mould

[méi jūn]

A general term for fungi with branching hyphae

open 2 entries with the same name

Collection

zero Useful+1

zero

Mold is a general term for some filamentous fungi, not a taxonomic term^[4] 。 The characteristics of mold are Mycelium Relatively developed, no larger Child Entity 。 Like other fungi cell wall , parasitic or saprophytic. Some molds transform food into Toxic Substances Some may produce toxins in food, namely Mycotoxin 。 Since the discovery Aflatoxin Since then, more and more attention has been paid to the contamination of food by mold and mycotoxin. yes human health It causes great harm, mainly manifested as chronic poisoning, carcinogenesis, teratogenesis Mutagenicity^[1] 。

Chinese name: mould
Foreign name: mold/mould

Alias: fungus
Width: 2-10 μ m
Basic unit: mycelium

catalog

form

Announce

edit

Mycotic Basic unit It is called hyphae, which are long tubes with a width of 2-10 microns and can grow and branch from the front. No septum or septum, with 1 to more nucleus 。 cell wall It is divided into three layers: the outer amorphous β - glucan is 87 nm; The middle layer is glycoprotein ， protein Network middle filling glucan 49nm； The inner layer is chitin Microfiber, mixed with amorphous protein: 20nm. When growing on a solid substrate, some hyphae go deep into the substrate to absorb nutrients, called substrate hyphae or Vegetative hyphae ； A scale stretching into the air Aerial hyphae It can further develop into reproductive hyphae and produce spores. A large number of hyphae interweave into villous, flocculent or reticular, which is called Mycelium 。 The mycelium is usually white, brown, gray, or bright color colony of bacteria Mucor is white hairy, penicillium is green, and yellow is aflatoxin Some can produce pigments to color the matrix. Mold propagates rapidly, often causing a large number of food and utensils to rot and deteriorate. However, many beneficial species have been widely used, and they are the first microorganisms used and recognized in human practice.

Molds are "moldy fungi". They can often form mycelium with luxuriant branches, but they are not like Mushroom That produces a large Child Entity 。 In humid and warm places, some grow on many articles. Villous, flocculent, or arachnoid colony of bacteria , that is mold. Its cell wall is mainly composed of chitin Streptomyces （ Actinomycetes ）Differentiation

Mould under microscope (4 sheets)

Characteristics of mold colony:

A、 Large shape, loose texture, dry appearance, Opaque , in a loose or tight shape.

B、 Colony and culture medium They are closely connected and difficult to pick. The color and structure of the front and back of the colony, as well as the color and structure of the edge and center, are often inconsistent.

C、 The mycelium of mold has the differentiation of vegetative mycelium and aerial mycelium, while the aerial mycelium does not Capillary water Therefore, their colonies must be associated with bacteria or yeast Different bacteria, similar Actinomycetes 。

Mycelium of mold. Constitutive mould Vegetative body The basic unit of is hyphae. Mycelium is a tubular filament, which looks like a transparent rubber tube when observed under a microscope. Its diameter is generally 3-10 microns, which is several to dozens times thicker than the cells of bacteria and actinomycetes. Hyphae can grow and produce branches. Hyphae of many branches interweave with each other, which is called mycelium.

According to whether there is a membrane in the mycelium, mold can be mycelium There are two types of hyphae: septum free hyphae and septum hyphae. The whole mycelium is a single cell, which contains multiple nuclei. This is Lower fungi The type of hypha. There is a septum in the septum hyphae. A section of hyphae separated by the septum is a cell. The mycelium is composed of many cells, and each cell has one or more nuclei. There are one or more pores on the diaphragm, which make the cytoplasm between cells and Nutrients Can communicate with each other. This is the hypha type of higher fungi.

To adapt to different environment condition And more effective intake of nutrients to meet Growth and development The hyphae of many molds can differentiate into some special forms and tissues. This specialized form is called Hyphal metamorphosis 。

Growing in Solid medium The fungal hyphae on can be divided into three parts: ① Vegetative hyphae : deep culture medium, hyphae that absorb nutrients; ② Aerial hyphae : hyphae growing into the air; ③ Reproductive hyphae: some aerial hyphae develop to a certain stage and differentiate into reproductive hyphae to produce spores.

