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capital

[shǒu dū]
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A symbolic city of national sovereignty
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Capital, also known as capital 、 capital , is right country Of political center and central government Address of location. Politics and Economics Active key city , where various national organs are stationed, national sovereignty The symbol of the city. In some countries, there is not only one capital, but also the pursuit of development Move the capital 。 The capital of China in all dynasties is also changing.
1927 National Government of the Republic of China Settle the capital Nanjing , will Nanjing It is called the capital, which is the first time that China has the name of "capital", and the word is still used.
Chinese name
capital
Foreign name
National Capital City
Pinyin
shǒu dū
Alias
capital 、 capital
Meaning
National Administrative Center

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  1. one Basic interpretation
  2. two Word source
  3. three National capitals
  4. ▪ Asia
  5. ▪ Europe
  6. ▪ Africa
  1. ▪ North America
  2. ▪ South America
  3. ▪ Oceania
  4. four exceptional case
  5. ▪ Multi capital
  6. ▪ No capital
  7. ▪ Outer Capital
  1. five Capital relocation
  2. six capital of China
  3. ▪ Beijing
  4. ▪ Historical Capital

Basic interpretation

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First: First, mind ， head ， leader ； Both: city ， urban 。 Capital: Country central government City.
Beijing Tiananmen

Word source

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1927（ Republic of China 16 years), National Government of the Republic of China Settle the capital Nanjing , will Nanjing Urban area Shanghai The urban area is changed to“ Special city ”Outgoing Jiangsu Nanjing is called the capital, which is the first time that China has the name of "capital".
March 4, 1927 the National Revolutionary Army Northern Expedition War Capture Jiangning County and carry out reform Jiangning Nanjing. April 18th National Government of the Republic of China After the capital was established in Nanjing, the Nanjing Municipal Hall was established on April 24, 1927, and immediately began to edit the "Nanjing Special City Government Gazette", No. 1 was published in June. Flip through《 The Complete Book of Jinling 》It can be found that, Municipal Bulletin of Nanjing Special City It was once renamed the Capital Municipal Bulletin. On June 1, 1927, the city hall was changed to Nanjing Municipal Government. On June 6, the National Government promulgated the Provisional Regulations of Nanjing Special City, which designated Nanjing as a special city under the direct leadership of the National Government.
In 1929, the 33rd issue of the Municipal Gazette included the former vice mayor of Nanjing Ma Yuanfang The Capital and Nanjing. He believed that the word "Nanjing" began the ming dynasty Yongle During the reign of Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty Zhu Yuanzhang The capital was Nanjing, which was called the capital Peiping call Beiping Mansion Later, Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty Zhu Di He succeeded to the throne and renamed Peiping as Beiping Mansion. In the 19th year of Yongle's reign, Beiping was renamed the capital teacher, and the capital teacher was renamed Nanjing. "Since Peiping has been renamed as Peiping, Nanjing, the only capital of the country, should be properly named as the capital or capital, which is enough to correct whole country " In his article, he also cited "the provisions of Article 3 of the Organic Law of the Special City", and urged Nanjing to become the first city. His appeal was supported by many people. The next issue of the Municipal Gazette included three consecutive official documents issued by Liu Jiwen, then the mayor of Nanjing, on the case of "changing Nanjing into the capital city": "Letter to the members of the National Government for approval of the case that Nanjing should be changed into the capital city"; and "Submitting the National People's Government to propose to change the name of the Nanjing Municipal Government to the capital city government for approval" Submitting a petition to the Executive Yuan to change the name of Nanjing Special Municipal Government into the Capital Municipal Government for compliance.
On April 16, 1929 (18th year of the Republic of China), the National Government decided to change Nanjing Special City into the Capital Special City, and the subordination of the municipal government remained unchanged. On May 3, 1930 (the 19th year of the Republic of China), the newly revised Municipal Organization Law was promulgated, abolishing the special city. Nanjing was listed as executive yuan municipality directly under the Central Government.

