Yan Hui

Confucius disciples; The head of Confucius 72 sages; Resuscitation

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Yan Hui (521 B.C. - 490 B.C. or 481 B.C.), the Yan family, named Hui, with the word Ziyuan, also known as Yan Yuan, State of Lu People in the capital city (today's Qufu City, Shandong Province), living in a shabby lane, are honored as Fu Sheng Yan Zi, the son of Yan Wuyao. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, a thinker of the State of Lu, Seventy two sages of Confucius First.^{[6-7 ]}^[8-9]

Yan Hui lived a poor and able life be contented in poverty and devoted to things spiritual He has never been an official and is always eager to learn. He followed all his life Confucius , talented, right Confucius He practiced his theory and was praised by Confucius many times.^{[10 ]}

Yan Hui believed that the ideal society was the unity of the monarch and his subjects, harmony between the upper and lower levels, rich food and clothing, and the well-being of the old and young. In order to reach the ideal society, the main means is to educate; There are ideological factors of obeying nature and governing by doing nothing. His studious and studious spirit was praised by later generations, and his moral character was regarded as a symbol of benevolence by later generations.^[5]

Full Name: Yan Hui
Alias: Yan Zi 、 Yan Yuan
word: Ziyuan
Title: Resuscitation
Surname: Yan
Times: spring and autumn period
Ethnic groups: Huaxia nationality
one's native heath: State of Lu (Today's Shandong Qufu ）

date of birth: 521 BC
Date of death: 481 BC
Key achievements: Confucius Ten Philosophers one of, Seventy two sages of Confucius First, one of the five sages of Confucianism
Main works: The Analects of Confucius (one of the compilers)
Teacher: Confucius
Belief: Confucianism
Gender: male

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Character's Life

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Yan Hui is Confucius The most proud disciple is very knowledgeable. 《 The Analects of Confucius · Yongya 》He said that "... a simple bowl of food and a gourd of drink, in the mean lane, people can't afford to worry about it, and they will never change their happiness......". He is modest and studious, "never vent his anger, never err". Confucius praised him for "being virtuous and returning", and "returning, his heart does not violate benevolence in March" (Yongya). Unfortunately, he died early.

Yan Hui is famous for his virtue. In strict accordance with the requirements of Confucius on "benevolence" and "propriety", "be quick in matters and cautious in words". So Confucius often praised Yan Hui for having a gentleman Four Virtues That is, it is stronger than doing justice, weaker than being admonished, afraid to treat salary, and cautious in governing oneself. What he yearned for all his life was the emergence of a "unified monarch and officials, harmonious from top to bottom, rich in clothing and food, healthy young and old Salted clothes The world is peaceful without war and hunger Ideal society 。

Duke Ai of Lu In the 14th year (481 BC), Yan Hui died before Confucius and was buried in front of the Dongfang Mountain in Lu City. Confucius He felt extremely sad about his early death and could not help lamenting; "Oh! Heaven mourns! Heaven mourns!"

Yan Hui has never been an official in his life, nor left a masterpiece. His words are collected in《 The Analects of Confucius 》In other books, his thoughts are basically consistent with those of Confucius. Later generations revered it as "restoring sainthood".

Key achievements

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Political ambition

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Yan Huiyi Shun To aspire. 《 Mencius ·Teng Wengong (I) wrote that:“ Shun Who is it, Yu Who is it; Those who have done well are also! " obviously, Mencius Yan Hui, Shun and Ji "share the same path". Yan Hui appreciated Shun's "inaction", that is, later confucian The "kingly way" advocated by the "people" political thought 。 He said: "In the past, Shun was skillful in using people, but Cepheid Skillful at using horses. Shun did not destitute his people, and Cepheid did not destitute his horses; Shun never lost his people, and Cepheid never lost his horse. " （《 a pre-Qin philosopher ·Ai Gong Pian) Since Yan Hui and Shun "share the same path" and "pursue the same thing" Confucius He and Child road “ Each Yan Erzhi ”At that time, Zi Lu replied, "I would like to share with my friends by riding horses and wearing light fur. I will not be shocked." And Yan Hui said, "I would like to do no harm and no help."（《 The Analects of Confucius ·Gongye). Zhu Xi As the saying goes, "No cutting is good, no giving is hard." "When cutting, praise is good. Good means having ability. When giving is also big, work means having merit."（《 Commentary on the Analects of Confucius 》）It means not to boast about one's ability and achievements. But this is not true. The "Four Books Debate" written by the Yuan Dynasty refutes Zhu's saying: "The good of fighting against the good is the general name of his own strengths. The good of fighting against loyalty, straightness, strength, merit, talent, and skill are generally called fighting against the good. In addition, fighting against unskillful is one of the things that will not be fought. If divided into two parts, can Yan Zi's ambition be anything else?... Those who 'do not work' will not impose hardship on the people. It is the common trouble of ancient times and modern times that I work without compassion Yan Zi Words This is a rich world. " This is absolutely true. Therefore, Yan Hui's ambition here is to cultivate his own virtue internally and implement a policy of loving the people externally. This is just like Shun's "inaction". In Yan Hui's view, only by implementing this ambition in the world can we achieve what Confucius said: "The old should be at ease, the young should be at ease, and friends should believe" (The Analects of Confucius · Gongye) Social ideal 。 It can be seen from this that Yan Hui not only has the feelings of entering the world to help people, but also has the early Confucian democracy Spirit.

