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Maximilian II

Holy Roman Emperor

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Maximilian II (Maximilian II; July 31, 1527 – October 12, 1976) Yes Habsburg Dynasty The Holy Roman Emperor (1564-1576). From 1548 to 1550, Maximilian was regent of Spain. In 1562, he was elected king of Bohemia (reigned from 1564 to 1576) and king of the Roman people (reigned from 1562 to 1576). In 1563, he was elected king of Hungary (reigned from 1564 to 1576). In 1564, he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor. He also tried to become the king of Poland, but failed. Maximilian received a good humanistic education in his childhood and showed a special liking for Protestantism, but finally he gave up his belief for the sake of political future and publicly declared his belief in Catholicism. But because he opposed charles v , won the favor of the new sect princes.^[1]

Chinese name: Maximilian II
Foreign name: Maximilian II
Alias: Maximilian II
date of birth: July 31, 1527

Date of death: October 12, 1576
Occupation: Holy Roman Emperor
one's native heath: Vienna
Belief: Catholicism

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Character's Life

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Early experience

Maximilian was born in 1527 Vienna , Father Ferdinand I Holy Roman Emperor (1556-1564), mother Anna She is the daughter of King Vladislav IV of Bohemia and Hungary. In 1544, Maximilian came to his uncle Charles V's Palace of Brussels Under the influence of Spanish Catholicism, he participated in the war against France in 1544 and the war between 1546 and 1547 with Charles V Schmalkarden War Charles V and the Protestant princes Schmalkarden Alliance A war between Charles V Catholicism The interests of protestantism Recognition of. Then Maximilian began to take part in the management of the empire. 1548 Maximilian and Holy Roman Emperor charles v Daughter (1530-1556) Maria When he got married, Charles V was also the brother of Ferdinand I, Maximilian's father, that is, Maximilian's uncle. In the same year, he began to regent Spain as the representative of the empire, and returned to Germany in December 1550 to participate in the discussion of the inheritance of the empire.

The Controversy of Inheritance

In 1531 before that, German candidates had been elected charles v His younger brother Ferdinand (also the father of Maximilian) is "the king of the Roman people", making him the successor to the throne of Charles V. Charles V proposed in 1550 that his son Felipe (later King of Spain Felipe II ）Succession to his throne was opposed by Maximilian. The two sides reached an agreement that Ferdinand would still succeed Charles V, and Felipe would inherit Ferdinand. But after Felipe took over the throne, Maximilian would rule Germany as the king of the Roman people. This arrangement was not implemented in the end, but the original harmonious relationship between the two branches of the Habsburg family was seriously damaged due to Charles V's stubborn performance on the issue of inheritance. Maximilian was also bitter about Charles V's actions, and gradually began to oppose Charles V. At the same time, Maximilian moved his residence to Vienna and devoted himself to the management of Austria to resist the Turks.^[1]

On September 13, 1548, Charles V in Valladolid's Jean Maximilian and his daughter (Maximilian's cousin) Maria The princess married. Through this marriage, his uncle intended to strengthen the ties with the Austrian branch of Habsburg and also consolidate Maximilian's Catholic faith. Maximilian temporarily served as the emperor's representative in Spain, but he did not serve as the head of state of Holland Habsburg as he hoped. To his indignation, King Ferdinand appointed his brother Ferdinand ll As the chief executive of the Kingdom of Bohemia, Maximilian's right to inherit as the future king was recognized in 1549. He returned to Germany in December 1550 to participate in the discussion on the inheritance of the empire.

Maximilian's relationship with his uncle deteriorated because Charles V was once again surrounded by the rebellious Protestant prince led by Morris, the Saxon elector. He hoped that his son Felipe II would succeed him as emperor. However, Charlie's brother Ferdinand has been designated as the next to occupy the throne, and he and his son Maximilian oppose this proposal. Maximilian sought the support of German princes such as Duke Albert V of Bavaria, and even contacted Protestant leaders such as Morris of Saxony and Duke Christopher of Wuerttemberg. Finally, a compromise was reached: Felipe would take over Ferdinand, but during Ferdinand's rule, Maximilian, the king of Germany, would rule Germany. This arrangement was not implemented because the emperor's insistence seriously disturbed the harmonious relationship between the two branches of the Habsburg family so far; In 1552, Maximilian suffered from a disease that was believed to have been poisoned by the Spanish branch of Habsburg to protect the interests of his cousin and brother-in-law Felipe II.

The relationship between the two cousins is very unstable. Felipe was a Spaniard since childhood, and almost never went abroad in his life. But Maximilian thought he was a typical German prince, and often showed a strong dislike for Spaniards. He thought Spaniards were intolerant and arrogant. Felipe is reserved and reserved, but Maximilian is outgoing and charming. His insistence on humanitarianism and religious tolerance led to differences between him and Felipe, who was more committed to defending the Catholic faith. In addition, he was regarded as a promising commander, while Felipe did not like war and had commanded the army only once. Nevertheless, they were still committed to the unification of their dynasties.

