A book that arranges Chinese characters according to their sounds
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By pronunciationRhymingA book arranged.This kind of book is mainly for distinguishing and specifying the correct pronunciation of charactersPhonologyScope of materials.At the same time, it has the explanation of the meaning of the words and the record of the font, and can also play the role of a dictionary.[1]
The increase in the number of words,rules governing the rhythm of wordsOn the widespread implementation of the method of anti tangent phonetic notation in the creation of literati, and theSui and Tang DynastiesThe strict requirements for the imperial examination to write poems and fu during the period were the conditions for the occurrence of rhyme script.After the Han and Wei Dynasties, the seal script and ancient script became official script and cursive script, and the shape changed greatlyphonetic element in a Chinese characterGradually, the pronunciation of words cannot be accurately expressed, so there is no certain standard for the correct pronunciation of words. Not only is it difficult to write rhymes, but also there are many obstacles in people's social communication.This requires the appearance of rhyme books that stipulate the correct pronunciation of characters.Perhaps influenced by the translation of Sanskrit Buddhist scriptures, the use of inverted tangent to mark the pronunciation of characters emerged between the Han and Wei dynasties, and gradually became popular.
In the Six Dynasties, the phenomenon of four tones was discovered, which attracted the attention of scholars, and literary creation was particularly particular about rhythm.All these have prepared the conditions for the emergence and prevalence of rhyme books.However, most of the rhyme books in the Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties were written according to the dialect. It was not until the Sui Dynasty unified the Southern and Northern Dynasties that the rhyme books adapted to the needs of political unification at that time and were convenient for people everywhere to use《rhyme classification of characters》。Since then, there have been "official rhymes" in the Tang, Song, Ming and Qing dynasties.The purpose is to provide a standard pronunciation for the scholars all over the country to read and write poems.
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According to literature records, the earliest rhyme script in China was in the Three Kingdoms PeriodLi DengEditorial《Sound category》Yunji, compiled by Lu Jing of the Jin Dynasty.But these two books have long been lost.Tang dynastyTo seal a performanceAccording to the Records of Smell and Sight, the Sound Category is "the five tones are used to designate the characters, and there are no divisions".《Wei Shu·According to Jiang Shizhuan, Yunji is“notes of the ancient pentatonic scaleOne for each ".What is the relationship between the "five tones" or "gong dang shang jiao ju é zheng zh dang yu (y dang)" and the voice, rhyme and tune of later generations, and whether the system types of the two books are similar to the rhyme books of later generations, can not be deeply examined.According to《Yan Family Instructions·Yinci says that "since Zijue, rhymes have sprung up, each has its own local style, and each has its own smile." It is certain that the Six Dynasties was a period of great development of rhyme books, and many rhyme books appeared.
rhyme classification of characters
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《rhyme classification of characters》The rhyme of the Sui DynastyLu FayanQieyun is the inheritance and summary of the rhyme books of the previous generation, the basis of the evolution of the traditional rhyme books of later generations, and the epoch-making writing in the history of rhyme books.The original book has not been handed down.Only fragments of the original book (biographical version) of Qieyun, a copy of the Tang Dynasty, unearthed in Dunhuang, can be seenAddendum(SeeQieyun）。
Tang rhyme
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This is《rhyme classification of characters》An addendum to.Tang dynastySun LeiYes, abouttang xunzongTwenty years after Kaiyuan (732).Because it is named《Tang rhyme》, was dedicated to the imperial court, so although it is a private book, it has the nature of an official book, which is earlier thanWang Renxu《To publish fallacies to fill gaps and rhyme》It is also more famous.《Dongzhai Chronicles》He said, "Since Sun Lei collected Tang Yun, all the books have been abolished." But the original book no longer exists.According to the Qing DynastyBian Yongyu《A Study of Calligraphy and Painting in the Ancient Style Hall》Tang rhyme recorded in the years of Tang YuanheCopybookOfPrefaceAnd the record of the number of rhymes in each volume. The book has 5 volumes, with 195 rhymes in total. It is the same as Wang Renxu's Qieyun, and the two tones of up and down are both comparedLu FayanQieyun has more rhymes.However, from the preface of Tang Yun recorded by Bian YongyuReceiving words、Additive characterIt doesn't seem to be based on Wang Renxu's Qieyun.The explanation of the meaning of words in Tang Yun is not only dense, but also has provenance and evidence. It also pays great attention to the side of the font, which makes the rhyme book more dictionary like.This is one of the reasons why Tang Yun is paid more attention.