Yan Hui spent most of his life following Confucius to six countries. After returning to Lu, he did not become an official, but lived in poverty Shabby alley 。 He lives in a society where everything is in chaos and etiquette is broken and music is broken. The benevolence and righteousness of Confucianism and the governance of kings are often dismissed as stupid and cynical（《 Redords of the Grand History of China ·Biographies of the Scholars) social environment In China, he was not willing to change his mind at all. He still "respected the three religions (namely Xia Jiaozhong, Yin Jiaojing, Zhou Jiaowen)", hoping to "accept the decline and save the disadvantages, and oppose the right path for the people" ("White Tiger Tongsanjiao"). Wang Fu praised him:, no force can bend us 。 Although he has the southern respect and the position of duke, his morality and righteousness are in danger. He has no sense of propriety and righteousness, and his ambition is like Zhi. If he is unfaithful, he will become a master. " （《 Theory of potential husband 》）Ruozheng's Historical Records· Confucius Family 》Yan Hui wrote: "If we don't repair the Tao, it's our ugliness; if the Tao has been overhauled, it's our ugliness" Wang's What is said is true. In this way, Yan Hui could only stay in office all his life, but he would like to "be poor as rich, humble as expensive, brave as not, communicate with scholars, and have no trouble all his life"（《 Han Shiwaizhuan 》Volume X) Self encouragement and masturbation. Confucius Praise It:“ Use it and hide it ； I am the only one! " （《 The Analects of Confucius ·Shuer) A dipper of drink , in the back alley. People can't bear to worry, and they will never change their happiness! " (Same as above《 Yongya 》）。 Yan Hui pays attention to ambition, pursues truth and With The spirit of joy, and Confucius I“ Rice, sparse food and drinking water "(ibid.) is the same purport.

Simple Dwelling in Humble Lane

Yan Hui Stone Carving

Yan Hui lived in an era that was already Chinese spring and autumn In the end, not only Zhou Tianzi The monarchy of Vassal states The official office of Li and Yue also declined, from the "Rites and Music Expedition from the feudal lords" in the early Spring and Autumn Period to "Rites and Music Expedition from the officials" and "Accompanying the officials to carry out the national order".

"Accompanying ministers" means ministers of ministers. As in the vassal states high ministers and nobles He claimed to be a vassal to the princes and a "companion" to the emperor; The courtiers of Qing officials are also called "accompanying courtiers" for princes. In the Spring and Autumn Period, the State of Lu“ Sanhuan ”Ruling (i.e. descendants of Duke Huan of Lu Mensun's 、 Shusun Family 、 Ji Sun's surname Control of state affairs), to Duke Lu Zhaogong , Dinggong, Aigong, the power of family officials rose, and family officials rebelled frequently. Duke Lu Zhaogong In the fourth year (538 BC), an official of the Shusun family named Zuniu was put under house arrest and starved to death Uncle Sun Leopard , two people who designed to kill Shu Sunbao Legitimate son , and support the commoner's uncle Sunnuo. Twelve years of Duke Zhao of Lu (530 BC) Ji Pingzi Stand up to family officials Nan Kuai Without courtesy, Nan Kuai plotted to replace Ji Pingzi with his son's anger: "I left Ji's family and returned to his office. I changed my position. I regard Fei as my official."（《 Master Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals ·Twelve Years of Zhao Gong). Duke Ding of Lu Five to nine years ago (505-501 BC), Ji family officials Yang tiger He ruled the state of Lu and controlled the state politics of Lu. The Yang Tiger Rebellion was the longest and most influential rebellion among the officials in the State of Lu. The power of Yang Hu was over the "Three Huans" for three or four years. Yang Hu was originally a commoner branch of the Mensun family, and later became a family minister of the Jisun family. Ji Pingzi was very important in his time. Ji Pingzi died, Gisuns (Huanzi) Li, Yang Hu is the third "elder" of the Ji family. When dealing with Ji Pingzi's funeral, Yang Hu had a dispute with Zhong Lianghuai, another official of Ji Sun's family. Yang Hu asked Ji Pingzi to collect the corpse with Yu Fan, a treasure of the State of Lu, but Zhong Liang Huai thought that it was Ji Pingzi's gift when he was sacrificing on behalf of the monarch when Zhao Gongxun was in power. Now the Dinggong has been established and can no longer be used. Yang Hu colludes with Fei Zai The public mountain is impotent , wants to expel Zhongliang Huai. Gongshan Bukui didn't think much of him at first. Later, because Zhong Lianghuai didn't respect him, he said to Yang Hu, "It's OK for me to do this!" Yang Hu rose up and was imprisoned Ji Huanzi And Father in law Wenbo (Ji Huanzi follows his father and Kundi), expels Zhongliang Huai. In October of winter, Yang Hu killed Duke He Cong (a member of the Jisun clan), made an alliance with Ji Huanzi in Jimen, held a large-scale curse, expelled his father Wen Bo and Qin Chuan (Ji Pingzi's uncle), completely eliminated the dissident forces, and completely controlled the Ji family. In the eighth year of Duke Dinggong of Lu (502 BC), Yang Hu wanted to destroy "San Huan" and let Ji Wu replace Ji Shusunori He took the place of Shusun and Mensun. Yang Hu took the opportunity of winter sacrifice to start an accident, lose and escape irrigation (today's Shandong Province Ningyang County North to west), Yangguan, rebelled in both places.

After the two periods of "three Huan dictatorship" and "accompanying officials to carry out the country's mandate", the State of Lu not only made the palace decline, but also the old aristocratic families of the State of Lu declined. Lu Yan Family reach Yan Lu When Yan Hui was a father and son, in addition to his ancestral aristocratic identity and the title of Lu Qing doctor of Yan Lu, there were only simple houses in mean streets, 50 mu of farmland outside the country and 10 mu of farmland inside the country. In the Spring and Autumn Period, when the productivity was extremely low, it was difficult for some farmland to support a noble family. Yan Hui's father and son had to leave out the aristocratic family generality Spending, simply living in the mean lane.

