Flight time: refers to objectsatom, molecule oracoustic waveThe time required for electromagnetic waves to travel a certain distance in the medium.
Aviation flight time: the earth surface is divided into 24time zoneEach time zone is 15 degrees, each 15 degrees eastward increases one hour, and each 15 degrees westward decreases one hour of overlap. This line is called the international meridian.
Space flight time: accurate to several years, months, days, minutes and seconds (launch, orbit entry, rendezvous, landing, etc.).
As for the time of flight counter between the main drift chamber and the crystal calorimeter, the acceptability of the barrel TOF is 0.83, and that of the end cover TOF is 0.85 to 0.95, basically covering the acceptability of the main drift chamber and the calorimeter.The time of flight counter is used to measure the flight time of charged particles in the main drift chamber. Its main function is to combine the measured time of flight information with the measured momentum and track of particles in the main drift.So as to identify the type of particles;At the same time, he also participated in the first level trigger judgment;Moreover, the time relationship between the output signals of different detectors can be used to eliminate the cosmic ray background.
Mass spectrometer
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It is used to record the flight time of spacecraft and aircraft.
working principle:
The mass to charge ratio is proportional to the square of practice. As long as the flight time is measured, it can be converted into the mass to charge ratio.It is obvious that the small paper and pen will arrive at the detector first, and the large mass to compound ratio will arrive later.In general, the flight time of ions is on the order of delicate magnitude.[1]
Time of flight mass spectrometry is a destructive analysis method, but it has the advantage of making full use of the signal source compared with other mass spectrometry methods (such as magnetic deflection method), that is, every ion entering the mass spectrometer contributes to the formation of mass spectrometry in principle
computing method
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The earth's surface is divided into 24time zone, 15 degrees for each time zone.
The International Conference held in 1884meridianThe meeting, taking Greenwich in Britain as the starting point of longitude, became【Prime meridian】The time here is called Greenwich Mean Time (GWT), or Zebra Time (ZebraTjmem).
Greenwich Mean Time 'GWT'
One hour for every 15 degrees east bound
When the overlap of one hour is reduced every 15 degrees westward, the line is called the International Meridian Line.
Relevant regulations
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Issued by:Civil Aviation Administration of the People's Republic of China
Article 1 These Provisions are formulated to ensure flight safety, prevent pilots from fatigue and protect the health of pilots.
Article 2 These Provisions shall apply to all air carriers registered in the People's Republic of China and engaged in air transport business, as well as pilots engaged in air transport flights.
Article 3 When assessing the flight time of transport pilots, the flight time of their participation in various flights shall be included.
Article 4 When carrying out special flight missions such as rescue, disaster relief, first aid, and special flights, if the estimated flight time and duty time exceed the limits of the relevant provisions of this provision, it shall be approved by the local civil aviation authority where the air carrier is located.If the situation is urgent, you can perform the task first and then make a supplementary report.
During the flight, if the flight time exceeds the limit in Article 8 of Chapter III of the Regulations due to unforeseen circumstances such as weather, the flight will not be handled as a violation of this provision.However, when implementing other provisions in Chapter III of these Provisions, the above flight time shall still be calculated according to the actual flight time.
Chapter II Definitions
Article 5 Flight time refers to the time from the time when the aircraft starts to move at the loading place with its own power in preparation for takeoff to the time when it stops moving at the unloading place after the flight ends.
Article 6 On duty time refers to the time spent by pilots in performing flight and ground tasks arranged by air carriers.The duty time shall include:
（1） Pre flight preparation time.
（2） Flight time.
（3） Post flight working hours.
（4） Transit time of intermediate stops.
（5） Ground training and other working hours.
Article 7 Rest time: refers to the time from the arrival of the flight crew at the rest place to the departure from the rest place for the next mission.
Chapter III Flight Time Restrictions
Article 8 In any continuous 24 hours, the flight time is limited as follows:
（1） Single crew: the maximum flight time shall not exceed 8 hours, and the number of flight segments shall not exceed 4.For flights with no more than 2 segments, the maximum flight time shall not exceed 9 hours.
（2） Add a single pilot: the maximum flight time shall not exceed 10 hours, and the flight segment shall not exceed 6.For the flight without stopover, the maximum flight time shall not exceed 12 hours.
（3） Two or more aircrafts: the maximum flight time shall not exceed 16 hours.
Article 9 In any continuous 48 hours, the maximum allowable flight time shall not exceed 16 hours.
Article 10 Within any seven consecutive days, domestic routes shall not exceed 35 hours, and international and regional routes shall not exceed 40 hours.
Article 11 Within one calendar month, it shall not exceed 100 hours.
Article 12 Within a calendar year, it shall not exceed 1000 hours.
Chapter IV Duty Time Limit
Article 13 In any continuous 24 hours, the duty time limit is as follows:
（1） Single unit: no more than 14 hours.
（2） Add a single pilot: no more than 16 hours.
（3） Two or more units: not more than 20 hours.
Article 14 Due to special circumstances, if the crew exceeds the duty time, it shall arrange a rest of not less than 24 hours after performing the task.
Chapter V Provisions on Rest Time
Article 15 After the flight ends every day (or within any continuous 24 hours), the flight crew must have a rest time twice as long as the flight time, and in no case shall it be less than 8 hours.
For flights that span more than 4 time zones, the rest time of three times the flight time must be arranged for pilots.
Article 16 In any seven consecutive days, the flight crew must be arranged to have at least one continuous 24-hour rest.
Article 17 For a flight with two crew members or additional crew members, the air carrier must prepare a rest seat for the pilots who are not seated on the aircraft, and no one shall occupy it.For flights carrying out international airline transportation missions, if the flight time exceeds 12 hours, the air carrier must prepare rest seats or bedding for pilots on the aircraft.
