Sudala

[shǒu tuó luó]

One of the Indian castes

Collection

zero Useful+1

zero

Sutra refers to India caste of India One is the lowest status. This caste is composed of senior servants and craftsmen who serve meals and cook. It has the largest population caste of India 。

Caste system It was founded by Aryans after they entered India. Once they entered Buddhism, there was no caste difference. Ethnic conflicts resulted from ethnic and cultural differences. For example, on June 1, 2008, India Rajasthan Of multiple towns Riot 。

Chinese name: Sudala
Foreign name: sudra
Alias: Lifelong clan

Properties: caste of India
Status: The lowest level of the four social strata in Varna
Time of occurrence: Ancient India

catalog

six Racial conflict
seven literature

brief introduction

Announce

edit

Related pictures of sudala (1)

Sutra, Sanskrit s/u^dra， Pali sudda. They also served as Shutara and Shudara. It is also called Shoutuo. For India Four surnames The lowest class in the middle class. They are the natives conquered by the Aryans and have no religious privileges, so they are called Lifelong clan 。 Shi Zun's Proposition Equality of four surnames And allow the Sutras to become monks. stay ancient India The lowest of the four castes, without any rights, or serving for the higher castes.

Later, because of the rebellion against Sutra Brahmanism Of eastern India heterodox sects With the rise, the status was improved, and the original position was filled by Chandra (ca ṇ ḍ la). Chandra (or Chandra ）It is a lower caste than sudala, and is mainly engaged in butcher, executioner and other professions. It is called Untouchable person （untouchables）。

Caste classification

Announce

edit

stay Caste system The ancient Indians were divided into four castes: Brahman, Satiri Vaisya It's said that the sutra is Brahma Created with feet. Sutra, transliteration of Sanskrit sudra, ancient Indian Aryan Slave state The lowest caste in the caste system is the hired workers. Most of them are the Rovidians conquered by the rulers of the Aryan country, and a few are Aryans who lost their civilian status due to bankruptcy. The sudra has nothing political rights , engaged in heavy labor, or served the three castes of Brahman, Satiri, and Veshe. The sudala still exists in Indian society.

Encyclopedia x ignorance: illustration of caste system

The remnants of the caste system still remain in India. For example, they dare not shoot the high caste. Innocent barkers sometimes think that they will be protected by God when they are close to the high caste. However, Brahman and Satiri can fill them with a single document superiority feeling The advanced barking house of the first level can be directly beaten into the sudra. In India, foreigners are generally regarded as the status of sudara by default.

Because if the class is too large, it will become a caste, but once the caste completes the rise of the lower class, it is basically impossible. In order to prevent this situation in India, although the caste system in India has been abolished in law for many years, the caste system in India does not exist in law, but only exists in the concept, which will follow the development of economy, society, science and technology, educational level Improving continuously. India's educational and economic development is rapidly destroying the roots of the caste system among the people. Since 2006, the Ministry of Education of India has announced a substantial increase in the proportion of "reserved quotas" in order to increase the acceptance of social low caste groups Higher Education Opportunities. Where Indian Institute of Technology 、 Indian School of Management As well as the All India Medical College, three of India's most famous universities, increased the number of students from low caste families to 49.5% from the original 22.5%, and the other 20 ordinary universities to 27%. This triggered protests from high caste students Adverse discrimination However, this provision has been adhered to.^[1]

origin

Announce

edit

survey

Related pictures of sudala (3)

Caste system It was founded by Aryan people after they entered India. "Caste" is Sanskrit Translated, it means "color" or "quality". The white Aryans are high quality races, the dark Daropians and others Indigenous peoples It is a race of low quality. This system is used to distinguish between Aryans and non Aryans. With the development of work and career differentiation Four surnames (four castes). The highest caste is Brahman (The class of monks who master sacrificial culture and religion can also become kings later); The second is Chadili (The king and warrior class who master military affairs); Veshe (merchant, handicraftsman , also engaged in farming peasant class ）； The lowest caste is sudala (farmer, herder, servant and slave). The first three are Aryan The latter is non Aryan. All kinds of surnames have their hereditary occupations, and can't be confused by marriage, especially with other castes. There is a special law to give a cheap name to the mixed race born between a sudala man and a woman of another caste. For example, the name of the mixed race born between a sudala man and a woman of another caste is Chandra 。 The caste system is not only stipulated in the law, but also its sacred status is unshakably stipulated in the religious doctrine And dogma. stay Brahmanism In the powerful "central" region, the caste is the most strict.