Learn from Confucius

Qufu Yan Temple

When Yan Hui "entered the gate of Confucius at the age of 13", Confucius had been gathering disciples to give lectures for 13 years. Its reputation has spread far and wide in various states, and its disciple Zi Lu Meng Yizi 、 Uncle Nangong Jing He is already famous in the State of Lu. Yan Hui just entered disciples of Confucius At that time, he was the youngest among the disciples. He was introverted, taciturn, and less intelligent. Some people thought he was stupid. Ma Su 《 Compiling history 》According to Chong Bo Zhuan, "Zi Lu and Yan Hui bathed in Zhu Shui Multicoloured bird Yan Hui asked, and Zi Lu said, "The flaming bird." The day after tomorrow, Yan Hui and Zi Lu bathed in the Surabaya again, and saw the bird before them. They asked again, "Do you know this bird?" Zi Lu said, "The same bird." Yan Hui said, "What is the name of two birds?" Zi Lu said, "For example, silk gauze is made of silk when it is boiled, and soap when it is dyed. It is not appropriate to have two birds for one bird." The main idea was that once Yan Hui followed Zi Lu to take a bath in Zhushui, and when he saw colorful birds splashing in the river, he asked Zi Lu what kind of bird they were. Zi Lu replied, "This is called Yingying Bird.". Some days later, Yan Hui and Zi Lu went to Surabaya to take a bath again. They met colorful birds in the river. Yan Hui asked Zi Lu again: Do you recognize this bird? Zi Lu replied again: This is the same bird. Yan Hui asked: Why does a bird have two names? Zi Lu said: Just like the Lu silk produced here, washing with water is silk, and dyeing with color is soap. Isn't it natural that one kind of bird has two names?

Yan Hui's loyalty and introversion concealed his intelligence and good thinking. Even Confucius could not determine what level of talent Yan Hui belonged to. After a period of in-depth observation and understanding, Confucius pointed out that Yan Hui was not stupid. 《 The Analects of Confucius ·It is recorded in the book of Administration: "Confucius said, 'I will always answer back to you without violating, just like a fool, It's enough to send It's not stupid to go back. '" Yan Hui is very intelligent, even eloquent Zi Gong And frankly, I dare not compare with Yan Hui. The Analects of Confucius · Gong Yechang records: "Zi Yu Zi Gong Date:‘ Which is better, women or Hui ？' He said, 'How dare you look back at the gift? Back also hear one to know ten, give also hear one to know two. ' Confucius said: 'Fu Ruya; I can't get along with my daughter. '"

Yan Hui was intelligent and eager to learn, which enabled him to realize the profound and extensive theory of Confucius earlier. His respect for Confucius exceeded that of ordinary disciples. He respected Confucius with the feeling of respecting the ancient sages. He was as close as father and son. 《 The Analects of Confucius · Zihan 》Yan Yuan sighed:‘ Raise your head and drill hard 。 Look ahead and look behind. The teacher is so good and attractive that he can't stop writing to me and asking me to be polite. If we exhaust our talents, we will stand tall. Although we want to follow it, we have no choice. '" The main idea is: Yan Hui once said with a sigh: The more he looked up, the more he felt that the teacher's Tao was brilliant, the more he studied hard, the more profound he felt it. It seems to be in front. When we look forward, it suddenly appears in the back. Although the teacher's way is so profound and elusive, the teacher is good at guiding us step by step, enriching and improving us with various literature knowledge, and constraining us with certain etiquette, making it impossible for us to stop learning. I have exhausted my talents and seem to be able to work independently. If we want to take another step forward, we don't know how to proceed. So in Shao Zhengmao When competing with Confucius for disciples, he made "the gate of Confucius three wins and three loses". Only Yan Hui did not leave the gate of Confucius half a step, so later generations commented that "Yan Yuan only knew the sage of Confucius."（《 On Balance ·Tell Rui)

Standing statue of Yan Hui^[1]

During Yan Hui's schooling Duke Ding of Lu Eight years (502 BC), married Song State The female Dai is his wife. Yan Xin was born the next year.

Duke Ding of Lu In the seventh year (503 BC), Yan Hui traveled westward to Wei and from Wei to Song. 《 Shuoyuan ·According to Jing Shen, "General Yan Hui traveled westward and asked Confucius, 'What should I do for myself?' Confucius said, 'Respect and faithfulness can help me. Respect can protect me from others, respect can make me love you, loyalty can make me love you, and faithfulness can make me trust you Rely on You will be free from suffering. You can visit the country, let alone the body? So it's not far away from counting and admonishing? Is it not the opposite of not working in the middle but working outside? Is it not too late to plan when facing difficulties without first considering things? ", 《 Confucius Family Language 》、《 Zhuangzi 》The two books also recorded Yan Hui's journey to the west, but the words were slightly different.

The purpose of Yan Hui's journey to the west was mainly to propose to Dai Shi in the State of Song. according to Yan Jingqin According to the research in Yan Zi's Commentary, Yan Hui passed through the State of Wei because his family Yan Zhuo and Zou were in the State of Wei. Yan Zi Yan Zhuo, the same ancestor of Zou Zaiwei, has a certain social position He was a virtuous doctor in the State of Wei, and his family was rich. Later, Confucius traveled all over the world and lived in his home when he first came to the State of Wei. Yanzi's arrival at the State of Wei was not his final destination. According to Family Language, it should be through Wei to go to the State of Song. If Yanzi goes directly from the State of Lu to the State of Song, it cannot be said that "Yanzi will travel west", because the State of Song is in the southwest of the State of Lu, not in the west. The purpose of Yanzi's going to the State of Song is probably related to his marriage. The reason why Yanzi went to the State of Wei first and then to the State of Song seems to be that Yanzhuo Zou played the role of the old man during the period. So Yanzi asked Yanzhuo Zou to go to the State of Song with him on the grounds of studying in the State of Wei.

In the first stage of his life, Yan Hui entered Confucius at the age of 13. It took about six years to complete his studies. Lang Kai of the Eastern Han Dynasty said: "In the 18th century, the world belongs to humanity". He proposed to Song Daishi at the age of 19, married Dai at the age of 20, and gave birth to Yan Xin at the age of 21.

About Yan Hui Marriage There are different opinions about the age of. One said he would marry Dai Shi at the age of thirty. But according to《 Zhou Rites ·The local official said: "The media is responsible for the judgment of the people. All men and women who become famous are written Year, month, day What's your name? Let men marry at thirty and women at twenty. " It means that the matchmaker is in charge of the marriage of men and women from all over the world. It is usually registered after the boy or girl has completed three months. If the male is over 30 years old and the female is over 20 years old but not married jail matron When they make a decision to marry someone, individuals and parents lose the freedom of choice. During the Spring and Autumn Period, wars were frequent. In order to dominate the world, most of the vassals《 Zhou Rites 》The stipulated maximum age limit for marriage is based on the premise of rapid population reproduction. At the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Vietnam It has been ordered that: "Anyone who is twenty men and seventeen women will not marry will be guilty and their parents will be punished." Confucius married at the age of nineteen Qi Guan Yan Hui was a year late, and should have married at the age of 20, not 30.

