In order to seek the way to govern the country and secure the people, he explored the way to be able to maintain the cause, and paid attention to flexibilityDu You《A synopsis》It is a blueprint to complete the work with clear spirit《General examination of literature》。"General Examination of Literature" is an ancient Chinese bookRules and regulationsAspectIntegrateThe work is unique in style, rich in historical data, rich in content and incisive in comments.
word
Guiyou, the word Guiyu
number
Zhuzhou
Times
Late Song Dynasty and Early Yuan Dynasty
Ethnic groups
Han nationality
one's native heath
Raozhou Leping (today's Jiangxi Leping)
date of birth
About 1254 years
Date of death
1340
Key achievements
Compiling the General Examination of Literature, one of the "three links"
Main works
General Examination of Literature, Collected Notes of Universities, Multiple Knowledge Record
Ma Duanlin (about 1254-1340) was born in Leping (now Jiangxi), Raozhou, at the end of the Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty. His name is Guiyou, and his name is Zhuzhou.Father Tingluan[3], for Song DynastyRight Prime Minister。Children receive family training andZhu XiLater, Cao Jing asked for knowledge.In the ninth year of Xianchun's reign (1273), Cao Cao ranked first and Yin Bu Chengshirang.
He died in the Song Dynasty and lived in seclusion. Later he was the head of Cihu and Keshan academies, TaizhouConfucianism professor。Compiled in the 11th year of Dade in the Yuan Dynasty (1307)《General examination of literature》, Zonghui collected the laws and regulations of the previous dynasties before the Song Ningzong, followed by the category, from beginning to end, and pointed out its evolution.In particular, he inherited Zheng Qiao's idea of "being able to communicate" and commented on the "reasons for accommodating relaxation" in the past dynasties, explaining the historical connection of the evolution of the rules and regulations.Oppose the theory of "disaster and auspiciousness", advocate an objective attitude towards historical events and characters, and oppose the views of praise and criticism that violate "factual records".stayHistory of historiographyFirst, it opens the thread from document compilation to historical research.He has also written Duozhilu, Yigen Shoumo, etc., all of which are lost.
Ma Duanlin
Ma Duanlin was a historian in the late Song Dynasty.Words are precious.Leping, Raozhou (now Leping, Jiangxi).His fatherMa TingluanRight Prime Minister of the Southern Song DynastyNational History InstituteEditorial OfficerAndRecording hospitalA censor should disobeyJia ShidaoGuili.To attend my father's home,A great collection of books。XianchunDuring the 12th Five Year Plan period, Cao Shi was the first to take part in the trial, and Yin was used to make up for Shi Lang.The Song Dynasty perished, lived in seclusion, and spent more than 30 years writing the General Examination of Literature.After his father's death, he taught the village, served as the head of Cihu, Keshan Second Academy, and a professor of Confucianism in Taizhou.
General examination of literature
Written by Ma Duanlin《General examination of literature》(referred to as "General Examination") 348 volumes, from three generations to the endNingzong of Southern Song DynastyThe system of laws and regulations in the fifth year of Jiading (1212).Tang DynastyTrimbleHistorical facts before, based on Du You《A synopsis》Supplement the foundation;Tianbao was renewed five years later in Jiading of the Song Dynasty.There are 24 doors in total, of which five are the classics, imperial system, feudalism, image latitude and material difference created by the author.The Song system is particularly detailed, most of which are《History of the Song Dynasty》None of the chronicles has prepared it.
The General Examination of Literature is one of the three links, which has important reference value.The author is Ma Duanlin (1254-1323), a native of Leping (now Jiangxi), Raozhou, with the word Guiyou, and the son of Ma Tingluan, the prime minister in the late Southern Song Dynasty.Ma Tingluan once served as the editor of the Southern Song Dynasty National History Institute and the reviewer of the Fact Recording Institute. He is knowledgeable and has a rich collection of books.Ma Duanlin was influenced by his father and had access to a lot of information. He began to write the book at the age of 30 and spent more than 20 years.
A synopsis
Ma Duanlin's Works
Compiled by Du You in the Tang Dynasty《A synopsis》It is also a history of rules and regulations, but the categories are too wide.The horse is standing《A synopsis》To develop and supplement.The Tongkao is divided into land tax, coins, household registration, official service, tax collection, market purchaseTugong, national use, election, school, officialsacrifice for Heaven in winter and Earth in summer, ancestral temple, royal ceremony, music, military, punishment, scriptures, imperial system, feudalism, image latitude, material difference, geographical location, four generations, each of which has its own sub category, and the system history is more detailed and complete.Among them, classics, imperial system, feudalism, image latitude, and material difference are the author's new creations.