In 1551, Maximilian attended the Trent Conference, and the next year he was in Vienna Hofburg Palace Hoffurg Palace settled down and returned triumphantly with a large number of accompanying people, including elephant Suleiman. When his father Ferdinand signed the Paco Treaty of 1552 with the Protestant princes, and finally reached the Augsburg Peace Agreement in 1555, Maximilian mainly participated in the management of Austrian hereditary lands and protected these lands from Ottoman Empire The invasion of. In Vienna, he asked the residence of Hofburg to be expanded together with the wing of the Renaissance Steinberg where the Spanish riding school was later located, and also ordered the construction of the Neugeboud Palace in the boiling. The Court and University of Vienna He has a close relationship with other scholars, including botanist Carolus Clusius and diplomat Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq. Maximilian's library was managed by Hugo Brutus and later became the core of the Austrian National Library. Together with his court orchestra, he implemented the Roman School of Composition. However, due to the economic reasons of Capelmaster, his plan to win Giovanni Pirugi da Palestrina failed. In the 1950s, Vienna had more than 50000 residents Nuremberg (40000 residents) together become the largest city in Central Europe.

The future Bohemian king's religious views have been somewhat uncertain. He may have learned something from Lutheranism when he was young; However, his friendly relationship with several Protestant princes probably began when discussing the issue of inheritance, which may be more due to political rather than religious considerations. However, in Vienna, he was very close to Sebastian Pfauser, a court influenced by Heinrich Bringer missionary He has a strong tendency towards Lutheranism, and his religious attitude has brought some anxiety to his father. It was widely feared that he would definitely leave the Catholic Church. When his father Ferdinand became emperor in 1558, he was going to tell the Pope Paul IV He promised that if he took this step, his son would not inherit his throne. Finally, Maximilian is still nominally a believer of the old faith, although his views have always been Lutheran until the end of his life. After several rejections, he agreed to expel Pufaser in 1560 and began to participate in the Catholic Church again.

Sympathize with Protestantism

Engraving of Maximilian II

Maximilian is Habsburg Dynasty The only one in the and Catholicism The emperor who keeps a distance is more inclined to protestantism The reason may be due to his early education Martin Luther Until 1538. The well-educated Maximilian is a firm supporter of Vienna's humanism, and he has frequent contacts with the neo religious princes. During his stay in Vienna, he also had a close relationship with Sebastian Pfauser, a Lutheran Protestant preacher. Maximilian's attitude towards religious belief caused his father Ferdinand's concern that Maximilian would eventually abandon Catholicism completely. In addition, Maximilian and Charles V formed a political alliance with the Protestant lords and the Catholic lords who were dissatisfied with Charles V because of the conflict between their previous inheritance rights. After the vassal rebellion in 1552, Maximilian once mediated between Moritz von Sachsen in Saxony and Charles V.

Maximilian II's policy of neutrality and peace in the empire made the struggle between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism in the empire stop briefly after the first religious reform. But his sympathy for Protestantism caused his uncle Charles V and his father Ferdinand I to become increasingly distrustful and threatened his succession. After Ferdinand became emperor in 1558, the Pope Paul IV He threatened Ferdinand I that if he chose a successor to the throne who supported Protestantism, the Pope would not recognize his imperial status, which caused contradictions within the Habsburg family. The family's pressure on Maximilian was growing, but at the same time, the new sect princes did not send a signal of support to Maximilian. Maximilian finally compromised, announced his belief in Catholicism in 1560, agreed to exile Sebastian Pufuze, and began to participate in Catholic religious activities.^[2]

foreign policy

Maximilian II family, painting by Giuseppe

In 1562, Maximilian was elected king of the Roman people and succeeded in the same year. He showed his loyalty to Catholicism to the Catholic candidates and promised the Protestant candidates that he would openly accept Protestantism after becoming the emperor. After he swore allegiance to Catholicism, his position was recognized by the Pope. In 1563, Maximilian was elected king of Hungary. After the death of his father Ferdinand I in 1564, he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor and served as the king of Bohemia and Hungary. From the Habsburg family, he only inherited upper Austria, lower Austria, Bohemia and western Hungary (Restungarn), and other territories were distributed to his brother Karl II Dagonghe Ferdinand ll Dagong.

Maximilian, who had just been crowned, believed that thorough religious reform was necessary. He intended to allow clergy to marry, but did not obtain the consent of Pope Pius V. At the Reichstag in Augsburg in March 1566, it was generally expected that Maximilian would stand on the side of the new sect, but he refused the request of the new sect princes. Although increasingly serious sectarianism was widely discussed, he did not take real repressive measures. The only result of this meeting is to support and assist the Turkish war that broke out again. After the large-scale army was assembled, Maximilian sent troops to defend the territory, and Germany and Turkey launched a large-scale battle of West Gatval. The main forces of both sides are not ready for a decisive battle, and the enemy is old Suliman the Great But he died in September 1566. At this time, the Imperial Army suffered from the plague, and its combat power was greatly reduced. In addition, Maximilian was not an excellent commander, so the battle was still won by the Turkish army; However, the Turkish army died of Sudan's illness, and the two sides ended the war in 1568. The empire continued to pay tribute to the Turkish sultan (the new sultan was the son of Suliman Selim II , nicknamed "drunkard") in exchange for Kingdom of Hungary Peace in the west and north. Maximilian tried again to persuade Protestantism and Catholicism to make peace in 1568, and ended in failure. In Austria, he gave the Protestant nobility freedom of religious belief and refused to accept the decree passed by the Catholic Archdiocese.