Confucius praised Yan Hui: "Those who have Yan Hui are eager to learn. They will not vent their anger and make mistakes. Unfortunately, they will die soon."

Yan Hui's son Yan Xin was five years old when he followed his teacher to travel around the world. He is also a disciple of Confucius.

According to《 Yanzhou Prefecture Annals 》(Printed in the 35th year of Qianlong's reign in the Qing Dynasty) records: "Yanzi's former residence was built in Ziyang County Shuqian Alley (today's Wenmiao Primary School in Yanzhou City) is said to be Yanzi's mean alley. " "Eight miles south of the city, there is Yan Zikuo's outer field, which is called Rudi."《 county annals 》It is recorded that Yanzi "the people of the town have worshipped the school for a long time, and there are traces of shabby alleys". Long ago, Yan Zi Pavilion was built in the city to commemorate him Yanjia Village There is Yan Family Temple.

《 The Analects of Confucius 》Family Language《 Redords of the Grand History of China 》According to the book, Yan Hui was born in poverty Peasant family , living in huts and mean alleys bamboo tube The son serves as a bowl to hold rice and a ladle to drink water, but others are always hungry and happy. He is Confucius' proud and talented disciple, 30 years younger than Confucius. Since he was young, he was diligent and eager to learn. Confucius said that he could "know everything".

Yan Hui once consulted Confucius and said: "I think that although a person is born in poverty, he should be calm and not ashamed of poverty; although he is a lowly person without duty and authority, he should not be inferior to others; he should not build his prestige by putting on airs; he should share hardships with others all his life to make friends. What do you think of these as standards for dealing with people? " Confucius said, "Well, if a person is poor and does not feel inferior to the rich and content with poverty, he will have no other desires; if he has no position and does not feel inferior to the noble, he will be naturally modest; if he is polite, treats people equally, and does not put on airs, he will naturally be respected and not be separated from the masses; If we make friends, show loyalty, share weal and woe, and do not talk or overdo things, we will surely achieve unity. If you can do this, even the ancient sages are just like this. "

Yan Hui's words were consistent with his deeds. Confucius praised his virtue, saying that he "did not vent his anger, did not err", "his heart did not violate benevolence in March", and "good is good". It is said that some students at that time thought that Confucius had overestimated Yan Hui and were unconvinced. One day, they came up with an idea to test Yan Hui. Seeing Yan Hui coming, he sent someone to bypass him and put him down secretly on the road A ingot of gold Son, then hide to see what he can do from afar. Yan Hui suddenly found the glittering gold on the road. He picked it up and was stunned. There was a small line clearly written on it: "God gave Yan Hui a ingot of gold". He shook his head, turned over the gold, and wrote a line on the other side: "Extraordinary wealth does not kill the poor.". After writing, leave the gold in place and leave. The story spread quickly, and everyone admired Yan Hui even more.

Confucius also said, "Since I had Yan Hui, under his influence, my disciples have become more intimate and united.". At the age of 29, Yan Hui's hair was all white. Unfortunately, he died of illness at the age of 40. After the death of Yan Hui, the rulers of all dynasties granted him the title of Jin Jue, the Tang Dynasty granted him the title of Duke of Yan, the Song Dynasty granted him the title of Duke of Yan, the Yuan Dynasty granted him the title of Duke Fu of Yan, and in the ninth year of Jiajing's reign of the Ming Dynasty, he was honored as Duke Fu of Yan.

Travel with the teacher

cause

In the second stage of his life, Yan Hui spent about 14 years traveling around the world with Confucius. In the 13th year of Duke Dinggong of Lu (497 BC), Confucius' plan of "Hui San Du" failed, and it was impossible to carry out his own political ideas in Lu, so he left Lu and began to travel around the countries.

A trip to defend the country

Yan Zi

After Yan Hui and Zi Lu followed Confucius into the Wei State, they arrived first Weidu Diqiu (In the southwest of Puyang, Henan Province today) Yan Zhuo and Zou's family. Yan Hui and Yan Zhuo Zou are the descendants of Yan Youxiao Zhuzi, while Zi Lu is Yan Zhuo Zou's brother-in-law, who has always had contacts with each other. Yan Hui and Zi Lu told Confucius about his visit to the State of Wei, and hoped that Yan Zhuozhou would recommend Confucius and his entourage to Wei Jun. Yan Zhuo and Zou agreed to their request and arranged the accommodation of Confucius and his party at their own home so that they could ask for advice from Confucius sooner or later. Jing Yan Zhuo Zou Verbena jade On the recommendation of (Confucius friends) and others, Duke Linggong Wei met Confucius and Yan Hui and gave Su 60000 yuan of Confucius' annual salary in the State of Lu, so they moved out of Yan Zhuozhou's house to live in their own museum. Yan Hui lived with Confucius in the State of Wei for ten months Duke Weiling In addition, what should they do if they came here to defend Lu? Duke Ling of Wei sent Gongsun Yu to spy on Confucius' masters and disciples. Afraid of being harmed, Confucius left the State of Wei in a hurry and prepared to Chen Guo Go. Unexpectedly, they passed Kuangdi (now Henan Changyuan County), was mistakenly thought to have invaded Kuang and was besieged by Kuang people.

When Confucius and others hurriedly left the Weidu Diqiu, Yan Hui temporarily stayed at Yan Zhuo Zou's house to observe the trend of the Wei State. The Duke of Wei Linggong found out that the State of Lu did not send Confucius and his entourage to the State of Wei, so he again accepted the advice of Yan Chouzou, Qiao Boyu and others, and asked Yan Hui to send a message to ask Confucius to return to Diqiu.