edition
《Tang rhyme》There is another kind, the late Qing Dynasty (1908)Wuxian CountyThe fragments of Tang Yun, a Tang manuscript obtained by Jiang Fu in Beijing.Only Qusheng (with missing)the entering toneTwo volumes.Wang GuoweiI think this fragment of Tang Yun is《Song rhyming dictionary》In the beginning of the volumeSun LeiIn the later part of Tang Yun Xu, Sun Lei said that in the tenth year of Tianbao (751)KaiyuanTang Yun, written inRevision。Although many other scholars disagree with Wang Guowei's view, others believe that the fragments of Tang Yun collected by Jiang Fu are an updated version of Sun Lei's Tang Yunbe published in book formIt may be later than the Tianbao period of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty.
This fragment of "Tang Yun" has 59 rhymes《rhyme classification of characters》Qusheng has three more rhymes;The entering tone has 34 rhymes, two more than the entering tone in Qieyun.According to this situation, the correspondingFlat voice, Shangsheng,RhymingIt should also increase.The whole book may have 204 rhymes.This is very close to the number of rhymes in Guangyun.《Tang rhyme》The number of small rhymes is alsoWang RenxuQieyun has increased.However, the total number of words received may be less than that of Wang Yun, and the notes are very detailed,CitationMany, especially in the official system, place names, people's names and surnames.
There was also a Li Zhou in the Tang Dynasty《rhyme classification of characters》, it is receiving the positive sound of the "bang" sound and the "m" soundcategory of words sharing the same finalAndEntering rhymeThere are some characteristics in the cooperation of the Department of Peace and the Department of ShangshangRhymeThe arrangement of is influential.But the original book has long been lost.
Guangyun has 5 volumes, 206 rhymes, includingFlat voice57 rhyme（Upward flat tone28 rhymes,Downtone29 rhymes), Shangsheng 55 rhymes, Qusheng 60 rhymes,the entering tone34 rhymes.Every tonecategory of words sharing the same finalIt has a certain collocation relationship with the corresponding rhymes in other tones.Entering rhymeOnly nasal soundsRhyme tailOfMasculine rhymeMatchYin rhymeto match up.In this way, in principle, every positive rhyme part has four matching tones.Each Yin rhyme part has three tones matching the flat up tone.The phonology is relatively clear.
In the rhyme books of Tang and Song Dynasties, tones are part of rhyme, and different tones are different rhymes.If four tones or three tones are classified into one category regardless of the different tones (there are four rhymes and only one tone of Qusheng)《Song rhyming dictionary》206 rhymes have only 61 types.If there is differencesoundIn addition, or according to the pronunciation of each rhymebroad soundTonelessdifferentWaiting for callAnalysis, so that each rhyme has only one call, then the number of rhymes in Guangyun can be divided more.
characteristic
There are some rhymes with the words "used alone" or "used together" with a rhyme under the rhyme of each volume of Guangyun.This has much to do with the study of the phonology of Guangyun, the actual pronunciation of Tang and Song dynasties, and the later merging of rhymes in rhyme books.fromWang RenxuOf《To publish fallacies to fill gaps and rhyme》Start, and arriveSun LeiOf《Tang rhyme》With more annotations and citations, rhyme books have the nature of dictionaries.Here we are《Song rhyming dictionary》This system has been finalized.Guangyun can also be said to be a homophone dictionary arranged according to rhyme.
《Song rhyming dictionary》The number of words in the rhyme book is much more than that in the previous rhyme book.According to the record at the beginning of its volume, 26194 words were received and 191692 words were annotated.Shao Guangzu of the Ming Dynasty《rhyme classification of charactersAccording to "Guangyun", there are 25000 and 300 characters, including Qieyun (meaningAntitangent）It is 3890 wen.There are 3890 small rhymes.According to statistics, there are actually more than 3700 small rhymes in Guangyun.In a word, the number of rhymes, small rhymes and characters in Guangyun has increased compared with the previous rhyme books.This is very natural. The name of "Guangyun" originally means to enrich the rhyme books of Sui and Tang dynasties (see "Guangyun").