Later, with the development of Aryan power, these countries were affected by Brahmanism to varying degrees, and of course, there was a caste system, but the caste system encountered many difficulties.

1、 In these countries, the proportion of indigenous people is large;

2、 Aryans and non Aryans are commonly mixed;

3、 In order to consolidate the rule of the Aryan people in those places, the leaders of many indigenous tribes were arranged among the Shatili through the ceremony of entering the Brahmanism.

race conflict

Related pictures of sudala (4)

Under the caste system, Ruling class There has always been a contradiction between Brahman and Satiri, especially the resistance of non Aryan Satiri to Brahman's superior position. According to the information, Mojituo State Most of them are half Aryan and half barbaric lower race. Later, Magadha, which unified India Asoka It is said that it is the origin of sudala. In this case, the doctrine against the Brahman caste system is more easily accepted and welcomed by the public“ Equality of four surnames ”In fact, it reflects the dissatisfaction of the people of emerging countries with the caste system at that time.

Indigenous civilization

In modern times Indus River The excavation of the river basin proves that the indigenous people (probably the Daropaita) there had already become an amazing urban civilization between 3500 and 2700 BC. There is urban planning, there is sewer There are two or three floors of brick buildings, public and private bathrooms, stalls and shops on the street textile industry And pottery industry. According to the excavated materials, the indigenous peoples have entered the slave society, and it can be concluded that there is a fairly developed agriculture. As for whether the society there is still a slave society after the Aryan people settled for a long time (about 1000 years) and the caste system was established, it is worth studying. According to the Brahman Code, sudra is not a slave, only some people are slaves, and slaves only engage in Factotum It is obvious that slaves were not the main producers when they did not participate in production, so it is difficult to conclude that they were in a slave society at that time. Serfdom founder Huang Xianfan After in-depth study of sudala, the professor《 There was no slave society in Chinese history 》Interruption: "The sudra is not a slave, ancient India Society has not experienced slave society. All contemporary Chinese theories that claim that the ancient Indian society has experienced the stage of slave society are based on the misinterpretation of Marxist theories on India and ignorance and social position " At the same time, it is believed that "sudala and the other three castes are descendants of Aryan people, but only because sudala is the lowest in the four castes, and later mixed with some other ethnic groups, which led to the misunderstanding of the sudala ethnic group by later generations." Ji Xianlin The four caste "homochromatic theory" advocated by the professor coincided with each other.

Buddhist scripture records

According to the Buddhist scriptures, the king at that time had a fixed date every year. He held a ceremony of personal cultivation in his own field, and the people were plowing for him. This is in line with the provisions of the Brahman Code that the Shoudra must pay taxes to the king through their own labor. According to the notes of ancient Chinese translators, the original meaning of "Chadili" is "landowner". From this clue, it seems that India has entered the period when the "caste" system began to be fully established Feudal lord The ruling serf society. In the era of Sakyamuni, changes have taken place in emerging countries. According to Buddhist scriptures, commerce was developed at that time, with a considerable scale of land and shipping caravans, and merchants had a strong economic base And power, such as Xu Daduo, a rich businessman who gave a forest garden to Buddha, has the power to spread the land with gold and compare with Prince Jusaro. handicraft industry It is also very developed, with detailed division of labor. Free running small industry and commerce play an important role in production. There was a tax payment Free farmer There are tenant farmers. It is conceivable that in the emerging country of mixed race of Vega and Shoudra, Satiri may not be a lord, but an emerging country landlord class On behalf of. India had ironware as early as 1000 BC, when ironware was more widely used, and agricultural productivity had developed to a great extent. Under the circumstances at that time, the feudal lord's independent regime was not conducive to the development of industry, handicrafts, and especially agriculture. History has proved that unified construction of water conservancy and irrigation system It is an important reason for Ashoka to unify India. Although Ashoka was born 200 years after the death of Buddha, people had“ Chakravartin The ideal of unifying the world. When Buddha was young, his father and people expected him to be the Wheel King. Although Buddha abandoned the throne, he also respected an ideal person like the Wheel King. The idea of the "Wheel King" actually reflected the desire of ordinary people at that time to have a centralized government to replace the feudal lords. This requirement and desire will inevitably conflict with the caste system.