Yan Hui went to Kuang and met the besieged Confucius and others. Confucius said passionately, "I regard you as dead." Yan Hui replied respectfully, "I don't dare to die."（《 The Analects of Confucius ·Advanced) Yan Hui reported the fact that the State of Wei had no intention of harming the Master, and conveyed the words that Duke Wei Linggong begged the Master to return to the Imperial Hill, and that Duke Wei Linggong would wait for the Master outside the city to thank him for his disrespect.

Yan Hui followed Confucius back to the Imperial Hill Puyi , and was intercepted by Pu people. At that time, Gongsun Shu, a defender, fled to Pudi to instigate rebellion after being expelled by Duke Weiling. He tried to intimidate Confucius and his entourage to participate, and used the reputation of Confucius and his disciples to strengthen his reputation. through Confucius Disciple Subway Public and good children Puren felt that they could not keep Confucius and his party by force. They suggested peace talks and agreed to let them go, but they could not return to Diqiu. Confucius agreed that the two sides made an oath of alliance. But as soon as he left Pudi, Confucius ordered everyone to rush back to Diqiu. Zi Gong asked inexplicably: Can we violate the oath just now? Confucius said, "That is to force us to make an oath, and the gods will not listen.". When Confucius and his party returned to the Imperial Hill, Duke Ling of Wei went out of the city to greet them.

When Confucius returned to the Imperial Hill, Duke Weiling still gave him generous treatment, but did not give him specific things to do. Yan Hui and others had more time to ask Confucius for advice, and sometimes went out to investigate together Historic sites , study the culture of the Wei State, or climb mountains and rivers to enjoy the scenery of the Wei State. However, there was no opportunity to practice the way of Confucius and govern the country with the way of Confucius in the State of Wei, which forced Confucius and his party to leave the State of Wei and look for a monarch who could use his way.

Cao's trip

In the spring of the 15th year of Duke Ding of Lu (495 BC), Yan Hui followed Confucius Leave Wei and travel southeast for hundreds of miles Cao State , stayed in Cao and arrived in Song in summer. Qiguan, the wife of Confucius, was from the Song Dynasty, and Yan Hui's wife was also from the Song Dynasty, and the State of Song was also the ancestral home of Confucius. They felt closer to other countries emotionally, so they went to meet the King of Song after arriving in the State of Song. Song Jun asked Confucius for advice on how to govern the country, and Confucius took the opportunity to publicize his ideas to Song Jun Governance 。 After listening to this, Song Jun said: Your idea is right, but I can't, I can't (see《 Shuoyuan ·Political Science). The attitude of Song Jun disappointed Confucius and his party, so they left the country of Song zheng 。

Yan Hui followed Confucius to investigate the doctors in the State of Zheng Offspring The achievements of village school , paid homage to Zichan. The reigning monarch and officials of the State of Zheng had no intention of retaining Confucius, so Confucius and his party had to leave the State of Zheng for the State of Chen. Chen is from the south Gui surname Small country, said to be the descendant of Shun, the capital of the country Wanqiu (In Henan today Huaiyang ）。 Soon, Yan Hui followed Confucius to the State of Jin. Jin was an influential country in the Spring and Autumn Period. Being able to engage in politics in the State of Jin and carrying out Confucius' way of governing the country has far more influence than other countries. Go to Yellow River On the east bank, it was said that Zhao An had killed virtuous officials Dou Mingdu and Shunhua. Confucius and his party could not travel westward and returned to the State of Wei. Soon, the State of Wei again entered Chen. At this time, Yan Hui is in his thirties Zhou Rites Yan Hui should teach independently or engage in other activities Social work However, he was in the primary position in Confucius, and had to give up the opportunity to become an official with "unwilling to become an official".

Between the four countries

Sitting figure of Yan Hui^[2]

Duke Ai of Lu During the period of four to six years (491-489 BC), Yan Hui followed Confucius to the State of Chu Cai State Between Ye State and Chu State. According to Historical Records· Confucius Family 》On: King of Chu When I heard that Confucius and his party were between Chen and Cai, I sent someone to hire Confucius. When the news reached Chen and Cai, the officials of the two countries were afraid that Confucius' entry into Chu would be bad for them, so they sent troops to intercept it. At first, Confucius and his disciples did not understand Chen and Cai's intention to send troops. In order to avoid being harassed by the army, they had to travel in the wilderness, only to find themselves in a situation of food shortage. "Confucius knew that his disciples were angry, so he called Zilu and asked him, 'The poem says:" Bandits, brothers and tigers lead the wilderness. "Is my way not evil? What am I doing here? ' Zi Lu said: 'The mind is not benevolent and evil? I believe in people's disbelief. I don't know the evil of the mind? We can do without people. ' Confucius said, 'Is it true? By, for example, the benevolent will believe, and secure Boyi 、 Shuqi ？ Let the wise man do what he knows. Is there a prince to compete with? ' When Zilu went out, Zigong people saw him. Confucius said, 'Give me a gift. The poem says, "A bandit will fight against a bandit tiger and lead the wilderness." Is my way not evil? What am I doing here? ' Zi Gong said: 'The way of Confucius is so great that the world cannot tolerate him. How can you belittle me? ' Confucius said, 'Give, good farmers can harvest but not cultivate, good workers can be skillful but not obedient, and a gentleman can cultivate his way, discipline his principles, unify his principles, but not tolerate them. I don't want to learn from you, but seek tolerance. Give, but the ambition is not far away! ' When Zi Gong came out, Yan Hui people saw him. Confucius said: 'Back, the poem said: "The bandits are like tigers, leading the wilderness." Is my way not evil? What am I doing here? ' Yan Hui said: 'Master's way is so great that the world cannot tolerate it. Although, the Master pushed and acted without any disease, without seeing a gentleman! It is my ugliness not to mend my way. It is the ugliness of those who have a country that the road has been overhauled but not used. No disease, no gentleman! ' The Master smiled happily and said, 'Yes, the son of Yan! If you make more money, I will kill you. '" This record mainly says that in order to strengthen the faith of his disciples, Confucius called them to his side and said to them, "No, it is not." tiger , no rhinoceros Why are you wandering in the wilderness? " Am I wrong? Why are you trapped here? Zi Lu believed that the idea of not being adopted by others was that others looked down on him because he was not good at benevolence and intelligence. Zi Gong believed that the idea was not adopted because the teacher set too high a standard for others to accept and should lower the requirement. Confucius was not satisfied with Zi Lu and Zi Gong's answers. He said: Boyi Shuqi Be benevolent, but starve to death Shouyang Mountain 。 This shows that people who are kind-hearted and wise will also encounter bad luck. As for lowering the standard and catering to the secular world, it is actually giving up the ideal, even worse. Confucius asked Yan Hui how to understand. Yan Hui said: The teacher's opinion is great, and others do not accept it, which is their responsibility. If our "Tao" is not repaired, it is our shame; Our "Tao" has been perfected and not adopted, which is a shame to those in power in all countries. It shows the cultivation of a gentleman to stick to the correct ideas when they are not adopted by others. Confucius was very happy to hear Yan Hui's comments and said, "Good man, son of Yan, if you get rich in the future, I will be your housekeeper.".