Haustorium : by Obligate parasitism Mould such as Rust fungus , downy mildew and Powdery mildew Mycelial metamorphosis, which is the side branch produced from the mycelium, invades the cell and differentiates into root, finger, ball and bergamot for absorption Host cell Nutrition inside.

Rhizoid ： Rhizopus The root like structure differentiated from the contact between the mycelium of a fungus and the nutrient matrix has the function of fixing and absorbing nutrients.

Bacterial net and Bacterial ring : Some Predation Mycelium of mold metamorphosed into annular Or net, used to catch other small creatures such as Nematode 、 paramecium Etc.

Sclerotium: a dense tissue formed by a large number of hyphae Dormant , can resist adverse environmental conditions. Its outer tissue is hard and dark; The inner layer is loose and mostly white. Such as medicinal Poria cocos 、 Ergot They are sclerotia.

Child Entity : is composed of a large number of Aerial mycelium The fruiting body refers to any structure with a certain shape that can produce spores inside or on it. For example, there are three types of complex fruiting bodies that can produce sexual spores, called Obturator capsule , ascus shell and ascus disc.

Because the mycelium of mold is thick and long, the colony of mold is large. Some mold hyphae spread without limitation, and the colony can expand to the whole Petri dish Some species have certain limitations, with a diameter of 1-2 cm or less. The colony texture is generally looser than that of actinomycetes, and the appearance is dry and opaque, showing either tight or loose spider web, fluff or cotton wadding; Colony and culture medium Tight connection, not easy to pick; The color of the positive and negative sides and the edge of the colony are often inconsistent with the color of the center.

reproduction

Announce

edit

Mold has a strong ability to reproduce, and the way of reproduction is also diverse. Although any fragment of mold mycelium can develop into a new individual under suitable conditions, in nature, mold mainly depends on the production of various asexual or Sexual spore To reproduce. The spores are a bit like the seeds of plants, but the number is very large and small.

Mycotic Asexual spore Directly by Reproductive hyphae The common ones are Arthrospore 、 Chlamydospore 、 Cyst spore and Conidia 。

Cyst spores: born in Sporangium The inner spore is a kind of Endospore 。 Septate hyphae Mold (e.g Mucor 、 Rhizopus ）It mainly forms sporangium spores.

Conidia: from mycelium Top or part Sporopodium It is a kind of Exospore 。 Septum hyphae Mold (e.g Penicillium 、 aspergillus ）It mainly forms the parthenospores.

Arthrospore: It is formed by breaking hyphae (such as Geotrichum candidum ）。

Chlamydospores: usually hyphae Intermediate cell Bigger, Protoplasm It is formed by thickening the wall (such as Mucor racemosus ）。

Mycotic sexual propagation The process includes Quality matching 、 Nuclear allocation 、 Meiosis Three processes, common sexual spores Oospore 、 Zygospore 、 Ascospore 、 Basidiospore 。

Quality matching: refers to the contact and combination of haploid cells or hyphae of two sexes, cytoplasm Fusion occurs.

Verification: namely Nuclear fusion , generated diploid Combination of Daughter nucleus 。

Meiosis: meiosis after nuclear mating Chromosome number From diploid to haploid 。

Conidiospores: two Gametic sac Conjugate spores are formed by conjugation, then by cytoplasmic mating and nuclear mating. The formation of zygospores can be divided into two types: (1) Heterothallic coordination : It is composed of hyphae of two different strains; （2） Homothallic coordination : It can be formed by combining the same mycelium. When the spore germinates, its wall breaks and sprouts into a bud tube Blastosporangium 。 Meiosis of zygospores occurs before or more during germination.

Ascospore: Two cells of different sex on the same hyphae or two adjacent hyphae combine to form a cystic hyphae. The ascus is formed by plasmogamy, karyogamy and meiosis, and 2~8 sporangia are endogenetic. Many ascidia gathered together are wrapped by surrounding hyphae Ascocarp There are three types of ascocarp: complete closure is called obturation; Scale with hole in the middle Ascus shell ； Discoid scale Ascus disc 。

Oospore It is composed of two gametophytes of different sizes. Small gametophyte sac scale Spermatozoon The large gametophyte sac is called oogonia. When combined, the protoplasm and nucleus in the spermatozoon enter the oogonium and cooperate with the egg ball in the oogonium, and then the egg ball gives birth to the outer wall and develops into the oospore.