Alliteration
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Song RenzongJingyouFour years (1037), namely《Song rhyming dictionary》31 years after its promulgation,Song Qi、Zheng JianWritten a letter to the emperor criticizing the use of old prose in Guangyun, saying that "the province is too complicated and there are mistakes in the scientific examination"（Li TaoShuowen Jiezi Pentaphone Narration).meanwhile,Jia ChangchaoI also wrote a letter of criticismSong ZhenzongJingdeYunlue compiled inMixed sound、reduplicative, misused by others "（Wang Yinglin《Yuhai》）。Song Renzong's OrderDingduThe two rhyme books were revised by others.《Alliteration》It was completed in the second year of Renzongbaoyuan (1039).
difference
The number of rhymes in Jiyun is the same as that in Guangyun.Only words for rhyme, some rhyme order and notes below rhymeSame asThe exclusive provisions are slightly different.In the early Tang Dynasty,Xu JingzongAnd others have asked for approval《rhyme classification of characters》The narrow rhyme is close to the soundpara-rhyme Used in combination.In the early years of Song Jingyou,Jia ChangchaoPlease also play "Three out of ten narrow rhymes are universal to scholars" (Jade Sea).The unique and general provisions and《Song rhyming dictionary》The difference may be that it was revised according to Jia Changchao's suggestion.RumingNeifubenThe Wenyun of Guangyun is "used alone", and the Wenyun of Jiyun is "connected with Xintong".coverYuantaiFixed costThe kiss rhyme in Guangyun is "used alone", and the kiss rhyme in Jiyun is "connected with concealment"."Guangyun" asks rhyme and makes a bet of "exclusive use"《Alliteration》Ask rhyme to place a bet on "Tongyu".In Guangyun, the material rhyme is "used alone", and in Jiyun, the non rhyme is "connected with the present".All of them illustrate this situation.There are also many words, "Jiyun" and "Guangyun" are not included in the same rhyme department, such as "reason", "Guangyun" in the true rhyme, "Jiyun" in Zhunyun;"Duo", "Guangyun" in the rhyme, "Jiyun" in the rhyme, etc.In addition, the wordHomophony, Jiyun is much more than Guangyun.
But Jiyun and《Song rhyming dictionary》The main difference lies in the fact that Jiyun has a large number of characters, especially variant characters.No matter how many different ways a word is written, whether it is in regular script orAncient body, or bodynon-standard Chinese characters, as long as there is some evidence, we will accept it.There are eight or nine ways to write some characters.Jiyun has a total of 53525 words, 27331 more than Guangyun.The disadvantage is that the source of the words is not explained, but the words are《Analytical Dictionary of Characters》Is based on,AntitangentMultiple acquisition《Classic exegesis》，《Alliteration》This rhyme book is also a better oneCalligraphy。
libu yunlue
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《libu yunlue 》And《Alliteration》In the fourth year of Jingyou (1037) of Emperor Renzong of Song DynastyDingduAnd others were ordered to write it.Jiyun was written two years later, and the Ritual Rhyme was completed in the fourth year of Jingyou.This book is a revision of Yun Lue by Jingde, Emperor Zhenzong of Song Dynasty.Because it pays attention to the commonly used test takers in terms of word acceptance and word annotation《Song rhyming dictionary》"Jiyun" is brief, so it is called "Yunlue".And because it was the official rhyme jointly observed by the examiners and the examinees at that time, and the official rhyme has been issued by the Ministry of Rites in charge of examinations since the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, so it is called "Rite Rhyme Strategy".
Only 9590 words are included in the Rite Rhyme, which is still 206 words.Although the book attracted attention at that timePhonologyThere is really no value in research.However, like Jiyun, the stipulation of "exclusive and universal" noted below the rhyme has been changed from《Song rhyming dictionary》The difference between the two later rhymescategory of words sharing the same finalThe combination of rhymes and the reduction of the number of rhymes are very influential.
