Max Planck entered in 1874University of MunichStudied mathematics major, then changed to physics major;In 1877, he was transferred to Berlin University;In 1878, he completed the teacher qualification examination in Munich;In 1879, he received a doctor's degree from Berlin University;In June 1880, he obtained the qualification of teaching in the university;In 1885, he was appointed professor of theoretical physics by Kiel University;In 1892, he went to Berlin University to teach;In 1894, he was elected as an academician of the Prussian Academy of Sciences;In 1900, energy quantization was first proposed, marking thatQuantum theorybe born;In 1913, he was appointed President of Frederick Wilhelm University in Berlin[29]；Won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918[1]；In 1926, he retired as an honorary professor of Berlin University, and was elected as a foreign academician of the National Academy of Sciences in the same year;From 1930 to 1937, he served as the president of the Royal Society of Wilhelm in Germany[4]；In 1938, the 1069 asteroid was named Planckia after Planck;He died on October 4, 1947, aged 89[4]。
Max Planck is mainly engaged in the research of thermodynamics and quantum mechanics[1]。
In 1894, he was elected as an academician of the Prussian Academy of Sciences In 1900, the concept of energy quantization was first proposed In 1914, he was elected as an academician of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences Won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1918
On April 23, 1858, Max Planck was born in the town of Danmalkiel (now Holstein, Germany).
In 1867, the family moved to Munich to study at Maximilians Gymnasium in Munich, where they were inspired by the mathematician Oskar von Miller (later the founder of the German Museum).
In 1874, he entered Munich University to study mathematics, and then changed to physics.
Planck as a student in 1878
In 1877, he transferred to Berlin University, where he was a physicistHermann von Helmholtz andGustav Robert KirhoffAnd mathematiciansCarl WeierstrassLearn under the door.During this period, mainly fromRudolf Clausius And began to learn thermal theory under the influence of the founder of thermodynamics.
In October 1878, he completed the teacher qualification examination in Munich.
In February 1879, he submitted his doctoral thesis "On the Second Law of Thermodynamics" and received his doctorate.
In June 1880, he was awarded the university teaching qualification for his thesis "Equilibrium of Isotropic Materials at Different Temperatures".
In April 1885, he was appointed professor of theoretical physics by Kiel University.
Planck in 1901
In April 1889, Herman von Helmholtz informed Max Planck to go to Berlin University to take over the work of Gustav Robert Kirchhoff.
In 1892, he took over the teaching position at Berlin University, with an annual salary of about 6200 marks.
In 1894, he was elected academician of the Preu ß ische Akademie der Wissenschaften[6]。
On December 14, 1900German Physical SocietyThe report of the regular meeting proposed the quantization of energy, marking the birth of quantum theory[8]。
In 1907, the University of Vienna was refused to take overLudwig BoltzmannAt the invitation of the faculty, he stayed at the University of Berlin and was thanked by the torch parade team of the Student Union of the University of Berlin.
In 1913, he was appointed President of Friedrich Wilhelms University ä t in Berlin[29]。
In 1914, he was elected as an academician of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences[5]。
In 1918, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics[1]。
In 1920, he co founded the Notgemeinschaft der Deutsche Wissenschaft (now the German Research Foundation)[4]。
On October 1, 1926, he retired from the position of director of the Department of Physics of Berlin University, andErwin Schrodinger Succession;In the same year, he was elected as a foreign academician of the National Academy of Sciences[17]。
From 1930 to 1937, he served as the president of the Royal Society of Wilhelm in Germany[4]。
In 1938, at the age of 80, Asteroid 1069 (published by German astronomers on January 28, 1927)Max Wolf Found in Heidelberg) named Planckia after Max Planck.
