful clothes and wear their favorite gold and silver jewelry,[119]It shows that the Goguryo people are very particular about their clothes, and they have high aesthetic views.In terms of clothing, it can be said that there are differences between high and low, and men and women wear different clothes.[107]
According to the records in the Biography of Korea, Volume 220 of the New Book of Tang Dynasty, "The king wears five colored clothes and a white silk hat. The leather belt is all gold buckled. The minister wears a green silk hat, a second red silk hat, two birds' feathers, gold and silver buttons, sleeves on the shirt, a big mouth on the pants, white Wei belts, and yellow leather shoes. The commoners wear brown clothes and Bian. Women are the first women."
During the Han Dynasty, Koguryo went to Xuantu County to accept the imperial coat's default. Later, Koguryo became arrogant and did not send people to Xuantu County to receive it. Instead, it built a small town at the eastern boundary of Xuantu County, that is, the border between Koguryo and Xuantu County. The imperial coat's default was placed in it and was taken at the age of.Koguryo called this city Goulou, which means famous city.[118]Subordinate officials and nobles take Qingluo as the crown, followed by Fei Luo as the crown.Green and Fei Luo crowns are queenless ones.The official wears a folding wind on his head, which is shaped like a Bian, with two bird feathers inserted on it. Generally, he wears white Wei belts, yellow leather shoes, and is decorated with gold and silver.Common people wear brown Ru and trousers.Ru shirt is used as sleeve, and the opening of trousers is fat.A lady usually wears a long skirt with a lapel, and the sleeves of the skirt are all hemmed. She is a woman on her head.These records of clothing are fully reflected in the male and female figures in the Koguryo murals.Although the clothes of the king have not been seen yet, the clothes of subordinate officials and nobles are depicted on the murals.For example, the image of the sacrificial figure painted in the mesh lining of the mural tomb No. 4 at Wukufen in Ji'an is.Most of the depicted supporting figures are wearing green and Fei Luo crowns, and the colors of their robes are different.Some are white underwear, green robes, white belt waist;Some wore red robes with green collars and red belts around their waist;Some wore brown robes with yellow collars and white belts around their waists.All the donors wear black shoes on their feet, step on the lotus platform, and the crowns are green and red, that is, the bottomless ones. It can be clearly seen that the hair is in a high bun, but the color of the robe and waist band is different.[120-121]。Folding hoods worn by officials are common in murals.The folding wind has black table belt and white ornaments with ropes on both sides. After wearing, the table belt covers the upper part of the forehead, and the ornaments separate the vertical bun. In order to prevent the crown from falling off, the belt is tied under the jaw.The folding hood is a simple hat with practical value. Generally, two bird feathers are inserted horizontally on the folding hood, which is beautiful and generous.From the murals, we can see that the shoes worn by Gaoju Beauty are long shoes and short boots. The front soles are slightly upwarped, and the toe tips are upwarped, which is the so-called "long nose boots".The clothing of Goguryo women, which is commonly seen in murals, is a long skirt with a lapel, and the skirt is all hemmed, which is the obvious feature of women's clothing.[107]
It is recorded in the Biography of Korea in Volume 199 of the Old Book of the Tang Dynasty that "Chinese people wear brown clothes with the sides, and women are the first to add women." Women's crowns seen in murals are generally women, which is exactly in line with the literature record that "women are the first to add women".Other shapes of crowns are rarely seen at present.In the Biography of Korea in Volume 199 of the Old Book of Tang Dynasty, it is also said: "Eating the bean, the Fu Gui, the Zu, and the Lei Xi, there is quite a tradition of Ji Zi".It has been confirmed from the home dining map drawn by Wuyou Tomb in Ji'an area and the main room of Jiaoda Tomb.
