An anonymous person in PersiageographerAnd Geldiqi proposed that there are two Mazar tribes, one is still staying inUral MountainsThe other is to leaveUral Mountains, Mazar people going to South Russia.
Early Mazar people arenomadic peopleIn“ethnic minority", becauseEurasiaThe nomads ofIndo EuropeanandTurkiIt is rare for them to speak Ugric.The Mazar people and Turks, Mongols, and Scythians don't have muchConsanguinityThey have lived in the lower part of the Ural Mountains for generationsHilly area, and some live inEurasiaThe northern end of the very coldEstonianIs a close relative.
For example, the Huns who appeared in the area east of the Black Sea at the end of the 4th century AD were once widely suspected by the historians to be the descendants of the Huns who had been defeated by the Han Dynasty and moved westward. However, after a series of theoretical and archaeological evidence, the Huns and the Huns have no direct relationship, and they are more like the first group of Ugric who went southward, that is, the HunsNot at allThe ancestors of the Mazar people.
The grassland belt of Eurasia has bred many brave nomads
Since the 8th century, due to climate changeLiving conditionsAnd other nomadic tribesliving spaceSqueezing, Mazar people are forced to leave their homes for generationsthe Ural Mountains, the family moves southwest.Here they areUral RiverAndDon RiverGrassland betweenMultiplyHere, they met other nomadic peoples, such as the Bogar people, the Kazar people and the Aran people. As the least civilized tribe, the Mazar people learned how to grow food and care from their neighborscash crop, to some extent, it has made up for the shortage of rations, butAnimal HusbandryTheir ancestors still live on cattle, horses and sheep.Stockbreeding orientedeconomic model Making them good at riding and shooting is the basic life skill of every herdsman in Mazar.
Politically, the royal family of Mazar has always been considered as the nobility from the nomadic nations of other nationalities. The earliest reference to the origin of Mazar people was in the 9th century ADEastern Roman EmpirehistorianConstantine Bofilogiritus mentioned that there was a foreign tribe "Kabar" enteringCentral Europe。The royal family of the Mazar people, namelyGrand Duke ArpadIt is believed that it was sent by the Kosans.A leader of the Cosa tribe, as the leader of the Mazar people, appointed a young noble named Arpad as the Grand Duke of the Mazar people. After living in Pannonia, the Mazar people still served as the vassals of the Mazar people.Later in South Russia, the Mazar people went toCarpathian MountainsThere are 10 tribes going there. The original name is "on ogur", that is, ten arrows and ten Huihe (seven Mazar and three Kosa tribes).
Carpathian Basin Trihedralbe surrounded by mountains, the Danube River flows through the westPannonian Plain Here, the water and grass are plentiful and the geographical location is safe, and there are no other powerful nomads competing with it for pastures, so the Mazar people decided to take root here and develop their businesses.The environment determines the fate of the Mazar people. The future historical trend of the Mazar people will largely depend on the geography of the Carpathian Basincultural environment。
From the southern Russian grassland toCentral EuropehinterlandCarpathian Basin , which means moving from the barbaric zone to the semi civilized and semi barbaric zone.Carpathian BasinRoman EmpireFrom then on, it was the bridgehead where the Romans and various barbarians fought against each other. Until the Mazar people came here, it was stillByzantine EmpireThe front line against the northern barbarians.Civilization and barbarism are intertwined, which is the biggest feature of this region. The result of the game between different forces here is thatbalkan, Italy and Central EuropePolitical patternHave a decisive impact.Therefore, the Mazar people are no longer the nomadic barbarians who used to be inconspicuous on the edge of Europe. Now they are pushed to the front of history.
The Mazar people who have taken root in the new area look around and find that they are in an excellent era in history, because the neighbors around them are either divided or weak, and all can be pinchedSoft persimmon。This is simply the best gift that God has brought to Mazar people.
In the south,the danubeThe Byzantine Empire on the other side has long lost its glory in the days of the Great.After the rise of the Arabs, the raids of the Awar, the invasion of the Slavs, the attacks of the Lombards, and the repeated harassment of the Pachnegs, this medieval empire has become a giant in deep trouble.The constant flow of northern barbarians made Byzantines tired of dealing with them. In addition, the eastern front was full of Muslim forces and piratesmediterranean sea, this empire has been on the verge of collapse for several times, and it has almost lost its support.