National capitals

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Asia

The People's Republic of China ： Beijing （Beijing）
Afghanistan ： Kabul （Kabul）
The United Arab Emirates ： Abu Dhabi （Abu Dhabi）
Oman ： Muscat （Muscat）
Azerbaijan ： Baku （Baku）
Pakistan ： Islamabad （Islamabad）
Palestine ： East Jerusalem (East Jerusalem, legally) Ramallah (Ramallah, actually) [1]
Bahrain ： Manama （Manama）
Bhutan ： Thimphu （Thimphu）
North Korea ： Pyongyang （Pyongyang）
Timor-Leste ： Dili （Dili）
the Philippines ： Manila （Manila）
Georgia ： Tbilisi （Tbilisi）
Kazakhstan ： Astana （Астана） [17]
the republic of korea ： Seoul （Seoul）
Kyrgyzstan ： Bishkek （Bishkek）
Cambodia ： Phnom Penh （Phnom Penh）
Qatar ： Doha （Doha）
Kuwait ： Kuwait City （Kuwait City）
Laos ： Vientiane （Vientiane）
Lebanon ： Beirut （Beirut）
Maldives ： Male （Malé）
Malaysia ： Kuala Lumpur （Kuala Lumpur）
Mongolia ： Ulan Bator （Ulaanbaatar）
The People's Republic of Bangladesh ： Dhaka （Dhaka）
Myanmar ： Naypyidaw （Naypyidaw）
Nepal ： kathmandu （Kathmandu）
Japan ： Tokyo （Tokyo） [2]
Cyprus ： Nicosia （Nicosia）
Saudi Arabia ： Riyadh （Riyadh）
Sri Lanka ： Colombo （Colombo）
Tajikistan ： Dushanbe （Dushanbe）
Thailand ： Bangkok （Bangkok）
turkey ： Ankara （Ankara）
Turkmenistan ： Ashgabat （Ashgabat）
Brunei ： Bandar Seri Begawan （Bandar Seri Begawan）
Uzbekistan ： Tashkent （Tashkent）
Singapore ： Singapore （Singapore City）
Syria ： Damascus （Damascus）
Armenia ： Yerevan （Yerevan）
Yemen ： Sana （Sana'a）
Iraq ： Baghdad （Baghdad）
Iran ： teheran or tehran （Tehran）
Israel ： West Jerusalem (West Jerusalem, legally) Tel Aviv Yafa (Tel Aviv Yafo, actually) [3]
India ： New Delhi （New Delhi）
Indonesia ： Jakarta （Jakarta）
Jordan ： Amman （Amman）
Vietnam? ： Hanoi （Hanoi）
Note: Israel Leaders have also repeatedly declared that Jerusalem As its capital, its status cannot be changed. On January 30, 1995, the Foreign Minister of Israel Shimon Peres Scale“ Jerusalem yes Israel A permanent capital, Israel never had one before its founding Palestine 。” Jerusalem is Israel's "unified, unique and permanent capital", and its tough position against Israel, Palestine They also reiterated that palestinian yes Jerusalem Own sovereignty. Jerusalem The final status of the Palestinian Israeli peace process has always been one of the key issues that affect whether the Palestinian Israeli peace process can continue to move forward, and its final settlement needs to go through a difficult process.
Note: There is no law stipulating the capital of Japan, Tokyo It is the seat of the royal family and the central government, and has the status of political center.

