Phoneme（phoneme）, is the smallest phonetic unit that can distinguish meanings in a human language, isPhonologyBasic concepts of analysis.Each language has its own set ofPhoneme system。
Chinese name
Phoneme
Foreign name
Phoneme
Meaning
DistinguishablesemanticsThe smallest phonetic unit of
Phoneme（phoneme）It is a unit that can express semantics in a language.According to the definition of the International Phonetic Association,PhonemeIt is "a group of related sounds without distinction in a language".It is the smallest phonetic unit that can distinguish meanings in a specific language or dialect.Published in recent yearsPeking UniversityYe Feiming、Xu TongqiangWritten by《Linguistic Outline》It points out that "phoneme is the smallest phonetic unit that has the function of phonetic form of distinguishing words in a specific language".
Phoneme is not an actualphoneme。A phoneme can have several different pronunciations, but language users psychologically believe that these pronunciations are the same, and may not even be aware of differences in pronunciation.The different sounds in this phoneme are calledAllophoneorPhonemic variant。Phonemes can be regarded as a group of related sounds. However, in order to describe a phoneme conveniently, the most important sound in this group is usually selectedRepresentativenessTo address the whole family.For example, in English, the "l" pronunciation of lip and bell is different. The former isGingival sidetone[l] , the latter isSoft palatalized gingival sidetone[ɫ], however, this is only the phonetic change of l in different locations and in different environments, so these two sounds are regarded as the same phoneme/l/.
Distinctive meaning
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The key point of phoneme definition is to distinguish meanings, such as: [ts], [ts ʰ], [s], [ʈ], [ʈ], [ʂ] (this isinternational phonetic alphabet, corresponding to the Chinese pinyin of z, c, s, zh, ch, sh) are two different groups of phonemes in Putonghua and the same group of phonemes in many southern dialects-[n] , - [l] are different phonemes in Mandarin, and many dialects in the south are the same phoneme;[p] , [t], [k], [p ʰ], [t ʰ], [k ʰ] (Chinese pinyin: b, d, g, p, t, k) are two different groups of phonemes in Chinese, and the same group of phonemes in English and Portuguese.There is no difference between aspirated and unaspirated English consonants, and aspirated is the standard sound;There is no difference in meaning between aspirated and unaspirated Portuguese consonants, and unaspirated is the standard sound.Chinese "Ba/Pi", "Answer/He" and "Gai/Kai" have totally different meanings, while English and Portuguese cannot be distinguished.Language is semantic, so phoneme is very important.
Phonemic method
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The method of analyzing phonemes is to select the appropriate words (ormorpheme）, continuously replace a certain sound in the pronunciation of this word to see if it can form the pronunciation of other words.If it can be formed, it means that these substituted sounds haveDistinguishing wordsThey are opposite to each other and can give them a phoneme.For example, if we select the Chinese word "Pi" [pi ʰ u] and replace [p] with [p ʰ], [t], [t ʰ] respectively, we can conclude that [p ʰ iau] (Piao), [tiau] (Diao), [t ʰ iau] (Tiao)... This replacement shows that the phonetic forms of the words "Pi, Piao, Diao, Tiao" depend on [p] [p ʰ] [t] [t ʰ] to distinguish. We should give these fourphonemeStand four phonemes and write them as/p/p ʰ/t/t/t ʰ/.
Phonemes are different in different languages.For example, in Chinese, different tones represent different meanings and are a kind of phoneme;Tones in English and French only express feelings, and the same word has the same meaning when it is issued in different tones, so tones are not phonemes in English and French.In the same way, stress is phoneme in English, but not in Chinese and French.UnaspiratedClear consonantAnd correspondingVoiced consonantDifferent phonemes in French;In Mandarin, the meaning is the same, so it is not phoneme.[n] And [l] in ChineseStandard toneChinese is a different phoneme, but it is the same in Hunan dialect.The pronunciation of "four" and "ten" are different phonemes in Chinese standard pronunciation, but the same in Northeast dialect. Northeasters distinguish "four" and "ten" by different tones, so their pronunciation is not phoneme in Northeast dialect/L/and/r/are different phonemes in Chinese, English and French, but the same phoneme in Japanese, and so on.
A phoneme contains some different sounds, which are variations of phoneme.For example:mandarinIn the middle, the pronunciation of "three" is/san/, which is a standard pronunciation and a "typical" phoneme;If it is aLarge tongueHis pronunciation may be [θ an] (the same phoneme as th in English).Therefore, there are two variants of Putonghua phoneme/s/(also called“Allophone”）: [s] and [θ].
conditional variant: Appears under certain conditions. For example,/a/has four variants, which appear under different conditions.
Free variant: Unconditional variations, such asCantoneseYangping unconditionally becomes the second word of Macao, Garden, etc.
mandarin"Three" [san] is said to be [θ an].[s]、[θ]（Interdental sound）No distinction, it does not play a role in distinguishing meanings in Putonghua and belongs to the same phoneme;In English, [s] and [θ] can distinguish meanings,sing(singing)thing(things) have different meanings, so they belong to two phonemes.Complementary distribution means that nails never appear in this environment, but B can appear. There is no conflict between the two. For example, [u] never appears after [j], [q], [x], but [U] always appears after [j], [q], [x]. The two do not conflict, so [u] can replace [U] under this condition.
Phonemic representation
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PhonemeRepresentation: A phoneme is indicated by two slash//.For example, Mandarin/n/and/l/are two different phonemes,Cantonese[l] And [n] belong to the same phoneme, and [n] is/l/Phonemic variant。 Mandarin has consonant phoneme, vowel phoneme andpitch phoneme 。Abbreviation of tone phoneme“Alignment”For example, the tones of Putonghua's four tones are/1/,/2/,/3/,/4/, or/55/,/35/,/214/,/51/.We say that the modulation of Qusheng is/4/or/51/, which is typical of Qusheng modulation,Half offThe modulation value [53] of is a variant of the modulation of/4/or/51/.
mandarinThe vowel phoneme, consonant phoneme and tone phoneme of "Li" are sorted out according to the phoneme theory.For example, there are more than four tones in Putonghua. In addition to yin and yang rising, there are half rising tone, half falling toneSoft voiceEtc.There are several tones of neutral tone, but according to phoneme theory, so many different tones are produced under certain conditions: half tone is in front of another tone;The tone value of neutral tone is changed according to the previous syllable. They all belong to“conditional variant”。