be lost
《libu yunlue 》The original of does not exist.Only visible《A Brief Account of the Ritual Rhymes in Interpretations》(5 volumes).There is no author's name in this book. There are two prefaces in front of the book.Chapter One is SouthSong LizongIn the third year of Shaoding (1230), Yuan Wenxuan's preface ("Yuan" or "Yu" by mistake), the second chapter is the Song LizongJingdingIn the fifth year (1264), Guo Shouzheng, a Ziyun Mountain resident, was on the first day of the first year.Both prefaces refer to Ouyang Delong's book "Rhythm and Interpretation of Doubts", about which the book "Notes on Ritual Rhythm and Interpretation of Doubts" includes the "notes" of "Rhythm and Interpretation of Doubts".The notes under each word in the book are "official notes", that is, the traditional general explanation, followed by "mutual notes", which is roughly an accommodation or supplement to official notes.The middle is separated by a bracketed word "Shi".Rhyme Part Middle UpperFlat voiceThe word "Huan" of 36 Huan was revised when it was republished in the Southern Song Dynasty.
Overhaul
Another part that can be seen《libu yunlue 》This is the Southern Song DynastyMao HuangAdd the note, his sonMao JuzhengCollated and multiplied《Revised the rhyme of the ritual part of mutual annotation》(5 volumes), called Zengyun for short.This book was published inSong GaozongIn the 32nd year of Shaoxing (1162), Biao Jin wrote a book about that time.This wasMao'sIt has 2655 words, 1691 words (the style of "Ritual Rhyme": if a word has a different style and sound, there is an ink circle around it as a mark, called a circle word), and 485 words are revised.Mao Juzheng added 1402 words after collation.The book Zengyun was not printed in Qing Dynasty, and it is hard to see now.
Jin DynastyHan DaozhaoWork.Han Daozhao, with the word Bohui, is a real Songshui person.According to the first preface of "The Reissue of Zhiyuan Gengyin and the Five syllable Rhyme Collection", the time of making the preface is“ChongqingIn the first year of the year, Ren Shen grew to the day ", that isJin WeishaowangIs equivalent to 1212, compared withLiu Yuan"Renzi New Ritual Rhyme" was published 40 years earlier.The situation of this book can be divided into three points: ① The whole book has 160 rhymes, 46 less rhymes than Guangyun, and 53 more rhymes than Renzi New Ritual Rhymes.Flat voice44 rhymes in total, 43 rhymes in Shangsheng, 47 rhymes in Qusheng,the entering tone26 Rhyme.fromcategory of words sharing the same finalIt does not comply with the general and exclusive regulations of the Tang and Song people under the rhyme of the rhyme book.After merging ratio《Song rhyming dictionary》The reduced 46 rhymes are recorded separately after each rhyme purpose, and marked with a circle. ②Every rhyme in the old rhyme book is differentPhonetic characterThere are no rules for the arrangement of.It is inconvenient to use.
This book is based onThirty-six lettersArrange in the order of groupEnd group、Know group, help groupNon group、Spermatid, photo group, Xiao group, box groupShadow group, Yu Group, Lai Group, and Ri Group.As the preface says, "The first thing is to see the vowel sound, and the last word is the word of tomorrow." This is to indicate the sound category. Every rhyme word knows what it belongs toinitials。Words of each sound category, if anyOpening and closingThe difference of mouth shall be arranged separately, and the order shall be indicated.This is a great reform in the editing style of rhyme books.The so-called《Pentatonic rhyme》The "five tones" in Chinese roughly refer to the throat, teeth, tongue, teeth and lips. ③According to the second preface of "The Reissue of Zhiyuan Gengyin and the Five syllable Rhyme Collection", this book has a total of 53525 words, with 27330 words added;The annotation is 335840 words, and 144148 words are added."Wuyin Jiyun" was not reprinted in the Qing Dynasty. Now there are only a few Yuan and Ming editions, which are not easy to see.
Ancient and modern rhyme meeting
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Huang GongshaoBefore the 29th year of the Zhiyuan era (1292) of the Emperor Shizu of the Yuan Dynasty, he compiled a book called Ancient and ModernYunhui》, referred to as "Yunhui" for short.This is a book that quotes many allusions and attaches great importance to exegesis.Huang Gongshao's fellow villagerother people's homesXiong Zhongchi, who has sat in the museum, said that the annotation of "Yunhui" is too complicatedYuan ChengzongCompiled in Dingyou (1297), the first year of Dade《Summary of ancient and modern rhyme meeting》(Figure 2).Ratio《Rhythm of Ritual in Renzi New Publication》In the late 45 years, there were 107 rhymes, totally according toLiu YuanMerge《libu yunlue 》Method.Like and later popularPoetic rhymeIn comparison, there is a more lifesaving charm.
explain
But there are three points worth noting in this book.