Europe

Albania ： Tirana （Tirana）
Ireland ： Dublin （Dublin）
Estonia ： Tallinn （Tallinn）
Andorra ： Andorra City （Andorra la Vella）
Austria ： Vienna （Vienna）
Belarus ： Minsk （Minsk）
Bulgaria ： Sofia （Sofia）
Northern Macedonia ： Skopje （Skopje）
Belgium ： Brussels （Brussels）
Iceland ： Reykjavik （Reykjavik）
Bosnia and Herzegovina ： Sarajevo （Sarajevo）
poland ： Warsaw （Warsaw）
Denmark ： Copenhagen （Copenhagen）
Germany ： Berlin （Berlin）
Russia ： Moscow （Moscow）
France ： Paris （Paris）
vatican ： Vatican City （Vatican City）
Finland ： Helsinki （Helsinki）
Netherlands ： Amsterdam （Amsterdam）
Montenegro ： Podgorica （Podgorica）
Czech Republic ： Bragg （Prague）
Croatia ： Zagreb （Zagreb）
Latvia ： Riga （Riga）
Lithuania ： Vilnius （Vilnius）
Liechtenstein ： Vaduz （Vaduz）
Luxembourg ： Luxembourg （Luxembourg）
Romania ： Bucharest （Bucharest）
Malta ： Valletta （Valletta）
Moldova ： Chisinau （Chisinau）
Monaco ： Monaco City （Monaco）
Norway ： Oslo （Oslo）
Portugal ： Lisbon （Lisbon）
Sweden ： Stockholm （Stockholm）
Switzerland ： berne （Bern）
Serbia ： Belgrade （Belgrade）
San Marino ： San Marino （San Marino）
Slovakia ： Bratislava （Bratislava）
Slovenia ： Ljubljana （Ljubljana）
Ukraine ： Kiev （Kyiv）
Spain ： Madrid （Madrid）
Greece ： Athens （Athens）
Hungary ： Budapest （Budapest）
Italy ： Rome （Rome）
britain ： London （London）

Africa

Algeria ： Algiers （Algiers）
Egypt ： Cairo （Cairo）
Ethiopia ： Addis Ababa （Addis Ababa）
Angola ： Luanda （Luanda）
Benin ： Puerto Novo （Porto-Novo）
botswana ： Gaborone （Gaborone）
burkina faso ： Ouagadougou （Ouagadougou）
burundi ： Bujumbura (Bujumbura, economic capital) Kitga (Gitega, political capital)
Equatorial Guinea ： Malabo （Malabo）
Togo ： Lome （Lomé）
Eritrea ： Asmara （Asmara）
Cape Verde ： Praia （Praia）
Gambia ： Banjul （Banjul）
Republic of Congo ： Brazzaville （Brazzaville）
Democratic Republic of the Congo ： Kinshasa （Kinshasa）
Djibouti ： Djibouti City （Djibouti）
Guinea ： Conakry （Conakry）
Guinea-Bissau ： Bissau （Bissau）
Ghana ： Accra （Accra）
Gabon ： Libreville （Libreville）
zimbabwe ： Harare （Harare）
Cameroon ： Yaounde （Yaounde）
Comoros ： Moroni （Moroni）
Cote d'Ivoire ： Yamoussoukro (Yamoussoukro, political capital) Abidjan （Abidjan， Economic Capital ）
Kenya ： Nairobi （Nairobi）
Lesotho ： Maseru （Maseru）
Liberia ： Monrovia （Monrovia）
Libya ： Tripoli （Tripoli）
Rwanda ： Kigali （Kigali）
Madagascar ： Antananarivo （Antananarivo）
Republic of Malawi ： Lilongwe （Lilongwe）
Mali ： Bamako （Bamako）
mauritius ： Port Louis （Port Louis）
Mauritania ： Nouakchott （Nouakchott）
Morocco ： Rabat （Rabat）
Mozambique ： Maputo （Maputo）
Namibia ： Windhoek （Windhoek）
Republic of South Africa ： Tswane (Tshwane, Administration) Cape Down (Cape Town, legislation) Bloemfontein (Bloemfontein, Judicial) [4]
Republic of South Sudan ： Juba （Juba）
Niger ： Niamey （Niamey）
Nigeria ： Abuja （Abuja）
sierra leone ： Freetown （Freetown）
Senegal ： Dakar （Dakar）
Seychelles ： victoria （Victoria）
Sao Tome and Principe ： Sao Tome （São Tomé）
Swaziland ： Mbabane （Mbabane）
Sudan ： Khartoum （Khartoum）
Somalia ： Mogadishu （Mogadishu）
Tanzania ： Dodoma （Dodoma）
Tunisia ： Tunis （Tunis）
Uganda ： Kampala （Kampala）
Zambia ： Lusaka （Lusaka）
Chad ： N'Djamena （N'Djamena）
Central African ： Bangui （Bangui）