Yan Hui followed Confucius in Chen and Cai for seven days, Zi Gong It took a lot of trouble to buy back a stone of rice. Yan Hui and Zi Lu were cooking under the broken house wall. When some dust fell into the meal, Yan Hui took it out and ate it himself. Zi Gong saw him from a distance near the well. He was very angry. He thought he was stealing food, so he ran to Confucius and asked: "Do benevolent people and honest people change their own integrity?"? Confucius said: Change of integrity is also called benevolent and incorruptible? Zi Gong said: Like Yan Hui, doesn't he change his moral integrity? Confucius said: Yes. Zi Gong told Confucius what he saw. Confucius said, "I believe Yan Hui has been a benevolent person for a long time. Even if you say so, I will not doubt him. There must be a reason here.". Wait, I'll ask him. Confucius called Yan Hui to him and said, "I dreamed of ancestors a few days ago, probably to enlighten and help me.". You bring in the cooked food, and I will pay a memorial to the ancestors. Yan Hui said to the teacher, "Just now, some dust fell into the rice, which is not clean in the pot. It's a pity to throw it away. I will eat it instead of sacrificing it.". Confucius said, "Well, let me eat together.". After Yan Hui went out, Confucius looked around his disciples and said, "I believe Yan Hui didn't start today.". From then on, everyone trusted Yan Hui more.

In the seventh year of Duke Ai of Lu (488 BC), Yan Hui left with Confucius and returned to the Imperial Hill of Wei via Chen, Yi and Pu. In the 11th year of Duke Ai of Lu (484 BC), Yan Hui was 38 years old and Confucius was 68 years old, Ji Kangzi Send envoys Gonghua, Gongbin and Gonglin to the State of Wei with gifts to welcome the return of Confucius and his entourage. From then on, Yan Hui ended his 14 years of following Confucius the various states or nations travel.

Return to the State of Lu

Yan Hui Stone Carving^[3]

Yan Hui returned to the State of Lu. Although his former residence was still in the bad alleys, his parents All have In his old age, the burden of his family should fall on his shoulders. This makes Yan Hui have to have a relatively fixed income to maintain his family. Yan Hui in Confucius is the most qualified

One of the disciples who inherited Confucius' theory is also Confucius' hope. When Confucius could not become an official to govern the country with his thoughts, he spread his idea of governing the country by running schools and recruiting disciples. He hoped that if his disciples could become officials, they would become officials. If they could not become officials, they would teach them how to govern the country through lectures, so that their thoughts and ideas could be used by later generations. Therefore, it was inevitable for Yan Hui to set up a platform to give lectures before he became an official.

Yanzi lived in an era when culture moved down, Private school More and more, the children of declining nobles and Free people They all regard private school as one of the ways to enter the officialdom. Even the powerful nobles have sent their children to private school, such as Meng Xizi, the doctor of Lu Meng Yizi And Nangong Jingshu and Confucius. Yan Hui was the top disciple of Confucius. At that time, there were many people who wanted to be his teacher, which can be seen from the fact that people of high reputation and status often asked Yan Hui for advice. For example, Zhongsun He Ji asked Yan Hui: "If a word is beneficial to humanity and wisdom, can you hear it?" Yan Hui told him with "Yu" and "Shu" (Confucius Family Language · Yan Hui). Uncle Sun Wu When he asked Yan Hui for advice, Yan Hui quoted Confucius' words to warn Uncle Sun Wu and said, "A gentleman attacks his evil, not others."（《 The Book of Rites ·Under the sandalwood bow).

Yan Hui's teaching materials include Shi, Shu, Yi, Li, Yue《 spring and autumn 》Etc. However, he had earlier contact with the Book of Changes and had more in-depth research Confucius Say "Yi". " (Fayan - Ask God Eastern Jin Dynasty In teaching practice, Yan Hui's explanation of Yi is more profound, which helps his disciples understand ancient times Dialectics It is helpful.

After returning to Lu, in addition to giving lectures, Yan Hui helped Confucius sort out ancient books. Yan Hui did not limit himself to general writing and editing, but focused on textual research and Proofread The different ancient books obtained when traveling around the countries are used as reference to each other to eliminate the false and retain the true. In particular, Yan Hui is one of the main organizers of the Book of Changes. In the process of finishing, Yan Hui vomited his heart and blood, so that he died of fatigue. After the death of Yan Hui, Confucius, on the basis of Yan Hui's collation of the Book of Changes, and through the hard work of "Wei's three excellent editors", left a complete Book of Changes for later generations.