Chapter VI Responsibilities of Air Carriers
Article 18 When making production plans and implementing flights, air carriers shall not violate the provisions of these Provisions, and shall have practical plans and means to ensure the implementation of these Provisions.
Article 19 The flight mission statement and the records of flight time and duty time of the relevant pilots shall be kept for at least two years, and the relevant personnel shall provide assistance during inspection.
Article 20 An air carrier shall report in writing the flight time of its pilots to the local civil aviation regional authority every month.
Chapter VII Responsibilities and Powers of Flight Personnel
Article 21 Before performing a flight mission, if the flight time of a pilot has exceeded the limit of the relevant provisions of these Provisions, he shall not participate in the flight;If it is not exceeded before the flight mission is executed, but may exceed the flight time limit during the flight mission, it shall be timely submitted to the leadership or relevant departments to request changes to the flight plan and arrangement.
Article 22 The flight crew shall accurately record all relevant times when performing tasks.
Article 23 The pilots have the responsibility to truthfully report the relevant information to the leaders and inspectors.
Article 24 The pilots have the right to refuse the overtime flight arranged by the carrier or its agent.
Chapter VIII Penalty Provisions
Article 25 If the flight personnel belonging to the air carrier exceed 100 hours of their monthly flight hours, the local authority of civil aviation shall impose a fine on the air carrier at the rate of 500 yuan per hour for the excess, and impose 10% of the above fines on the legal representative and competent leadership of the air carrier.
Note: On January 6, 1997, the Civil Aviation Administration of China has amended this article as follows: Article 25 is amended to read: "If the monthly flight hours of the flight personnel belonging to the air carrier exceed 100 hours, the local civil aviation authority where the flight personnel belong shall impose a fine on the air carrier based on the excess of 500 yuan per hour, but the maximum amount of each fine shall not exceed 30000 yuan.If it is found that the same pilot has violated for several months within one yearFlight time regulationsShall be calculated separately. "
Article 26 If a pilot's monthly flight hours exceed the flight time limit three times within a year, the local civil aviation regional authority shall impose a penalty of suspending his flight license for three months.
Note: On January 6, 1997, the Civil Aviation Administration of China has amended this article as follows: Article 26 is amended to read: "If the annual flight hours of the flight personnel belonging to the air carrier exceed the provisions, the local civil aviation authority where the air carrier is located shall impose a fine on the air carrier based on the excess of 1000 yuan per hour, but the maximum fine for each time shall not exceed 30000 yuan."
Article 27 If an air carrier violates this provision seriously and causes certain consequences, CAAC will order the carrier to suspend business for rectification or revoke its Business License for Civil Air Transport Enterprises.
Article 28 When collecting fines, the local administration of civil aviation shall issue an official receipt of fines, and all fines shall be handed over to the state treasury.
Chapter IX Supplementary Provisions
Article 29 These Provisions are formulated byGeneral Administration of Civil Aviation of ChinaBe responsible for interpretation, and the local authority of civil aviation shall be responsible for supervision and implementation.
Article 30 These Provisions shall come into force as of the date of promulgation.The Provisions on Flight, Duty and Rest Time of Civil Aviation Flight Personnel formulated by the Civil Aviation Administration of China on October 10, 1981 shall be repealed at the same time.In case of any inconsistency between other relevant provisions and this provision, this provision shall prevail.[3]
Cause of time difference
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When flying on the same route, the round-trip flight time is different, sometimes even quite different. Usually, there are two reasons for this situation, one is the impact of wind, and the other is the difference of route.
The influence of wind is the main reason.The aircraft is flying in the atmosphere. We control the aircraft to keep a speed relative to the air, which is called airspeed.At the same time, the air is also moving, that is to say, when flying in the downwind, the actual speed of the aircraft is the airspeed plus wind speed. When flying in the upwind, it is just the opposite. For the same distance, the time required for flying in the downwind and upwind is much different.In addition, the atmospheric circulation phenomenon is caused by the solar radiation on the ground and the earth rotation, and the wind direction and wind speed are different in different latitudes and seasons.The wind direction in the mid latitude region where our country is located is generally from west to east, with high wind speed in winter and spring and low wind speed in summer and autumn.Therefore, in winter, when traveling between the western and eastern regions, the time difference of the same route is particularly obvious.
Due to the rapid development of contemporary civil aviation industry, there are more and more planes flying in the air, and the density is increasing.In order to keep a safe interval, in addition to the height difference and time difference between aircraft, the gap should also be widened in the horizontal direction.In addition, when the aircraft is flying in the air and may encounter thunderstorms, cumulus clouds and other special weather conditions, the aircraft will take a detour flight to avoid possible dangers.So even if it is a factor that requires different time to fly the same route.[4]
Research
Accident law
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Find out the potential causes and formulate corresponding management countermeasures. According to 697 aviation accidents in the Aviation Safety Network from 2006 to 2011, the time characteristics of aviation accidents are statistically analyzed by means of systematic clustering and chi square test of overall distribution. The results show that between 07:00 and 24:00, the high incidence periods of aviation accidents are 11:00 to 12:00 and 15:00 to 16:00The three indicators of the number of fatal accidents and the number of deaths indicate that the accident situation in this period is very serious and belongs to the very dangerous period;From 00:00 to 07:00, 6:00 to 7:00 is the most serious accident, which belongs to dangerous period.It is recommended that airlines strengthen safety management during dangerous times such as peak flight volume, low circadian rhythm of human body or low skill level to ensure vigilance during flight.[5]