North America

Antigua and Barbuda ： St. John （Saint John's）
Barbados ： Bridgetown （Bridgetown）
Bahamas ： Nassau （Nassau）
Panama ： Panama City （Panama City）
Belize ： Belmopan （Belmopan）
Dominican ： Santo Domingo （Santo Domingo）
dominica ： Rosso （Roseau）
Grenada ： st. george 's （St. George's）
Costa Rica ： San Jose （San José）
Cuba ： Havana （Havana）
Haiti ： Port au Prince （Port-au-Prince）
Honduras ： Tegucigalpa （Tegucigalpa）
Canada ： Ottawa （Ottawa）
U.S.A ： Washington, D.C （Washington, D.C.）
Mexico ： mexico city （Mexico City）
Nicaragua ： Managua （Managua）
El Salvador ： San Salvador （San Salvador）
Saint Kitts and Nevis ： Baster （Basseterre）
Saint Lucia ： Castries （Castries）
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ： Kingston （Kingstown）
Trinidad and Tobago ： Port of Spain （Port of Spain）
Guatemala ： Guatemala City （Guatemala City）
Jamaica ： Kingston （Kingston）

South America

Argentina ： Buenos Aires （Buenos Aires）
Paraguay ： Asuncion （Asunción）
Brazil ： Brasilia （Brasília）
Peru ： Lima （Lima）
bolivia ： La Paz (La Paz, administrative capital, seat of government and parliament) Sucre (Sucre, legal capital, seat of the Supreme Court)
Ecuador ： Quito （Quito）
Columbia ： Bogota （Bogotá）
Guyana ： Georgetown （Georgetown）
Suriname ： Paramaribo （Paramaribo）
Venezuela ： Caracas （Caracas）
Uruguay ： Montevideo （Montevideo）
Chile ： Santiago （Santiago）

Oceania

Australia ： Canberra （Canberra）
papua new guinea ： Port Moresby （Port Moresby）
Fiji ： Suva （Suva）
Kiribati ： Tarawa （Tarawa）
Cook Islands ： Avarua （Avarua）
Marshall Islands ： majuro （Majuro）
Micronesia (Federated States of) ： Palikir （Palikir）
Nauru ： Aaron (Yaren District, actually, the capital cannot be determined) [5]
Niue ： Alofi （Alofi）
Palau ： Melekeok （Melekeok）
Samoa ： Apia （Apia）
Solomon Islands ： Honiara （Honiara）
Tonga ： Nukualofa （Nukuʻalofa）
Tuvalu ： Funafuti （Funafuti）
the Republic of Vanuatu ： Port Vila （Port Vila）
New Zealand ： Wellington （Wellington）
Note: All countries are sorted according to Chinese Pinyin.

exceptional case

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some country There is more than one capital, such as Republic of South Africa , its administrative capital is located in Tswane (Some maps are marked as Pretoria ）, the legislative capital is located in Cape Down , the judicial capital is in Bloemfontein This is 1910 South African Federation The result of compromise when established.
In other aspects, sometimes the actual capital and the official capital are not in the same city for some reasons. Amsterdam It is the official capital of the Netherlands, but both the Dutch government and the Supreme Court are located in Hague 。 Sucre yes bolivia The constitutional capital, but in fact most government departments are La Paz 。 In this case, it is generally believed that the administrative capital is the "national capital" of the country.