① This book“Rhyme example”Zhong said: "There is no order in the old rhymes, but now each rhyme is divided into two partsthe seven groups of initials",", ",", ",", ",", ",", ",", ",", ",", ",", ",", ",", ",", ",", ",", ",", ",", ",", ",", ",", ",", ","In fact, the 36 letters from "see" to "day" are not clearly noted in the book, but the seven notes are detailed: horn, symbol, palace, merchant, feather, half merchant and half merchant.The book also does not indicate the fourth grade of pronunciation.Therefore, the book notes each rhymeSound category, and《Pentatonic rhyme》The style of sound class is basically the same, but the division and labeling of sound class are different.
② Although this book appears to be Liu YuanFlat water rhymeOfRhymeBut there is a new rhyme hidden inside.It may reflect theNorthern Mandarin 。“Rhyme example”Says: "The old rhyme contains a textual research《the seven groups of initials》The words with one rhyme are divided into several rhymes, and the words with several rhymes are combined into one rhyme.Today's rhymes are grouped according to the rhymes in Seven Tones, and the note goes, "Seven Tones" has been put on the recordAlphabetic rhyme’。”The author Yu Dongyun gave an example under the word "close": "andRudongThe eastern part of the rhyme is the same sound, and the bow is the same sound. The two rhymes are mixed into one rhyme;The rhyme of winter is the same as that of Gongdong, and the rhyme of gong gong is the same as that of gong dang. This rhyme can be divided into two rhymes. "The so-called "old rhyme" here refers to the traditionalcategory of words sharing the same final, indicating that "it belongs to a certain letter rhyme" is the sound system that the author thinks is in line with the reality.For example, the words "already belongs to the public letter rhyme" are added after the words of Dongyun Ligong, Dongyun, Tongkong, Tongpeng, etc., and the words "already belongs to the bow letter rhyme" are added after the words of Dongyun Ligong, Qiong, Qiong, Chong, Rong, Long, Rong, etc;After the words "Xiong" and "Xiong" in the eastern rhyme, it is noted that "it belongs to the male alphabet rhyme"."Gong, Gong and Xiong" are the vowel characters selected by the author.This "certain letter rhyme",Flat rhymeThere are 67,Entering rhymeThere are 29.The actual phonetic meaning of this "letter rhyme" is worth studying.
③ In the entering tone rhyme, the boundaries of p, t and k have been broken.Old Ru Sheng YunRhyme tail, is very certain.In this book, there are three different rhymes according to the old rhymescategory of words sharing the same finalBut they often belong to the same "letter rhyme".This is also noteworthy.The publication of this book contains "The Ritual Rhyme of Seven Tones and Thirty six Mother"General examination》It is mentioned in the book that "the rhyme book started in Jiangzuo, originallyWu YinToday, the rhyme words in the rhyme finals of Seven Tones are generally examined in the order ofstandard pronunciationNo disharmonious leaf.It seems that the "letter rhyme" in this book reflects the "elegant sound" at that time, that is, the generalmandarinReading pronunciationOf.In addition, many variant characters in ancient books can also be distinguished from the quotations annotated in this bookInterchangeable characters, according to whichCollateThere are some mistakes in quotation in books.This is also noteworthy.
Central Plains Phonology
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The writer is from the Yuan DynastyZhou Deqing。Only 5876 words (5877 words for Yishuo) were received.It is printed together with music rules, music scores and other books, and there are not many single books.The better ones are iron zither and copper sword floor, Xiao Yu spectrum and Na An.
Poetic rhyme
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《Peiwen's poetic charm》It is an authoritative official book in the Qing Dynasty. Scholars must abide by this standard rhyme book when they enter the examination room to write poems for examination《libu yunlue 》The effect is similar.The rhyme of this book is divided into four tones（Flat voiceThere are 106 rhymes.These rhymes were originallySouthern Song DynastyWhen the Song and Jin people cut down the inherited.Because in the past, it was generally believed that it was from Jiangbei to PingshuiLiu YuanThe book "Renzi New Book of Ritual Rhyme" started with 107 rhymes, so the later rhymes of 107 rhymes or 106 rhymes are calledFlat water rhymeThat is to say, those who have written the old style seven character and five character poems for a long time are regarded as the "rhyme of poetry" with golden rules.