"He must live in the valley, and all houses are made of thatch. Only Buddhist temples, temples and royal palaces use tiles."[122]It clearly tells us that the laboring people of the Koguryo nationality built their houses with thatch, while the temples, royal palaces and other buildings are very exquisite, which shows that "palace houses are not magnificent, and there is no need to demonstrate heavily".Although there is no reflection on the simple public buildings, the noble residence buildings are fully depicted.It is easy to see that "there are more than ten thousand people sitting on food"[118]The style of the residence where the aristocratic class lived.Generally speaking, the mansions seen from the murals are of single eaves with four slopes and water style, with far-reaching eaves and upturned eaves corners, which are generous and beautiful.The two ends of the ridge are matched with the powerful owl tail, and some kiss in the form of jewel flame.Generally, there are three jewel shaped flame kisses. In addition to the two ends with the owl kiss, there is also one in the middle of the right ridge, similar to the top of a treasure.The ornaments are installed on the vertical or inclined ridges, which are inverted upwards, 4 in each row, like spray, very beautiful.Tiled roof, red, green and yellow, is a kind of building with single eaves and four slopes or two slopes of water on the roof truss of wood structure, which is elegant and luxurious.The roofs of aristocratic mansions seen in the murals are generally made of red pillars and red architraves, and the arches on the columns are mostly three liters of a bucket.Some of them appear on the Zhuzhu columns, which bear the peach beams. Some of them also appear on the left and right of the plates. On the top of the Chinese arches, they are used as sparrow buckets, load-bearing beams, and on the top of the beams, they are also used as humps, bearing lotus leaf piers, and so on.The panel doors of the noble mansion buildings seen in the murals are generally painted red and have a head.In the houses painted, there are curtains hanging, and on the walls some are painted with patterns of tapestry wall clothes, which makes the house very magnificent.[107]
According to the Northern History, Goguru beauties "are vulgar and clean, happy, tolerant, and respectful of going. When they worship, they draw their feet, erect many arches, and intervene when they walk." These walking, sitting, and lying customs of Goguru beauties have been vividly illustrated in the murals of Goguru ancient tombs.
The custom of burying lavishly
Only in Ji'an, Jilin, China, where the capital of Koguryo was located in the early and middle period, there were tens of thousands of Koguryo ancient tombs, which was the result of the custom of thick burial.Because of the burial system of thick burial, there are such a large number of ancient tombs.It is said that in the mural tombs No. 4 and No. 5 of the Five Helmets' Tomb and the Four Gods' Tomb in Ji'an area, the taotie face and the dragon bowing back in the middle of the first layer of plastered corner and stacked stone are all with a pearl in their mouths, and there are still stone holes inlaid with pearls.The Shennong family (that is, the human figure with the head of a cow), painted on the second corner stone side of the mural in Tomb 5 of the Five Helmets Grave, has two eyes inlaid with green gemstones and still exists today.There are also traces of gilding on different parts of the tomb.Tomb No. 5 of Wukufen used to be called "Four Page Tomb" because it was buried with four gold leaves.These are the embodiment of the burial custom of "gold, silver and coins, all for death".[107]
Good at singing and dancing
On《Romance of the Three Kingdoms》、《Liang Shu》、《Wei Shu》、《Northern History》, The Old Book of the Tang Dynasty, The New Book of the Tang Dynasty《A synopsis》In many historical records, it is recorded that the Goguryo people have the custom of singing and dancing.It is recorded in Volume 30 of the Records of the Three Kingdoms, Wei Shu, Dongyi Biography, Koguryo, that "their people love singing and dancing, and the country is in the middle of the country. Men and women meet at night to sing and play together." It is also recorded in Volume 29 of the Records of Music of the Old Tang Dynasty, that "there are four dancers, with their chignons behind them, their forehead painted with crimson, and their gold bells decorated with gold. The two people are in yellow skirts, red and yellow hakama, with extremely long sleeves, black leather boots, and dance side by side." The New Book of Tang DynastyVolume 21 Records of Rites and Music 11 Again: Koguryo“Whirlwind danceThe dancers stand on the mat and spin like the wind. "These records and descriptions of singing and dancing are fully confirmed on the murals in the ancient tombs of Koguryo, providing rare explanatory materials for the study of the customs of singing and dancing of the Koguryo people.Those who have visited Ji'an or made on-the-spot investigations will see Wuyou Tomb, Changchuan Tomb 1, Maxiangou Tomb 1, Donggou Tomb 12, etc., all of which are depicted with dance pictures.According to the dance pictures drawn by him, there are solo dance, duet dance, group dance, etc.[107]
Travel hunting
On the murals of ancient tombs in early and middle Goguryo, travel and hunting themes are common.It shows that it was a prevailing social fashion at that time.It reflects that the Koguryo nobility regularly travel to the countryside;Also choose a suitable season to enter the mountain forest by horse for hunting.