Yan's Confucian

Yan Hui

Yan Hui taught his disciples through his own lectures Confucianism Six Meridians ； By assisting Confucius in sorting out ancient books and records, he gradually expanded his influence and formed a sect of Confucianism—— Yan's Confucian 。

《 Han Feizi, Xianxue 》It is pointed out that since the death of Confucius, Confucianism has been divided into eight schools, and "Yan's Confucianism" is one of them. Most of the later Confucian experts believe that Han Feizi's Yan's Confucianism refers to the Confucian school developed by Yan Hui's disciples on the basis of inheriting Yan Zi's thought. More important than morality

Yan Hui's virtue is the richest and most immortal Yan Hui left to the future generations cultural heritage 。 "Zuo Zhuan, Twenty four Years of Xianggong": "When a leopard hears about it, he has made moral achievements, followed by meritorious deeds, followed by words. Although he has not abandoned it for a long time, this is called immortality." Yan Hui's immortality lies in his emphasis on morality. Later generations call him "restoration of sainthood", which is an affirmation of his emphasis on morality. The core of Yan Hui's virtue is "benevolence". He implemented Confucius's "benevolence" in his personal actions, not in words. Yan Hui, with his noble Moral personality Influence society and enlighten future generations.

Harmony of Heaven and Man

Yan Hui's words and deeds show that he is good at appreciating the power of heaven and earth, and respects objective law ， Conform to nature , but also pay attention to human Initiative , keep the way without changing their ambition. Yan Hui had the desire to become a scholar and become a minister. He hoped that through human efforts, he could achieve "no fighting, no giving". When the conditions are not ripe, they can take the initiative to yield and wait for the time. "You can do what you use, and you can hide what you give up". Living in the mean alleys, you can eat and drink without changing your happiness, and you can turn yourself into nature. "Same as the Great Way" (Zhuangzi· Grand Master 》）, make Self action Conform to objective laws.

dialectical thinking

Development of things It is one of the views of dialectics that the extreme will lead to the opposite. Yan Hui didn't cherish from Dongye horsepower It is inferred that his horse will escape. When Duke Ding of Lu asked why he knew his horse would escape, Yan Hui said, "I know it by politics. In the past, Shun was skillful in using the people, and Cepheid was skillful in using the horses. Shun did not destitute his people, and Cepheid did not destitute his horses. Shun did not lose his people, and Cepheid did not lose his horse. Today, when we are at the end of control in Dongye, we can get on the car and hold the bridle. When we step quickly, we can finish the courtship. When we travel far, we can run out of horsepower. However, we still need horses to know it. ”Lord Ding asked, "Good! Can you get less?" Yan replied, "When I hear about it, birds will peck, animals will snatch, and people will cheat when they are poor. Since ancient times and today, no one has been poor without danger." (Xunzi Aigong)

Yan Hui is learning and carrying forward the Confucianism In the process, he always exhausted his energy and thought, devoted all his efforts, and led a miserable life, which seriously damaged his health. Fourteenth year of Duke Ai of Lu (481 BC) Summer Calendar On August 23, Yan Zi, a Confucian master of the generation, died of illness, leaving a lasting regret to the world. Because his family was very difficult, he was unable to carry out funeral according to the relevant etiquette at that time Yan Lu He raised money everywhere, and with the help of his disciples and fellow friends, he barely finished the funeral.

There is an article by Yan Hui in Confucius Family Language. It is said that Yan Hui is very clever and knows how to reason. He advocated that people should be cautious, restrain themselves, and pay more attention to whether their actions are correct... Yan Hui was particularly respected in Confucianism. But there are many students under Confucius who are as intelligent as others -- like Child road Others can be represented.

Sealed up in previous dynasties

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Since the Han Dynasty, Yan Yuan has been listed as Seventy-two sages Sometimes Yan Yuan is the only person who can enjoy it when offering sacrifices to Confucius. Since then, successive rulers have continuously added posthumous titles: Tang Taizong Respecting him as a "teacher", tang xunzong Respecting him as "Yangong", In the eighth year of the New Year, Yanzi was the "Asian Sage"^[11] , Song Zhenzong He was granted the title of "Duke of Yanguo", and the Emperor Wenzong of the Yuan Dynasty honored him as "Duke of Yanguo Restoration". Renamed in the ninth year of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty“ Resuscitation ”。 Shandong Qufu And“ Fusheng Temple ”。

Historical records

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Yan Hui is the same as Lu people, with the word Ziyuan. Confucius was thirty years younger.

Yan Yuan asked Ren Confucius said, "If you restrain yourself and return to propriety, the world will return to benevolence."

Confucius said, "What a wise man to go back to! A simple bowl of food and a gourd of drink can make people feel worse in the mean lane, and they will never change their happiness."

In the twenty ninth year of the lunar new year, when the hair is white, the fleas die. Confucius wept and said, "Since I came back, my disciples benefit their relatives." Duke Ai of Lu asked, "Who is a disciple who likes to learn?" Confucius said, "Those who have Yan Hui are eager to learn. They don't vent their anger, and they don't make mistakes. Unfortunately, they died in a short time, and now they are also dead." (The actual age is 40 years old)

Yan Clan Descendants Table

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Yan Hui, the first ancestor, has the word Ziyuan;^[4]

Second generation Yan Xin;

Three generations of Yan Jian;

Four generations of Yan Wei;

Five generation Yan Peng;

Six generations of Yan Yi;

Seven generations of Yan and Hu;

Eight generation Yan Xie;

Yan Yu of the ninth generation;

Ten generations of cosmetics;

Eleven generations of different looks;

Twelve generations of Yan Yu;

Yan Kui of the 13th generation;

Yan Law of the 14th generation;

Yan Zhong of the 15th generation;

Yan Kai of the 16th generation;

Yan Yu of the Seventeen Dynasties;

Yan Yue of the 18th generation;

Yan Chuo of the 19th generation;

Yan Zhun of the 20th generation;

Yan Ruan of the 21st generation, with the word Huaizhen;

Yan Liang of the 22nd generation, with the word Shiming;

Yan Jiao of the 23rd generation, with the word Shirong;

Twenty four Dynasties Yan Fei , word Wenlin Yan Sheng , "Shutai";

Yan Qin of the 25th generation (with the word Gongruo, posthumous title of "Zhen");

Yan Mo of the 26th generation (Jingbo, Western Jin Dynasty Ruyin Taishou);

Twenty seventh generation Yan Han (The word "Chongdu" was awarded the title of Xiping County Hou, 93 years old. Posthumous title: Jing);