The Tongkao is based on a wide range of materials, except for official history of various dynasties, important meetings of various dynasties《Comprehensive Mirror for Aid Government》In addition to other history books, we also used private history books, biographies and other records of relevant laws and regulations.These historical records are "Wen", which means ancient books.In addition, in the narration, many memorials from officials and scholars of that time were quoted.These memorials and comments are called "offering"."Xian" means "sage".Because the author attempts to make a thorough and thorough study of various rules and regulations through these materials, it is named《General examination of literature》。
The description of the Song Dynasty's rules and regulations in the General Examination of Literature is particularly detailed, which can be revised and supplemented《History of the Song Dynasty》There are many places of various aspirations;The comments on the evolution of the system in the past dynasties have many original views, which is actually a basic historical book for studying the history of the Song Dynasty.The book is clearGuangxu reign periodZhejiang Book Company has handed down its editions.
Life
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Ma Duanlin is talented and intelligent since he was young, and has good home schooling conditions.He read scriptures at a very young age under the guidance of his mother, and as a 7-year-old child, he could read the four books and five classics.When he was older, he became more diligent and eager to learn. He followed the practice of Yuan Jun, a famous litterateur in the Southern and Northern Dynasties, to read and copy the classics and history every dayTranscription50 pieces, completed every day. If not, never rest.For more than ten years, he read the official history, official records, private literature collection and famous officials of Tang and Song dynasties before the Song DynastyMemoHe also studied Cheng Zhu's philosophy from the famous teacher Cao Jing.His diligent extensive reading not only enabled him to have profound knowledge and solid writing skills, but also prepared for him in the future《General examination of literature》A large amount of data has been accumulated.
Ma Duanlin found thatBan GuOf《The History of the Han Dynasty》Toauthor of the history Zizhi TongjianOf《Comprehensive Mirror for Aid Government》EtcDynastic historyAnd general history, both detailed in the records of the rise and fall of the disorder, and slightlyRules and regulationsDescription of.He believes that the history of "managing the rise and fall of chaos" has a great reference for future generations, but the abolition of "rules and regulations" also has an impact on the rise and fall of societyNot to be ignoredOf.With this point of view, he repeatedly and deeply studied every special history of Chinese laws and regulations, from which he realized that the laws and regulations of the past dynasties were not the same, nor were they completely different, and there was a clear inheritance relationship between them.The reform of the rules and regulations of later generations was carried out on the basis of inheriting the previous dynasties and even the ancient rules and regulations.Ma Duanlin determined to write a book from ancient times toSouthern Song DynastyA special history of laws and regulations.
From an early age, he decided to《A synopsis》It is a blueprint for compiling a monograph describing the ancient laws and regulations of China.He began to prepare in the ninth year of Xianchun (1273) of the Song Dynasty, and began to write in the 27th year of Zhiyuan (1290) of the Yuan Dynasty. It was not until the second year of Yingzong Zhizhi (1322) of the Yuan Dynasty that he completed his efforts for more than 20 years that he was named《General examination of literature》, published in the same year.
Ma Duanlin's greatest social contribution in his life is to write a《General examination of literature》。The book has 24 categories and 348 volumes.The book describes in detail the history of the rise and fall of all kinds of rules and regulations from ancient times to the Song Dynasty, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. Each category and volume are followed by a concise note, which explains the impact of the rise and fall of all kinds of rules and regulations on social and economic development and political rise and fall in each period.The whole book is a historical masterpiece of great reference value through the ages with detailed narration, thorough comments and rich and accurate materials.It and the Tang DynastyDu YouEditorial《A synopsis》And Southern Song DynastyZheng QiaoEditorial《chorography》The two historical masterpieces are collectively called "Three Links"."Three Links" is still a necessary book for the study of ancient history.The General Textual Examination of Literature is the most abundant, the longest and the most profound one among the "three links", so it is praised as the first of the "three links" by historians of all dynasties.
Scholarly research
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Edited by Ma Duanlin《General examination of literature》Follow Du You's example《A synopsis》The style of, but also compiled the characteristics, great innovation and development.He believed that "Tongdian has a grand program and is comprehensive and consistent in textual research", so we should take this essence and learn from it;It also believes that the classification of "Tongdian" is not clear, and its shortcomings should be supplemented;Also, the selection of materials is not carefully examined, and the textual criticism is not profounddeficiencies, which should be corrected.On the basis of the category of Tongdian, Tongkao has made two series of improvements: first, it has added five categories of "classics, imperial system, feudalism, image latitude, and material difference" to make it more comprehensive;Second, the "land tax, currency, household registrationVocational service”The other categories are extracted from the "food and goods", and after being upgraded, they are listed in the same category as "ceremony, music, military and punishment", that is, from the sub category to the first level, making it more systematic and meticulous.The scientificity of the category arrangement in the General Examination of Literature fully reflects Ma Duanlin's scholarly attitude of "learning from the ancient times but not sticking to the ancient times" andrigorous scholarship The spirit of.