The spores of mold are small, light, dry and numerous, and have different shapes and colors Dormancy period Long and Stress resistance The number of spores produced by each individual is often tens of thousands, sometimes even tens of billions, hundreds of billions or more. These characteristics help mold spread and reproduce everywhere in nature. For human practice, these characteristics of spores are conducive to inoculation, expanded culture Strain breeding , preservation and identification, which is likely to cause pollution Mildew And easy to spread mold diseases of animals and plants.

1、 Mycelium does not separate mold: sporangium spore thick film Spore.

2、 Mycelium separation mold: conidia, schizospores.

3、 Mold propagation: 1 Asexual reproduction : sporangium spores.

Conidia;

Schizospore;

Chlamydospore;

2. Sexual reproduction: zygospores.

Ascospores (2-8)

Mould prevention

Announce

edit

Mould is ubiquitous in our life. It prefers warm and humid environment. Once there is a suitable environment, it will multiply in large numbers. Measures must be taken to prevent the reproduction of mould or cut it off Route of transmission , you can get rid of mold infection:

Human prevention

1. Pay attention to the growth of mold in certain parts of the body, such as nails. Sometimes mold will invade the nails ringworm of the nails , so don't leave your nails long, and clean them frequently. hyperhidrosis There are many wrinkles in the skin, especially in fat people. If you sweat more in summer, mold may grow in the wrinkles. In addition, the feet are also a favorable environment for mold breeding Beriberi People should pay more attention to prevent infection of other parts.

2. Wash your underwear separately, especially if your family or you own Tinea pedis Or nails should be paid more attention to, in order to prevent cross infection should be washed separately.

3. Don't abuse antibiotics. Taking a lot of antibiotics may be beneficial human health Of Flora Inhibit, destroy the human body's natural defense barrier, and cause a large number of mold reproduction.

4. Be alert to the hidden mold in the washing machine. The washing machine will certainly breed mold after a long time of use. The simplest way is to thoroughly clean it with water at about 60 degrees. At the same time, the washed clothes must be dried in the sun ultraviolet rays It can kill the remaining mold.

5. It is better not to use public or used washing tools in public places. At the same time, select appropriate personal cleaning and care products.

6. Correct contraception, acyeterion In estrogen It has the effect of promoting mold invasion. If it happens repeatedly colpitis mycotica , try not to use Drug contraception 。

7. The best choice for underwear is cotton, which is tight chemical fiber The underpants will increase the temperature and humidity of the vagina, which is conducive to the growth of mold.

8. If you have colpitis mycotica At the same time of self treatment, the man should also receive treatment at the same time to avoid cross infection.

9. Control blood sugar and wash vulva with alkaline products. Vagina of female diabetics Glycogen High content and acidity, easy to be damaged by mold. Therefore, while controlling blood sugar, we should also pay attention to cleaning the vulva and selecting PH value Weak alkalinity Products.

Food prevention

1. One kilogram of 100 kilogram rice is used for local mold prevention Kelp , can effectively kill pest Inhibition of mold. Although there are many ways to prevent mildew, the harm of mycotoxin is limited. Therefore, some moldy food should not be grudged and must be discarded in time Fluke psychology Eating, otherwise it will cause food poisoning 。

2. Mildew proof mould for low oxygen preservation mostly belongs to aerobic microorganism, which needs oxygen for growth and reproduction, so after sterilization of food in bottles (cans), nitrogen or carbon dioxide , Join Deoxidizer Tamping food, degassing or adding oil seal can cause Anoxic environment To prevent most molds from multiplying. For example:

● Soy sauce: drop a layer of cooked soybean oil or Sesame oil To isolate soy sauce from the air can prevent mold growth.

● sausage , Meat Pickled food : with Cotton swab Dip a little Rape oil or Balsam oil Evenly smear it on its surface to prevent mildew.

● Vinegar: add a little in the vinegar bottle Sesame oil Or cooked peanut oil to isolate vinegar from the air and prevent the growth of white film.