meaning

Announce

edit

In ancient India, sudoras were the most discriminated and oppressed "untouchables". The vast majority of people had no land and no rights. They could only be tenants and farm labourers in the countryside, or engaged in "unclean" industries in the city, such as laundry, tanning, slaughtering, cleaning, etc. Their bodies and used things were considered "filthy", and they could not contact people of other castes, enter temples Schools and other public places.

Racial conflict

Announce

edit

India, 1 June 2008 Rajasthan Riots broke out in several cities and towns of the Sudharadi caste tribe, demanding to lower their caste level.

After independence in 1947, India has been abolished legally Caste system , but we should erase the social psychology The impact is not so simple. Due to the large number of low castes, they have a great influence in electoral politics vote In education, employment social welfare And so on. Objectively, it becomes the incentive for all castes to seek to become lower castes. The riot originated from the Qu Zheluo Ethnic people and the ruling state of Rajasthan Bharatiya Janata Party Conflicts between governments. In order to win the votes of the ethnic group, the Indian People's Party has promised to be transferred to the caste level of "sudala" after taking office, but has failed to deliver.

Thousands of Quzheluo people began to hold the event in several towns in Rajasthan at the same time demonstration The demonstration turned into a violent riot. The caste insisted that being included in the "special caste tribe" is more in line with its own interests, and categorically rejected the government's economic development proposal.

It was unimaginable to ask for lowering one's caste level, but in the face of real interests, asking for lowering one's caste level shows that rationality 。 But the root cause of the riots lies in the system.

literature

Announce

edit

The Buddhist scriptures repeatedly emphasize that it does not attach importance to caste differences. Once entering Buddhism, it is like going back to the sea, and all differences no longer exist. In this way, how to understand the opposition between Shaman and Brahman? The fact that we do not attach importance to caste differences is a revolt against Brahmans, because Brahmanism attaches great importance to caste differences and only represents the interests of Brahmans. Buddhism will first oppose Brahmanism. In the Brahmanism classics, the order of the four surnames is: Brahmanism Chadili The four family names are equal in Buddhist classics. Sakyamuni is the Sakyamuni.^[4]

After the first speech, the five people led by Chen Ru became disciples of the Buddha. Then came Yashe, the rich son of Kashi City, who became a disciple. He also brought fifty-four people into the church. At this time, there were sixty monks. Followed by the ascetic immortal Kaya Three brothers joined the church. All three were Brahmans. Sanjiaye There are five hundred disciples who have received the Dharma. stay Rajgir Bamboo forest, with Buddhist relics and large trees Mahamoggallana As a disciple. Then it became buddha The first disciples of Buddha are both Brahmans. In a word, the more disciples receive, the more they receive. The Sangha is formed. Moreover, all the disciples have their own strengths, such as Sharifu's wisdom first, Mughalian Shentong No.1 ， Optimal wave separation The law enforcement is the first, and the Luo's secret practice is the first, Mahakasyapa Toutuo was the first disciple, and there were 1255 followers of Sakyamuni. There were countless disciples in his life. from social position It can be seen that Sakyamuni did accept some people from lower castes. For example, the first disciple Youboli was born as a barber, and there are also prostitutes, bandits, murderers, merchants, hunters among his disciples, but there are also Brahmans.^[5]

Novice on the road

Growth task Getting Started with Editing Edit Rule Edit by myself