In 1945, he served as the temporary president of the Royal Society of William in Germany[3]。
In 1946Royal SocietyInvite to participate in Newton's celebration in London;In the same year, he served as honorary chairman of the Max Planck Institute in the UK after its establishment[4]。
On October 4, 1947, he died in Gottingen, Germany[7], aged 89[4]。
Key achievements
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Scientific research achievements
thermodynamics
Max Planck's early research field was mainly thermodynamics.His doctoral thesis is "On the Second Law of Thermodynamics". Since then, he has studied the changes of the aggregation state of matter and the theory of gas and solution from the viewpoint of thermodynamics[20]。
Planck radiation formula
In 1896, Max Planck began a systematic study of thermal radiation.During the period, in order to solve the problem that Rayleigh Kings formula only conforms to the low frequency range, Wayne formula（Wien's displacement law）Only in the high-frequency range, in 1899, Max Planck proposed the "principle of elementary disorder" andRayleigh-Jeans Law The two laws, Wien's displacement law and Wien's displacement law, use an entropy formula for interpolation, which can well describe the measurement results[21]。
In late October 1900, Max Planck published a three page paper on the Bulletin of the German Physical Society, entitled "On the Improvement of Wien's Spectral Equation", and put forward the blackbody radiation formula for the first time.On December 14, at the regular meeting of the German Physical Society, he made a report on Energy Distribution in Normal Spectra. In the report, he pointed out that in order to theoretically obtain the correct radiation formula, it must be assumed that the energy radiated (or absorbed) by matter is not continuous, but is carried out one by one, and only an integer multiple of a minimum value can be taken. This minimum value is calledEnergon, the minimum value of energy is expressed as:
This formula is called Planck radiation formula or Planck's law, where,ν is the radiation frequency,H was called the fundamental action quantum by Max Planck and later namedPlanck constant。
In 1906, Max Planck systematically summarized his work in his book "Lectures on Thermal Radiation", which provided an important basis for opening up a new way to explore the laws of motion of microscopic matter[22]。
Quantum hypothesis
In 1900, Max Planck proposed energyquantization。Inspired by him,Albert EinsteinIn 1905, it was proposed that the light propagating in space is not continuous, but one by one, each called oneLight quanta, referred to as photon, the energy E of photon is proportional to the frequency v of light, namely
This theory is called light quantum hypothesis later[23]。
Boltzmann constant
Max Planck alongLudwig BoltzmannThe idea ofBoltzmann constantIn order to show respect to Professor Boltzmann, whom he has always respected, it is suggested to name k as the Boltzmann constant[1]。
Academic treatise
time
name
1879
On the Second Law of Thermodynamics (∨ ber den zweiten Hauptsatz der Mechanischen W ä) (doctoral thesis)[28]
1893
Introduction to General Thermochemistry
1897
Thermodynamics Handout
1906
Vorlesungen ü ber Thermodynamik[24]
1900
On the Perfection of Wien's Spectral Equation
1900
On Energy Distribution in Normal Spectra
1900
Theory of Energy Distribution Law of Normal Spectrum
1908
Principle of Energy Conservation (Second Edition)
1914
Thermal Radiation Theory
1916-1930
Introduction to Theoretical Physics (5 volumes in total)
1932
Thermal Theory
1958
Physics Papers and Lectures Collection (3 volumes in total)
1959
Philosophy of Physics
Rewards for scientific research achievements
time
entry name
Award name
1897
Monograph Das Prinzip der Erhaltung der Energie[27]
Awarded by the Department of Philosophy of Gottingen University
personnel training
Instruct students
According to the data of the website of the mathematical pedigree project in September 2023, Max Planck has successively guided 17 students including Max von Laue (winner of the 1914 Nobel Prize in Physics) at the University of Berlin. The specific information is as follows[25]：
Max Planck was born in a well educated traditional family. His great grandfather Gottlieb Jakob Planck (1751-1833) and grandfather Heinrich Ludwig Planck (1785-1831) were theology professors at the University of Gottingen;His father, Wilhelm Johann Julius Planck (1817-1900), was a professor of law at Kiel University and Munich University;Uncle Gottlieb Planck (1824-1907) was a jurist at the University of Gottingen and one of the important founders of the German Civil Code[16]。
Max Planck was born to his father's second wife Emma Patzig (1821-1914). He was baptized and named Karl Max Planck Ludwig. His name was Marx, and Max also used this name until his death.He also has six other brothers and sisters, including four children Hermann, Hildegard, Adalbert and Otto, born to his father's second wife, while his father's first wife left two children Hugo and Emma[1]。
Family marriage