At the same time, the death of Felipe II's son made it possible for Maximilian or his son to inherit the Spanish throne. As a result, the relationship between Maximilian and Felipe II has been eased and improved, and Maximilian has become more and more cautious in dealing with religious affairs. In 1570, Maximilian took his daughter Anna He married Felipe II and became his fourth wife. In 1570 Speyer At the Imperial Parliament, the religious demands of the Protestants were still not met, and the policy of tolerance did not bring peace to Austria. Maximilian asked the vassals to help the empire strengthen its eastern defense and reduce the chaos caused by foreign troops passing through Germany. However, the participants were unwilling to consolidate the empire's territory, and the new sect vassals regarded it as a way to prevent them from getting the same belief French and Netherlands Help for. The meeting did not lead to substantive progress, and Maximilian won only a small part of assistance willing to defend Austria. Maximilian's power is very limited after all, and when Pope Pius V asked him to send troops to attack Turkey around 1571, although not out of his own free will, he could not stay out of it. Maximilian remained restrained when the empire's territory in Northeast Europe was threatened.

Maximilian once failed to run for the Polish king, first his son Ernst lost to France in 1573 Valois Dynasty Of Henry III Then in 1575 Maximilian himself lost Stefan Batory （Stephan Báthory）。 On October 12, 1576, Maximilian Regensburg When he died, he refused to accept the last sacrament of Catholicism, which showed that his personal true belief was deeply influenced by Lutheran Protestantism. Maximilian and his wife Maria have nine sons and six daughters, including Rudolf II and Matthias Later became the Holy Roman Emperor, daughter Elizabeth Married to the French king of the Valois dynasty Charles IX 。^[3]

Religious policy

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Maximilian's religious neutrality policy and imperial peace gave Roman Catholics and Protestants a breathing space after the first religious reform struggle. His rule also saw the height of Protestantism in Austria and Bohemia. Unlike his successor, Maximilian never tried to suppress it.

He refused to invest the managers of Lutheran bishops in their imperial fiefs, which disappointed the German Protestant princes. However, on a personal basis, he gave the Protestant nobility the freedom to worship and was committed to the reform of Roman Catholicism, including the right of priests to marry. The plan failed because of Spanish opposition.

Maximilian II is Golden Fleece Knights Members of.

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relationship	portrait	name	Year of birth and death	introduce
wife	Maria, Spain	Spanish Maria	June 21, 1528- February 26, 1603	On September 13, 1548, Maximilian and Maria Marriage, Maria is the Holy Roman Emperor charles v And Portuguese Isabel The daughter of the princess, despite Maria's commitment to Harbsburg and her strong Catholic inclination, this marriage is still considered very happy. Maximilian and Maria have 16 children
children	Anna	Anna	November 1, 1549- October 26, 1580	With my uncle, the King of Spain Felipe II Married, King of Spain Felipe III 's mother
	——	Ferdinand	March 28, 1551- June 25, 1552	Premature death
	Rudolf II	Rudolf II	July 18, 1552- January 20, 1612	Holy Roman emperor, never married
	Ernst	Ernst	July 15, 1553 - February 12, 1995	A ruler of the Habsburg dynasty in Netherland who never married
	Elizabeth	Elizabeth	June 5, 1554- January 22, 1592	With the King of France Charles IX Get married, have a daughter
	——	Mary	July 27, 1555- June 25, 1556	Premature death
	Matthias	Matthias	February 24, 1557 - March 20, 2019	Holy Roman Emperor. With cousin Tyrol Anna Marriage, no offspring
	——	Stillborn child	October 20, 1557	——
	Maximilian III	Maximilian III	October 12, 1558- November 2, 1618	Archduke of Austria, leader of Teutonic Knights, ruler of Prussia, never married
	Albrecht VII	Albrecht VII	November 15, 1559- July 13, 1621	Archduke of Austria, ruler of the Habsburg dynasty in Netherlands. With my cousin in Spain Isabel Clara Ohannia The princess married without surviving offspring
	Wenzel	Wenzel	March 9, 1561- September 22, 1578	Unmarried and childless
	——	Friedrich	June 21, 1562- January 16, 1563	Premature death
	——	Mary	February 19, 1564- March 26, 1564	Died prematurely, with the same name as her dead sister
	——	Carl	September 26, 1565- May 23, 1566	Premature death
	Margaret	Margaret	January 25, 1567- July 5, 1633	nun
	——	Eleonore	November 4, 1568- March 12, 1580^[1]	Premature death

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