● Dry Xiangru, agaric dried bamboo shoots 、 small shrimp Store dry goods in sealed containers.

3. Food should be placed in a ventilated and dry environment.

4. Low temperature mildew proof meat food can be kept for 20 days at a low temperature of 0 ℃; Rice cake Completely immerse in the porcelain cylinder with water, and keep the water temperature below 10 ℃ to prevent mildew.

5. Heating sterilization For most molds, heat to 80 ℃ for 20 minutes to kill them; Mildew has weak anti radiation ability and can be used radio isotope The emitted radiation kills mold. But aflatoxin is resistant to high temperature, pasteurization (80 ℃) can not destroy its toxicity.^[2]

6. The harvested grain should be dried in time and stored in a ventilated and dry environment. In rural areas, if there is only a small amount of mildew in stored grains, the following methods can be adopted: for large grains such as moldy corn and peanuts, the moldy grains can be manually removed Corn grain 、 Peanut kernels Pick out; Mouldy wheat, rice and other small grains can be rinsed away.^[3]

Feed prevention

1. Select and cultivate antibacterial Feed crop varieties. Effects of different feed crop varieties on mold susceptibility Different, so cultivate Antibacterial property Variety, which can greatly reduce the probability of feed crops infected by mold. This is also the fundamental way to prevent mildew genetic engineering Gradually expand the application, so that breeding resistant varieties is feasible.

2. Select appropriate planting or harvesting technology. The results showed that aflatoxin 80% - 90% can produce toxin, which is far higher than that of Aspergillus flavus isolated from other crops. Therefore, the peanut in the continuous peanut planting field has a high aflatoxin pollution rate（ AF ）The content of Aspergillus flavus is also high. Broken peanuts are easy to pollute Aspergillus flavus and also conducive to the formation of toxins. Therefore, if rotation is adopted Planting technology And appropriate Harvesting method It will greatly reduce the pollution of mold and mycotoxin. In addition, insect bites, rat bites, grinding and crushing shall be avoided as far as possible during harvesting, storage and transportation to avoid damage to the skin and shell of corn, peanuts and other grains; Broken grains should be removed, because such grains are often highly polluted.

3. Strictly control the moisture content of feed and raw materials. The three main conditions that cause feed mildew are humidity, temperature and oxygen. If people can control one of the three conditions, they can effectively prevent mildew. In general, control the water content at Safety line The following is the easiest way, so Crop harvesting After that, it should be dried quickly, and the drying must be uniform. unhusked rice The proportion of water in should be controlled below 13%, corn below 21.5% and peanut below 8%.

4. Improve storage conditions and inhibit mold growth. Most feed mildew occurs during storage, so mildew prevention during storage is an important part of feed mildew prevention.

4.1 Physical mildew prevention method: mainly including temperature control of storage environment, closed oxygen isolation storage Controlled atmosphere storage Low temperature ventilation storage and radiation method. It is reported that the wet corn after threshing will be put into the gunny bag lined with plastic bags, and the bag mouth will be filled and tightened as far as possible. Since then, because of the Respiration As the oxygen in the bag is consumed, not only Aspergillus flavus is difficult to grow, but other molds can also be inhibited. It is an economical, simple and promising mold prevention method. Low temperature ventilation storage method is commonly used in China mechanical ventilation Combine to make the feed reach Safe moisture content 。 Not only for Pellet feed And for those with high water content Powder The application effect is also obvious. With the development of radiation food technology Radiation treatment The research and application of feed have also developed in many countries.?

4.2 Chemical mildew prevention method: This method is more suitable for feed industry. As mold inhibitor It must not only have the function of inhibiting mold, but also be harmless to humans and animals, cheap, convenient and reliable. Propionic acid and salt , sorbic acid and its salts Sodium diacetate 、 Ethoxyquine 、 Fumaric acid , cystine acetate Gentian violet , dimethyl fumarate, etc. Propionic acid and its salts are the most consumed fungicides in the world feed industry, followed by sorbic acid and its salts acetic acid. Beneficial treatment: the main effect of acetonide is to inhibit the biosynthesis 。 take ethephon Prepare 9% - 15% aqueous solution with acid, and take 3? 5% liquid weight, sufficient for peanut Mixing At 28-30 centigrade 、 relative humidity 100% of the samples were stored in polyethylene bags, and there was no AF biosynthesis within 90 days.