In March 1887, Max Planck married Marie Merck (1861-1909), the sister of a Munich middle school classmate, and lived in Kiel after marriage. They had four children, Karl (1888-1916), Emma (1889-1919) and Grete (1889-1917)And Erwin (1893-1945).On October 17, 1909, Max Planck's wife died of tuberculosis.In March 1911, Max Planck married his second wife, Margaret von He SiLin (1882-1948). In December, his third son, Herrmann, was born[16]。
Max Planck's eldest son Carl is inthe First World WarHe died during the Battle of Verdun;Erwin, the second son, was captured by the French army in 1914;In 1917, her daughter Gretel died when she gave birth to her first child. Her husband married another daughter of Planck, Emma, who also died in childbirth two years later.The children of Gretel and Emma survived and inherited their mother's names. Max Planck also named them Gretel and Emma.On January 23, 1945, Erwin, the second son, was killed by the Nazis for his involvement in the assassination attempt of Hitler. Since then, all four children born to Max Planck and his first wife have died[1]。
hobby
1931 with Einstein and others
Max Planck showed his musical talent when he was in university. He can play piano, organ and cello. He also took singing lessons. He once composed several songs and a light opera (1876) at Akademischer Gesangverein Munchen.But instead of choosing music as his college major, he decided to study physics[18]。
Neighbors and friends
After Max Planck went to Berlin to work, his family lived in a villa in Berlin, next to the professors of Berlin University. His manor developed into a social and music center. Many scientists, such as Albert EinsteinOtto Hahn andLize MaitnerThe tradition of playing music at home comes from the Helmholtz family[16]。
Ruling position
Under the Nazi regime, Max Planck opposedgenocideAnd insisted on staying in Germany and trying to protect scientists from all countries and German physicists[15]。
Character evaluation
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Max Planck has made many contributions to theoretical physics, the most important of which is his creation of quantum theory.This theory has completely changed our understanding of atomic and subatomic processes (Max Planck made many contributions to theoretical physics,but his fame rests primarily on his role as originator of the quantum theory. This theory revolutionized our understanding of atomic and subatomic processes.）[16]。(Evaluation by European Space Agency)
Max Planck is considered the "father of quantum mechanics. He rendered to the advancement of Physics by his discovery of energy quanta[17]。(National Academy of Sciences)
Commemoration for future generations
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Planck's Tomb
Planck's Tomb
Max Planck's tomb is in the Gottingen Cemetery. Its symbol is a simple rectangular stone tablet with only his name engraved on it. The lower corner reads: Erge Seconds.His epitaph is a line of words: h=6.63 × 10 ⁻ ³ ∨ J · s, which is also his greatest contribution to his life: affirmation of putting forward quantum hypothesis[14]。
Max Planck Society
In 1948, the Royal Society of William changed its name toMax Planck Society （Max Planck Society）[3]。
Commemorative coin
Planck commemorative coins issued in 1983
From 1957 to 1971, the German official 2-mark coin used the portrait of Max Planck[12]。
In 1983,German Democratic RepublicIssue a 5-mark commemorative coin to commemorate the 125th anniversary of Max Planck's birth[13]。
Space telescope
13:12, May 14, 2009（Greenwich Mean Time, 21:12 Beijing time on the 14th), the European Ariana 5-ECA rocket carrying two scientific exploration satellites of the European Space Agency "Herschel" and "Planck" was launched from the Kuru Space Center in French Guiana.The two exploration satellites are respectively used by British astronomersWilliam Herschel Named after German physicist Max Planck, its launch mission is one of the priorities of ESA.Planck is mainly used to observe the cosmic radiation. It is only 1.5 meters high and carries a series of instruments with high sensitivity, which can deeply detect the cosmic microwave background radiation[9-10]。
Max Planck Partnership
On December 14, 2013, five Scottish universities launched the world's first International Max Planck Partnership[19]。
Standard definition of kilogram
On November 16, 2018, the 26th sessionInternational Conference on Metrology(CGPM) After voting by all member states including ChinaInternational System of Units(SI) ".According to the resolution, the definitions of the four SI basic units, namely the kilogram, the ampere, the kelvin and the mole, will be changed to constant definitions, and will take effect on May 20, 2019.1 kg is defined as "the mass unit when the Planck constant is 6.62607015 × 10 ⁻ ³ ≮ J · s".The principle is to convert the mechanical force required to move an object with a mass of 1kg into the electromagnetic force expressed by Planck constant, and then calculate the mass through the mass energy conversion formula[11]。
Max Planck Humboldt Research Award
In 2018, the Max Planck Humboldt Research Award was jointly awarded annually by the Max Planck Humboldt Society and the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, which was awarded to researchers from abroad in Germany with a prize of 10000 euros[30]。