In the West,Charlemagne Empire The division of the German people so tired of civil war, no time for him.sinceCharlemagneAfter his death, the time empire had become a mess within a generation.The descendants of the Great Emperor hated each other and fought against each otherFrankish KingdomOne divides into three.East Frankish Kingdom Although it is a whole on the surface, it has been divided into several dukes who are not subordinate to each other. The dukes have different ideas, and they worship the royal family.In addition, the East Frankish Kingdom also fought with the Vikings in the north and the Slavs in the east all the year round, which seriously distracted its strategic attention. Therefore, they could only respond negatively to the arrival of the Mazars.
In the southwest, Italy is scatteredLombardy The principality is ruling, and there is no unity among the various countries.Since the 6th centuryOstrogothic Kingdom After the collapse, Lombards began to take the opportunity to flow into Italy, but this barbarian royal family lackedappealAnd influence, unable to unite the tribes, the subordinates scattered and scrambled to carve up the land, and soon split into numerous small states.This split lasted for several centuries, until the 10th century AD, it was still in chaos.
Mazar people who have mastered the surrounding situation decide to make good use of this troubled world full of opportunities. Unprecedented opportunities are waiting, and their era has arrived.
The Mazar people can't wait to realize their ambitions.They first enslaved 200000 Slavs living in the Carpathian Basin by force and became their slaves.Then continue to move westward and enter the Pannonia Plain, where you can break into the East Frankish Kingdom in the north and enter North Italy in the south, and you can also stay away from the old rivals, the Pachenegues, to make the rear more secure.
Since the 10th century, the Mazar people began to carry out large-scale attacks on all surrounding areas without fear, and the frequency was high almost every year.They are good at riding and shooting on horseback. Their speed is unmatched, and they are especially good at using their ancestral trump card - the horse returning arrow.Mazar people are extremely cautious in fighting and marching, and they will first maintainsafe distance , usingmaneuverabilityThe Chinese army quickly outflanked the two wings. The Chinese army pretended to be defeated and retreated, constantly consuming the enemy's strength. During this period, it constantly harassed the enemy with dense arrows and rain. The chasing enemy would not need long to break the front and lose morale, becoming a live target of the Mazar people, and finally was harvested under the charge of cavalry.
Mazar's cavalry and shooting tactics are very effective against German, Slavic and other weak cavalry countries.As long as they can carry out field operations on a wide battlefield, they will go nowhere.With the continuous increase of the results of the war and the deepening of their understanding of the enemy, their appetite is growing, and the looting is becoming more and more unscrupulous.Only 10 years later, their looting has gone deep into the north, thousands of miles away from their hometownGermanyIn the region, they almost collided head-on with the Vikings.Because the mysterious Mazar cavalry made it difficult for their opponents to find and intercept. In addition to the chaos and division within the East Frank Kingdom, all people were unable to unite to resist foreign enemies.In order to reduce the possibility of being intercepted, the Mazar people also tried to divide the army into multiple units and loot in all directions, because what they wanted was loot rather than a hard fought battle.
In this way, Mazar people began to sweep the whole western Europe with unparalleled mobility on land.In the looting of 924, they rushed intoSwabia And BavariaRhineThey ravaged Alsace and Lorraine, which was the first time that they attacked the area west of the Rhine, which showed that the natural danger of the Rhine in Western Europe could not stop them.Two years later, they broke into northern Italy directly to the southPaviaEscape after the cityThe Alps, followed the mountain path westward into Burgundy, looted and then southwestward into Spain. The distance is shocking.954military actionIt is even more impressive that Mazar people once again swept across Bavaria and SwabenWormsCrossing the Rhine, looting the northGaul, even swaggered south under Paris and entered Burgundy again, and finally swaggered back home to Pannonia along the Italian coast.In this year, they completely circled the Alps, which was the most successful raid in the past years.