Twenty eight generations of Yan Feng (with the word "Jun Dao" and "Yan Hanzi"), Yan Qian, and Yan Yue (all Yan Hanzi);

Yan Xuan (the son of Yan Chuan), Yan Xian, and Yan Yue of the 29th generation, once served as Escort Sima;

Yan Jingzhi (Mao Zong, Yan Youzi) Yan Yanzhi (Yannian, Yan Xianzi);

Yan Tengzhi (the son of Yan Jing) of the 31st generation Yan Jun (Shi Xun, the eldest son of Yan Yan) Facial examination (Yan Jundi) Yan Shibo (Long and deep, Junzu brother);

Yan Bingzhi of the 32nd generation (named Shubao, son of Yan Teng);

Thirty three generations Yan Jianyuan (son of Yan Bing);

Thirty fourth generation Yan Xie (word sum);

Thirty five Dynasties Yan Zhiyi (Zisheng) Yan Zhitui (Zijie, the third son of Yan Xie);

36th generation Yan Silu (Kong Gui), Yan Minchu Yan Youqin (The words are correct);

Thirty seventh generation Yan Shigu (face) A good face (Rui, Shi Gudi) Yan Qinli (respectfully);

Yan Chengting (bold), Yan Yangting, Yan Guangting of the 38th generation（ Yan Shigu Sub);

Yan Shangbin of the 39th generation Yan Qinli living Yan Zhaofu (Zhou Qing), Yan Jingzhong, Yan Qishu, Yan Wuxiu, Yan Shaolian, Yan Wuzi, Yan Biqiang;

Forty generations Yan Yuansun (Yu Xiu, Yan Zhaofuzi) Yan Weizhen (Zi Shujian, Yan Zhaofuzi);

Forty one generation Yan Tao Yan Chunqing , Yan Yaoqing（ Yan Yuan Grandson) Yan Gaoqing (Yan Yuan's grandson), Yan Xuqing, Yan Maozeng, Yan Weizhen begets Yan Queyi Yan Yunnan Yan Qiaoqing, Yan Zhenchang Yan Youyu 、 Yan Yunzang 、 learned scholar (with a clear character);

Yan Chuanzhi of the 42nd generation Yan Jiming (Yan Gaoqingzi), Yan Jing (Yan Zhenqingzi), Yan Yong (Yan Zhenqing nephew);

Yan Wen of the 43rd generation;

Yan Junzuo and Yan Junya of the forty fourth generation;

Yan Wenwei, Yan Wenyun and Yan Wenduo of the 45th generation;

Yan Chenghu, Yan She and Yan Jie of the 46th generation;

Yan Zhongchang and Yan Tamarik of the 47th generation;

48 generations Yan Taichu , the words are mellow and facial;

Forty nine generations Yan Fu , the word is long, Yan Ji;

Yan Chang of 50 generations;

51 generation Yan Qing;

Fifty second generation face price;

Fifty three generation Yan Shun;

Fifty fourth generation Yan Bao;

Yan Chun of the fifty fifth generation;

The talent of Yan in the fifty-six generations, with the words of art, beauty and virtue;

Fifty seven generations of Yan Huan, Yan Xiang, Yan Chi, with the word Deyu;

The fifty-eight generations of Yan Quan, the word Ke Ying;

59 Yan Xiren, Shiyuan, Yan Xihui;

Sixty generations of Yan Yi, the word "Bo";

Yan Gonghong of the sixty-first generation, with the name of Zongqi, inherited in the eighteenth year of Chenghua;

Yan Chongde of the sixty-two dynasties followed Zhengde in the second year;

Sixty three generation facial makeup Ancestor He is the eldest son of Yan Chongli;

Yan Sishen of the sixty-four generation, Word usage Xiu, the eldest son Yan Yinzong died first;

Yan Yinzong of the sixty-five dynasties was named Yongchang, Yan Yinzuo, Yongxi, and inherited in the seventeenth year of Wanli;

Yan Bozhen of the sixty-six generation, named Shujie, the son of Yan Yinzong, inherited in the twenty seventh year of Wanli, his younger brother Yan Bolian, named Shuqing, and inherited in the thirty fourth year of Wanli;

Yan Guanglu of the sixty-seven generation, with the word Zongdan;

Yan Shaotong of the sixty-eight dynasties, known as Jingzong, Yan Shaoxu and Zhenzong, was inherited in the fourteenth year of Chongzhen;

Sixty nine Yan Maoheng, whose character is jade, inherited in the fifth year of Kangxi;

Yan Chongwen of the Seventy Dynasties did not die of an illness. He was the successor of the Empress Wu and Yan Chongfu, who had the character of "South". He was the successor of the Emperor Kangxi in the forty first year of his reign;

Seventy one generation of Yan Huaili, with the words of Zizhen, died early, Yan Huaiyu, with the words of Tong;

In the seventy-two generations, Yan Shicai was named Qingtian;

Yan Xigu of the seventy-three generations, with the word Gongchun and Yan Shizhuang The eldest son was born in the 36th year of Qianlong's reign;

In the seventy-four generation, Yan Zhengu, who had the character of "Kai Yu", died early without children, and Yan Xingxing, who was attacked in the 19th year of Jiaqing;

Seventy five generations of Yan Chengzhi, with the word Boxian, was the second son of Yan Zhenqi and the heir of Yan Zhengu;

Yan Jingyu of the seventy-six dynasties, with the word Yangzhai, followed in the thirteenth year of Guangxu;

Seventy seven Dynasties Yan Shiyong , word crown sound, inherited from Fu Shengyanzi in 1918 inheritable government post in charge of sacrificial ceremonies , died in 1975. Five sons born: Yan Tinghan, Yan Tingwei Yan Tingchao Yan Tingcheng Yan Tinggan ；

Yan Tinghan of the seventy-eight generation, the eldest son of Yan Shiyong, was born in 1940 and died in 1972. Have a child Yan Binggang ；

Seventy nine dynasties Yan Binggang , son of Yan Tinghan, born in 1965. Born to Yan Peizhi;

Eighty generation Yan Peizhi, son of Yan Binggang, was born in 1996.^[4]