Max von Laue obtainedUniversity of BerlinDoctor's degree, and then stay in schoolMax Planck Teaching assistant of[16]；1909 toUniversity of MunichTeaching;In 1912University of ZurichandGoethe University Frankfurt Teaching;In 1914, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics;In 1919, he returned to Berlin University to work;In 1921, he became the director of Emperor William's Institute of Physics[12]；In 1923, he served as the director of the Department of Theoretical Physics of Frankfurt University;In 1943, the Nazi authorities forced early retirement from Berlin University;After Germany surrendered in 1945, it was sent to Britain by the US military;In 1946, he returned to Germany, and in the same year, he went to Gottingen University as the executive director of the Max Planck Institute;In 1951, he was electedMax Planck Society The director of Fritz Haber Institute of Physical Chemistry in Berlin returned to Berlin;He retired in 1958 and was elected as an international academician of the National Academy of Sciences in the same year[4]；Died in Berlin on April 23, 1960[5]。
X-ray diffraction of crystals was discovered in 1912 Won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1914 In 1958, he was elected as an international academician of the National Academy of Sciences
On October 9, 1879, Max von Laue was born in Pfaffendorf, near Koblenz, Germany.When he was in Strasbourg Middle School, a math teacherHermann von Helmholtz (Hermann von Helmholtz) introduced his popular science lecture set, so that he knew the main trends of scientific development at that time.He also worked with two classmates at a teacher's homeWilhelm Conrad Rntgen (Wilhelm Conrad R ö ntgen)[8]。
In 1898, graduated from Strasbourg High School;In the same year, he began his military service and participated inKarl Ferdinand Braun Karl Ferdinand Braun's lecture in Strasbourg[5]。
In 1899, after retirement, he followed William Conrad Roentgen to study at the University of Gottingen and the University of Munich[5]。
In 1902, he went to Berlin University and engaged in research under the guidance of Max Planck.
In 1904, he completed his doctoral thesis on the topic of "Theory of Interference Phenomena on Parallel Flat Panels", and then stayed in school as Max Planck's assistant teacher.
In 1905, I learned from Max Planck's seminarAlbert EinsteinAlbert Einstein's work is attracted by this new idea about space and time[9]。
In 1906, he won the teaching qualification with the paper "Thermodynamics of Interference Phenomenon"[5], Associate Professor, Friedrich Wilhelm University, Berlin[7]。
In 1907, he made a special trip to SwitzerlandberneHe visited Albert Einstein and became a lifelong friend.
1909-1912, worked in the Department of Theoretical Physics of Munich UniversityArnold Sommerfeld Senior Academic Assistant of Professor Arnold Sommerfeld[5]。
From 1912 to 1914, he was professor of physics at the University of Zurich.
In 1914, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics[2]；In the same year, he served as professor of physics at Frankfurt University.
From 1916 to 1918, during the academic leave, I worked withWilhelm Wien Study amplifier tube together[5]。
In 1919, he returned to Berlin University to work as a professor of physics.
In 1920, the day after Philip Leonard and others held a public meeting against Einstein's general theory of relativity in Berlin, Max von Laue, together with Walther Hermann Nernst and H. Rubens, published an open letter in the Berlin Daily to fight back.
In 1921, he succeeded Albert Einstein as the director of Emperor William's Institute of Physics[12]。
In 1923, he served as the director of the Department of Theoretical Physics of Frankfurt University.
In 1943, the Nazi authorities forced early retirement from Berlin University.
In 1945, Germany surrendered and was sent to Britain by the US military.
In January 1946, he returned to Germany;In the same year, as the executive director of the Max Planck Institute, he went to Gottingen and became an honorary professor of Gottingen University.