Kangxi《Peiwen's poetic charm》It's about that big dictionary《Peiwenyun Mansion》The single word version or abridged version of the book was edited from the 43rd year (1704) to the 55th year (1716) of the reign of Emperor Kangxi.A total of 10235 words were received.In every rhymefrequently-used characterFirst,Rare characterIn the back row, and every word is addedAntitangent, which makes rhyme books always be dominated by small rhymesHomophoneOur good style has been broken.It is very inconvenient to use, and has no research value except for the information that the poet can hunt.So although Peiwen Poetry Rhyme is very popularPhonologyBut he has no status.
New edition
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With the rise and development of Yuan Opera, the Yuan Dynasty had a rhyme to meet the needs of Beiqu.Yuan dynastyTaidingWritten by Zhou Deqing in the first year (1324)《Central Plains Phonology》It is based on the rhyming characters in many famous operas of the Yuan Dynasty, and it is also used to guide composition, rhyme and tonerules governing the rhythm of wordsOf.In his Preface, Zhou Deqing called the tune "Yuefu" and said, "If you want to be a Yuefu, you must correct your words. If you want to correct your words, you must follow the sounds of the Central Plains."Explicit signThe idea of using Zhongyuan pronunciation as the standard for writing rhyme books is a major reform of the traditional rhyme book writing principles (see"Central Plains Rhythm" sound）。
Hong Wu Zhengyun
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yesEmperor Taizu of the Ming DynastyThe eighth year of Hongwu (1375)Le Shaofeng、Song LianIt was an official rhyme compiled by 11 people.16 volumes in total.From the point of view of the native place of the editors, most of them are southerners, but Song Lian's preface says《Hong Wu Zhengyun》"First, the Central Plainsstandard pronunciationIs determined ".Criticism in preface《libu yunlue 》The rhyme part of "has a unique and universal use, such as the East Winter Qingqing, and a rhyme that can be divided into two rhymes, such as Yumo Mazhu".According to the so-called "Central Plains Elegant Sounds", they combined and analyzed the old rhymes, and got 22 parts each of Ping, Shang and Qusheng,the entering tone10, 76 in total.《Hong Wu Zhengyun》It is different fromLiu YuanPeople just take the whole thingcategory of words sharing the same finalCombine them together, but re classify each word.This method and《Central Plains Phonology》The same;However, there are many differences between "He" and "Zhongyuan Yinyun".Hongwu Zhengyun is based on the elegant sounds of the Central Plains, and it is a reflection of the old rhymesAntitangentIt cannot be left unchanged.
According to Liu Wenjin's research《Hong Wu Zhengyun》There are 31 types of buttons (Liu Wenjin's "A Study of Hong Wuzheng's Rhymes and Sounds",Institute of History and Language, Academia Sinica3 volumes and 2 points).Qingniu、Turbid knobThe boundaries are clear.This raises a problem: according to the pronunciation of the Central Plains, it was 51 years earlier than Hong Wu Zhengyun《Central Plains Phonology》Only Yin and Yang, regardless of clarity and turbidity, are divided into three tones;Why is it that after 51 years, Hong Wu Zhengyun hasDullnessWhere is Rusheng?This reflects that Hongwu Zhengyun not only attaches importance to the actual pronunciation of the Central Plains, but also《Central Plains Phonology》ForStandard toneIn consideration of the fact that southerners still have Ru Sheng in their reading and speaking, they restored Ru Sheng and did not adoptZhou DeqingSend three voicesMethods.
Luo ChangpeiIt is believed that around the 14th century, there were two parallel pronunciation systems in the north: "one represents mandarin, one represents dialect, and the other isReading pronunciationOne is the voice "(On Longguofu's Basiba Characters and Ancient Mandarin《Chinese》December 1959).《Central Plains Phonology》It reflects the dialect, that is, the voice《Hong Wu Zhengyun》It reflects the pronunciation of Mandarin, so there areSameDifferent.Hong Wu Zheng Yun was repeatedly reprinted in the Ming Dynasty, which had a great impact;However, the Qing Dynasty despised this book and did not reprint it.Although there are political reasons for this, it has something to do with its mix of northern and southern sounds.