Multi capital

Santiago Considered as Chile But the Chilean parliament is located in Valparaiso 。
Sucre yes bolivia But most government offices are located in La Paz 。
In 1983, Yamoussoukro Selected as Cote d'Ivoire Capital, but most government agencies and embassy Still set at Abidjan 。
Amsterdam Is the legal capital of the Netherlands, but Netherlands Government, Parliament, Supreme Court and King's palace All in Hague 。
Republic of South Africa The administrative capital of Tswane , the legislative capital is Cape Down , the judicial capital is Bloemfontein 。 This is 1910 South African Federation The result of compromise when established.
Germany The capital is Berlin , the former administration is in the front Federal Germany capital bonn 。 [8] The Supreme Court of the Government and the Constitutional Court are located in Karlsruhe 。 [7]
Belgium Brussels It is widely recognized that European Union The "capital" of the EU is also one of the two administrative organs of the EU - European Commission And the location of the Council of Ministers. However《 Treaty of Amsterdam 》An agreement that requires European parliament Monthly in France Strasbourg Hold meetings.
the republic of korea The administrative capital is Sejong City Seoul is the seat of the central government.
Malaysia , official capital Kuala Lumpur Putrajaya, the administrative capital. [9]
Sri Lanka , administrative capital Srijayawadna Prakot , commercial capital Colombo 。 [10]
Kyrgyzstan , official capital Bishkek , the second capital Osh 。 [11]
Georgia , the ruling capital Tbilisi , the capital of parliament Kutaisi 。
Yemen , official capital Sana , the temporary capital, Aden. [12]
Switzerland , actual capital berne , the highest federal judicial body Lausanne 。
Montenegro , Ancient Capital Zetegne ， [13] Actual capital Podgorica 。
Benin , the National Assembly in Puerto Novo , the government Cotonou 。 [14]
Tanzania , official capital Dodoma , Old Capital Dar es Salaam 。 [15]
Swaziland , official capital Mbabane , Legislative Capital Lobamba 。
South Sudan , official capital Juba , the future capital Ramsel 。 [16]

No capital

City country, such as Singapore 、 vatican Wait, there is no capital.
Nauru Is the smallest in the world island country , with an area of only 21 square kilometers (Km ²), there is no capital, and the administrative authorities are Aaron Zone.

Outer Capital

Bechuanaland, today botswana The former British protectorate was once governed by Mafeking, the capital outside the territory.

Capital relocation

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South Korea will establish a new administrative capital (picture)
The convergence of politics, economy and culture is not permanent. The old capital may gradually lose its importance for some reasons (such as economy). The alternation of dynasties may also represent the migration of the capital, such as the relocation of the capital in ancient China. There are also examples of capital relocation in accordance with territorial change or expansion, such as Germany after East West unification (Bonn Berlin). Or, as in Brazil or Australia, the reconstructed cities have been transferred to the capital. On September 27, 1949, The First Plenary Session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Unanimously adopted: the capital of the People's Republic of China Peiping Peking will be renamed Beijing from now on.
the republic of korea Start building a new capital Sejong City 。 The new capital is located 160 kilometers south of Seoul. By 2014, 49 ministerial and competent authorities in South Korea will be moved to New Town. Germany Move the capital to Berlin to promote harmony; Myanmar Move the capital to deep mountains and dense forests to ensure safety; Brazil Moving the capital to the central plateau for development; Pakistan Build a new capital with flat stoves; Kazakhstan Move the capital to a small city in the middle Nursultan ； Nigeria To solve the problem of the former capital Lagos Relocation of capital due to the problem of too large scale Abuja ； Palau from Koror Move the capital Melekeok ； South Korea is moving its capital.

capital of China

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Beijing

September 27, 1949 The First Plenary Session of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference Via《 Resolution on the Capital, Calendar, National Anthem and National Flag of the People's Republic of China 》， Peiping Renamed Beijing 。 On October 1, 1949, The Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China It was established in Beijing.