In 1951, he was elected the director of Fritz Haber Institute of Physical Chemistry of Max Planck Association in Berlin and returned to Berlin[5]。
In 1958, he retired;In the same year, he was elected as an international academician of the National Academy of Sciences[4]。
On April 23, 1960, he died in a car accident in Berlin[5]。
Max von Laue discovered the X-ray diffraction phenomenon in crystals, which not only proved the wave characteristics of X-ray, but also proved the crystal lattice structure.His discovery stems from his discussion on the problem of light waves passing through periodic crystalline particles. He came to an idea that the shorter the wavelength of electromagnetic rays, as shown by X-ray, will cause diffraction or interference in a certain medium, and crystal is such a medium.He gave the mathematical formula of this phenomenon, namely:Laue equationAnd published this discovery in 1912[6]。This is a landmark discovery in solid state physics. Since then, people can study the microstructure of crystals by observing diffraction patterns, and it has promoted the development of biology, chemistry, and material science. For example, in 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick obtained the double helix structure of DNA molecules through X-ray diffraction.In 1931, he completed the "kinetic theory" of X-ray, which laid the foundation for the experimental verification of electron fluctuations[3]。
Max von Laue also studied superconductivity, which was completed when he was professor of theoretical physics at Humboldt University in Berlin.During this period, Mei Yuner,Walther) is studying the phenomenon of resistance loss of many metals at the temperature equivalent to liquid helium at the Imperial College of Physics and Technology in Berlin. He explained this phenomenon in 1932. The threshold value of the magnetic field that destroys superconductivity changes according to the shape of the object, because the magnetic field is formed after the establishment of the superconductivity state, and the magnetic field is caused by the superconducting current on the surface of the metal used[2]。
Academic treatise
Publication time
name
remarks
1911
The Principle of Relativity (Das Relativit ä tsprinzip)
It clarifies the new concept of space and time and the movement of objects at the speed close to the speed of light
1947
History of Physics[11]
Chinese translation, 1978
1961
Complete Works and Reports (3 volumes)
Published after the death of Max von Laue
Reference source:[2]
academic exchange
In 1933, Max von Laue, as the president of the Physical Society, delivered an opening speech at the annual meeting of all German physicists held in Wiltsburg.He quoted at the end of his speechGalileoinsistCopernicusThe historical event that the church persecuted Einstein and other Jewish scientists because of his heliocentric theory indirectly defended Einstein and other Jewish scientists who were attacked by the Nazis who advocated so-called "German physics" at that time;In the same year, despite Stark's threat, he refused to participate in the rally called by Stark to support the Nazis.Never participated in military related scientific activities during the Second World War[10]。
In 1946, when the Royal Society hosted the International Crystallization Society Conference, Max von Laue was the only German scholar invited to attend the conference.He also attended the Newton Memorial Conference held in Britain with Planck[2]。
personnel training
Instruct students
According to the data of the website of the mathematical pedigree project in October 2023, Max von Laue has guided seven students in Berlin University[17], details are as follows:
Graduation time
name
School name
1921
Sen, Nikhil Ranjan
Humboldt University ä t zu Berlin
1922
Szilard, Leo
HU Berlin
1925
Weber, Erna
University ä t Berlin
1927
M ö glich, Friedrich
University of Berlin
1933
Kohler, Max
University of Berlin
1936
Kiepenheuer, Karl
HU Berlin
1944
P ä sler, Max
University of Berlin
Reference source:[17]
Honor recognition
prize
time
Honor recognition
Awarding unit
1914
Nobel Prize for Physics[2]
—
1932
Max Planck Medal[7]
Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft
1952
Knight of the Order Pour le M é rite
—
1953
Grand Cross with Star for Federal Services[7]
—
1957
Officer of the Legion of Honor
France
1959
Helmholtz Medal
East Berlin Academy of Sciences
academician
time
Honor recognition
Awarding unit
1919
Communication Member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences
Prussian Academy of Sciences
1921
Regular Member of the Prussian Academy of Sciences[13]
Prussian Academy of Sciences
1921
Corresponding Member, Gottingen Academy of Sciences[15]
G ö ttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities
1948
International Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences[14]
American Academy of Arts and Sciences
1958
International Member of the National Academy of Sciences[4]
National Academy of Sciences
1960
Member of the Austrian Academy of Sciences
Austrian Academy of Sciences
—
Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Russian Academy of Sciences
—
Communication academician of Munich Academy of Sciences
Academy of Sciences of Munich
—
Communication academician of Turin Academy of Sciences
Academy of Sciences of Turin
—
Communication academician of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
—
Communication academician of the Roman Academy of Sciences
Rome Academy of Sciences
—
Communication academician of the Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences
Spanish Royal Academy of Sciences
—
Communication academician of Rome Linsecco College
Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei
—
Communication Fellow of the Royal Society of London
Royal Society of London
Reference source:[2]
Social posts
Announce
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time
Position
1921-1945
President of the Physical Committee of the German Scientific Association (renamed: German Academic Association in 1937)
1922
Member of the Board of Directors of Potsdam Astrophysics Observatory
1925-1933
Consultant of Physikalisch Technische Reichsanstall
1931-1933
President of the German Physical Society
1934-1958
Consultant of German Institute of Physics and Technology[7]
1948
Honorary President of the International Union of Crystallologists[7]
Personal life
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Family background
Max von Laue's father was a German military officer and won the title of hereditary aristocrat in 1913, so Max von Laue was renamed Max von Laue[2]。
Character evaluation
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Max von Laue contributed to reestablishing German scientific activity[5]。(Weltsburg University Review)
The second derivative product discovered by Max von Laue - X-ray spectroscopy has made a significant contribution to the development of atomic theory (X-ray spectroscopy,a second spin-off of Laue's discovery, centrally contributed to the development of atomic theory）[9]。(Commented by Lindau Nobel Prize Winners' Meeting)
Max von Laue is distinguished as being as controversial as he is constructive,and is also a grey eminence on the German physics scene）[16]。(Comments by Max Planck Association)
Commemoration for future generations
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Laue Langevin Institute
In 1967, in memory of physicist Max Von Laue andPaul Langevin (Paul Langevin), French and German scientists named the world's first high-throughput neutron source based on reactor and accelerator as the Institute Laue Langevin (ILL)[1]。