《General examination of literature》And《A synopsis》In contrast, another feature is to strengthen the description of economic content, and more detailed additions reflect the Tang and Song dynastiesagricultural production, commodity and currency circulation, taxation, servitude, imperial tributes and other social and economic aspects objectively recorded the social and economic development at that time from different sides, that is, a large number of valuable and creditworthyEconomic HistorySection.A large number of historical facts reflecting the rulers of the Song Dynasty's extortion and cruel exploitation of the common people have been recorded in the "land tax, official service, levy and discussion" and other items, which reflects Ma Duanlin's emphasis on social economy and the people's respect for the monarchconfucianPeople oriented thought。
Ma Duanlin《General examination of literature》The most important feature of is profound textual research.In Self Preface, Ma said: "Narration should be based on the classics and history, and refer to the historical conferences and biographies of hundreds of schools. Those who have evidence of truth should follow it, and those who have strange doubts should not record it." This shows that he is extremely rigorous in selecting materials.Every event and every system of laws and regulations described by him is based on the official history, and at the same time, he carefully examines and revises the relevant records in the official history of the past dynasties (the compilation of historical materials of each dynasty) and the biographies of relevant figures in the official history of the past dynasties,MarkedCredible records are not included if they cannot be trusted.This fully demonstrates his truth-seeking and realistic spirit of scholarship.In terms of comments, we first take the memorials of officials at that time, and then take the comments of celebrities and scholars, or the records of unofficial officials and unofficial history as the evidence to conduct repeated in-depth textual research, and then draw conclusions.
Ma Duanlin was born in the prime minister's family. He was awarded by his father when he was 19 years oldChengshilangThe title ofHe did not have.Enter the official career.After entering yuan,Ma TingluanAn old friend ofNocturnal inflammationServed in the Yuan Dynastyminister of personnelHe once invited Juma Duanlin to work in Beijing, but he flatly refused on the ground of "serving on relatives and diseases".Ma Duanlin wrote it wholeheartedly after he followed his father to his hometown《General examination of literature》(1290-1322).He was familiar with the comments of the scholar bureaucrats in the Song Dynasty, and collected a lot in the book.When the Song Dynasty perished, he was extremely indignant at the corruption of the ruling group at the end of the Song Dynasty, and was often exposed in the book.In addition, he also set up a business in his hometownSchoolingChildren of their own race.Although the Ma family has been well educated for generations, most of the children of the same ethnic group in their hometown cannot go to school because they are in remote mountain villages and are poor.After Ma Duanlin returned to his hometown, he set up his own fundFufengMa Family School enrolls children of his own ethnic group for free.Under his education, most of the enrolled children of the ethnic group have made progress in their studies. Many of them have been admitted to the county school with outstanding achievements, and are famous in the country.
work
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content
The General Examination of Literature has 348 volumes, starting from three dynasties and ending in the Southern Song DynastySong NingzongJiadingLast year (1224).It is divided into twenty-four categories, including land tax, household registration, tax collection, election, official, music, military, lane, school and coin.On《A synopsis》On the basis of, we collected extensive historical materials, made detailed textual research, eliminated the false and preserved the true, classified and classified them, and compared them in chronological order.At the same time, the comments of predecessors and scholars at that time are included at the back of each article, and finally, my own opinions are expounded in the form of notes.
His notes, running through the past and present, are appropriate in compromise, and strive to draw prudent conclusions from historical facts, especially forland system、Military service systemThe opinions expressed are unprecedented.Ma Duanlin lives inLate Song DynastyIn the early Yuan Dynasty, I deeply understood the Southern Song DynastyPolitical corruptionIs the main reason for the demise of the dynasty.Therefore, he has the most profound research on the Song Dynasty system. He has also recorded the laws and regulations of the Song Dynasty in particular detail, and exposed the dark side of the politics of the Song Dynasty, so that the records about the Song Dynasty in the book are more authentic and reliable. I think they are more valuable than other works of the same kind.
status
《General examination of literature》As a monograph describing the ancient laws and regulations of China《Comprehensive Mirror for Aid Government》Played a complementary role.It is said that reading Tongjian instead of reading《General examination》It is like reading "discipline and biography" instead of "chronicles and tables", knowing only the deeds of one generation, but not the rules and regulations of one generation.On the contrary, if you read only Tongkao but not Tongjian, it would be like knowing "annals and tables" but not "discipline and biography".Therefore, only when the two books are read together can we have a comprehensive understanding of the history of our country for thousands of years.The General Examination of Literature plays an important role in China's vast historical records.The contribution of Duanlin should also be respected by generations.