Historical Capital

summer all Yangzhai (Today Xuchang Yuzhou ）, move backward Yangcheng (Today Zhengzhou Dengfeng ）， Pour (i.e. Erlitou, today Luoyang Yanshi ）， Anyi (Today Yuncheng Xiaxian County Southwest), and moved eastward Shangqiu , and moved the capital Luncheng (Today Shangqiu East).
merchant all Bo (Six statements: Guanzhong Say Yanshi Xibo said Henan Shangqiu Nanbo said Shandong Heze Caoxian Beibo said Henan Internal yellow Say Zhengzhou Say. The most influential one is the "Three Bos Theory", that is, the Southern Bos, the Northern Bos and the Western Bos), which later moved westward Clamor (Today Zhengzhou ）, move backward mutually (Today Anyang Internal yellow ）, later punishment, later punishment Shelter (Today Shandong province Heze city Yuncheng County ）, move backward Dying (Today Shandong province Jining city Qufu ）Later relocating Yin (Today Anyang Xiaotun Village ）, last migration Morning Song (Today Hebi Qi County ）。 [19-20]
Western Zhou Dynasty all Haojing (Xi'an today) Luoyang (now Luoyang).
Eastern Zhou Dynasty all Luo Yang (now Luoyang). the Spring and Autumn period ： Song Dynasty all Shangqiu ， Zheng all Nurseries (now Zhengzhou), Chendu Huaiyang (present genus Zhoukou ）， Cai all Xincai (present genus Zhumadian ）， Qi all Linzi (present genus Zibo ）， Lu all Qufu (present genus Jining ）， Qin all Xianyang ， Chu all Ying (Today Jingzhou Jiangling Northwest), Wu all Suzhou (present genus Suzhou ）， The more all Joint inspection (Today Shaoxing ）。 the Warring States period ： Han Duyangzhai (now Yuzhou, Xuchang) moved its capital after the destruction of the State of Zheng Xinzheng (present genus Zhengzhou ）。 Wei all Girder (Today Kaifeng ）。 Qi Linzi (today Zibo Linzi North). Chu Duying (now northwest of Jingzhou Jiangling), later moved Shouchun (Today Huainan Shouxian County Southwest). Yandu thistle (today Beijing ）。 Zhao all Jinyang (Today Taiyuan ）, later moved to the capital Zhongmou (Today Hebi ）And then moved to the capital Handan 。
Qin all Xianyang 。
Western Han Dynasty all Chang'an (Today Xi'an ）。
new all Chang'an (Today Xi'an ）。
Eastern Han Dynasty Luoyang was the capital, and Xuchang was the capital at the end of the Han Dynasty. Luoyang, Xuchang Yecheng , Chang'an Qiao The number is Wudu.
three countries ： Wei Luoyang provisional capital Xu Chang, Wu all Jianye (Today Nanjing ）, Shudu Chengdu 。
Western Jin Dynasty Luoyang.
Eastern Jin Dynasty all Jiankang (Today Nanjing ）。
Southern Dynasties —— Song Dynasty 、 Qi ， beam ， Chen Du Jiankang (today Nanjing ）。
Northern Dynasties —— Northern Wei Dynasty all Pingcheng (Today da tong Northeast China), later moved to Luoyang, Western Wei Dynasty Du Chang'an (today's Xi'an), Eastern Wei Dynasty Duyecheng (today's Handan Linzhang ）， Northern Zhou Dynasty Capital Chang'an (today's Xi'an), Capital of Northern Qi Dynasty an ancient place name (Today Handan Linzhang ）。
Sui Dynasty all Daxing (Today's Xi'an), and later moved its capital to Luoyang.
Tang Dynasty Chang'an (today's Xi'an) and Luoyang, the eastern capital, are another national political, economic and cultural center besides Chang'an. [18]
Wuzhou Luoyang.
Five Dynasties ： Rear sill all Tokyo Kaifeng Luoyang, Xijing. Later Tang Dynasty Luoyang. Later Jin Dynasty Luoyang, moved later Kaifeng ， Later Han Dynasty Both Kaifeng and Kaifeng in Tokyo the week after tomorrow
Northern Song Dynasty Metropolitan Tokyo Kaifeng Mansion (now Kaifeng), Xijing Henan Province (now Luoyang), Nanjing Ying Tianfu (Today Shangqiu ）。
Southern Song Dynasty Duying Tianfu Nanjing (today Shangqiu ）, migrating to Lin'an Mansion (Today Hangzhou ）。
element all Xanadu City (Today Xilingol League ）, move backward Yuan Dadu (Today's Beijing).
bright all Ying Tianfu (Today Nanjing ）, move backward Shuntian Mansion (Today's Beijing).
Republic of China The capital was Nanjing, then moved to Beijing, and finally returned to Nanjing, war of resistance against aggression period provisional capital Chongqing.
The People's Republic of China all Beijing 。 [6]
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