In the murals of ancient tombs in Koguryo, especially in the early and middle periods, hunting is the most depicted theme.Wuyong Tomb, Changchuan Tomb No. 1, Maxiangou Tomb No. 1, Donggou Tomb No. 12, Sanshi Tomb, 332 Tomb at the foot of the mountain city, Yushan Tomb No. 41, Yaoshuili Mural Tomb, Dexingli Mural Tomb, Anyue Tomb No. 1, Dongyanli Mural Tomb, and Niche God Tomb are all depicted, which shows that it was a prevailing social custom at that time.In many hunting scenes, most of them are in mountain forest areas, and there are at least two people hunting collectively. It is rare to see people cruising alone.Among the hunting scenes painted, the hunting pictures of Wuyou Tomb, Yaoshuili Mural Tomb and Changchuan Tomb 1 are the best.Take the hunting map on the north wall of the main room of Wuyou Tomb as an example.The whole picture is a hunting scene, with a mountain range in the wall, smaller than the people and horses.Draw four hunting riders on the flat ground in the whole mountain, three in front of the mountain and one behind the mountain.The hunter behind the mountain drives his horse and gallops, with his bow ready to go, chasing two deer;The horsemen in front of the mountain all galloped forward, with their bows stretched and arrows stretched, and the tigers chasing the deer.In order to highlight the theme and show the characters of hunting in the field, the mountain and forest paintings are small and secondary.[107]
This hunting fashion is often depicted on the murals of ancient tombs in the middle and early period of Koguryo;On the murals of ancient tombs in the later period, there are few depictions, which shows that after Koguryo occupied Lelang and Liaodong, the national boundary expanded, agricultural production greatly developed, and the fashion of hunting also changed.[107]
Pitching angle
"Korea is popularChess、Pitcher、ancient game of kicking a ball、Angular offset。”[123]Chess playing and Cuju have not been depicted on the murals yet, but there are examples of throwing pots and reaching corners.A picture of a pitcher can be seen in the image of the donor on the south wall of Tomb 4 of Wukui Grave.The pitcher "tied his hair in a high bun, wore a white feather coat, sat on the lotus platform, sat with his right leg crossed, his left leg squatted, and his right arm stretched forward, as if he were throwing something into a utensil, his left arm bent and placed on his knee"[120]。This may be the description of the custom of throwing pots.The activities with national characteristics are often depicted in murals.For example, it can be seen in Jiaoda Tomb, Wuyou Tomb and Changchuan No.1 Tomb.Among them, the paintings of Jiaoda Tomb are the most typical.The "wrestling" heroes in the paintings are all wearing shorts, bare back and bare legs, falling feet, and the two are hugging each other.The Book of the Han Dynasty: History of Emperor Wu said: "Play in the corner".Yan Shigu quoted Ying Shao as saying, "If you play the horn, you can play it; if you play it, you can fight against it." It is probably similar to "wrestling".In the Song Dynasty, "sumo wrestling" or "fighting for friendship" was actually a kind of sports.From the angle drawing on the mural, it looks like sumo wrestling and judo today.Koguryo's angular movement was first seen in the northern ethnic groups, but it was widely carried out in Koguryo.[107]
Imperial lineage
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Title of monarch
full name
In office time
identity
Holy King of the Eastern Ming Dynasty
Jumong [4]
8 BC - 12 AD
Ancestor of Koguryo
Glaze Ming Wang
Gao Ruliu/Gao Ruliu
12-48
Gaozhu Mengzi
Dawu God King
Gao Zhuliu/Da Zhuliu
48-74
Gao Ru Liuzi
Min Zhongwang
Gao Molai
74-78 (the first year of Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty)