Until 955 A.D., the SaxonsOtto the GreatIn BavariaBattle of AugsburgCompletely defeated and severely injured them in the.They (including the Sisra left by the Great Moravia, which is also the real source of Mazar's blood) turned to settle down and work in agriculture. Under the rule of St. Stephen Ishtwan I, they converted to Christianity, absorbed the advanced civilization of Western Europe, and no longer posed a threat to foreigners.
Culturally, the Mazar people andEast Asian Cultural CircleSimilar in some respects.For example, Hungarian names are namedFirst surname, last name, last identity, and surroundingIndo EuropeanQuite the opposite, andEast AsiaEthnic groups (Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese, Korean, etc.) are also in the same order, with the first surname followed by the last name.But that doesn't mean that Hungarians and East Asian nations haveSubstantiveWhether it is culture or blood relationship.
origin
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Hungarians call themselves Magyars.[1]
It is said that in 1235,Bela IV (B é la IV) ordered several priests to preach to the EastVolga RiverAnd found that some people's language andHungaryLanguage proximity.In the 19th century, HungarianlinguistThey investigated and studied the languages used by the tribes in that area.The more common view is that Hungarians live together.Later, there werescientific dataIt proves that Hungarians once lived together with other nationalities in this area.Because of the geographical characteristics of this region, Hungarians live by farmingfeudal society。From about the middle of the 5th century, Hungarians were composed of seven local governments: Nek, Mazar (that is, Mazar), Jute Jolmat, Taurjan, Yerno, Kyle and Kesi.Among them, Mazar is the strongest, so Hungarians are also called Mazar people.legendTribal leaderThe Hungarian leader Arpad was elected king in accordance with Hungarian customs.[1]
According to archaeological research results, in 896 AD, under the leadership of King Albard, there were about 500000 Hungarians living in an organized way with little sacrificeCarpathian Basin 。Hungarians have lived for a long time, about four centuries.During such a long migration process, the Mazar people have always lived in the areas under the jurisdiction of the Hungarians, which is why some historical records from the 9th to the 10th centuries often referred to Hungary asEastern EuropePeople.[1]
Carpathian Basin Is aAlluvial plain。In the process of ethnic residence, all ethnic groups have well maintained their own national and language characteristics, which shows that Hungarians are the original residents of the region.They, like those European nationsBlood raceRelationship rather than locationgeographical positionThe Hungarians had a hugecohesive force。These seven Hungarian groups include about 100social organizationThese groups should all be common.One of the remarkable characteristics that Hungarians differ from other ethnic groups in Europe is that most of the other ethnic groups are in Eastern Europe orWestern EuropeLanguages are all European languages. Hungarian is a European language and is influenced by Hungarian at the same time.Of course, the appearance, folk customs and tunes of Hungarians are not different.In addition, unlike other ethnic groups settled here, Hungarians have a relatively fixed attribution for a long time, while other ethnic groups either attribute themselves to Hungarians or belong to non Hungarians.At the same time, the Hungarian culture has absorbed many factors of the ethnic groups that settled here, such as Hungary and the culture of the Hungarian nation.Due to historical reasons, Hungary has Hungarycultural fusionThis can be fully demonstrated from their later literature, art and music.becauseCarpathian Basin It effectively prevented the invasion from the north, east and southeast, but could not prevent other ethnic groups fromthe danubeEntry from the West and South.Therefore, Hungary is also subject to the dual constraints of the West and the South, or rather, the West and the East, making the country have to join a group for its own interests.In fact, the Hungarian language, unique appearance and culture make them fundamentally different from the Western Europeans who are not Hungarians who settle here at the same time.[1]
Traditional characteristics
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Hungarians are surrounded by Western Europeans who are not Hungarians and Romanians of different races. In terms of physical type and cultural influence, there is a constant mixing phenomenon.
There are two main influences: one is the influence of the Hungarians who conquered and occupied the country in the 16th and 17th centuries;First, HungaryHabsburg FamilyThe powerful Hungarian influence.Hungary became autonomous in 1867 and independent in 1918.In those years, they kept their original art, music and literature, while embroidery and potteryFolk art, is still important today.Hungary fromthe Second World WarSince then, there has been no announcement onreligious beliefStatistics for.But before the war, about 65%catholic25% ChristianprotestantismTu.