4.3 Microbial inhibition method: Japan Yongsen Food companies have found 7 kinds of microorganisms that can devour Aspergillus flavus and inhibit AF production, but no practical reports have been seen.

four point four synthesis : Enzymes and antioxidant As an anti mildew agent, it is a new type of highly effective anti mildew agent in the world in the past few years. Its principle of action is different from that of chemical fungicides Exogenous enzyme Fungicidal Enzyme system And use antioxidant to block the normal oxygen absorption of the mold, thus blocking the normal physiological function Achieve mildew prevention effect. The enzyme used is 1-500 times stronger than the enzyme in the mold body. When acting on the mold, the enzyme in the mold body will be destroyed and denatured, making the mold unable to absorb nutrients from the feed. In addition, with the role of antioxidants, the mold can not get enough oxygen, thus inhibiting its growth. This kind of mildew inhibitor will not produce resistance to mold, and is safe and reliable to use, without adverse effects on the outside world.

Mould test It is to detect the ability of the product to resist mold and to detect the presence of mold under conditions conducive to mold growth (i.e., high humidity and warm environment) inorganic salt Under the existing conditions), whether the equipment is affected by mold.

The standards for mold test mainly include:

GJB 150.10-1986 Military equipment environmental test Method Mould test

HB 6167.11-1989 civil aircraft Airborne equipment Environmental conditions and test methods Mould test.

GJB4.10 Ship Electronic equipment Environmental test Mould test

GB T 2423.16-1999 Electrician Environmental test of electronic products Part 2 Test methods Test J and guidelines Mould growth

GB /T10588-2002 GB 10588-89

There are few laboratories that can carry out mold test, so what we know is Environmental Reliability and Electromagnetic Compatibility Test Center , an air force research institute, etc.

environmental effect

Announce

edit

1、 For the places and reasons where mold easily occurs in the external environment

1. The walls of the production workshop are wet, and mold is easy to grow in wet parts.

2. The workshop exists Condensate The pipes and walls of the water pipe are easy to grow mold, and the rupture of the water pipe will also lead to the production of mold.

3. The air always contains certain steam However, in most cases, it will not be visible. However, when the water vapor is liquefied, such as when bathing or bathing, the surface of the mirror in the bathroom will become wet, and then you can see them. Hot air contains a lot of water. When the hot air is cooled, the water will condense and liquefy. Condensation and liquefaction usually occur in the lowest temperature parts of the house, such as the low temperature parts on the wall. It is in these low temperature parts that mold is most likely to occur.

4. Normal air exchange cannot be ensured in the workshop, so the workshop cannot Guaranteed on Under the specified humidity, mold is easy to grow.

5. The workshop is hot and cold, and the place where condensation water is easily generated is vulnerable to mold damage.

6. The equipment near the wall is easy to produce condensed water and mold.

7. Please keep the door of the workshop with relatively low temperature closed all the time. If the doors of the workshops with low temperature are not closed, the hot air from the nearby workshops will surge to form high humidity, which will form liquefaction when the air is cooled, and mold is easy to grow.

8. Ensure the normal operation of the air conditioner, and ensure that the air in the workshop can meet the required indicators. The air exchange degree of the air conditioner directly affects the production of mold. If the workshop can ensure that the air containing a large amount of water can be discharged from the workshop in time, the possibility of mold will be greatly reduced.

2、 Once mold enters food,

There are many factors that affect the growth, reproduction and toxin production of mold. Water, temperature, substrate, ventilation and other conditions are closely related to food. Therefore, controlling these conditions can greatly affect the distribution of mold and toxin production in food.

1. Moisture

One of the main conditions for mold growth and reproduction is to maintain a certain amount of water. Generally speaking, the water content of rice and wheat is below 14%, and that of soybeans is below 11%, dried vegetable and Dry Fruits When the product is less than 30%, microorganisms are difficult to grow. The part of water in food that can be really used by microorganisms is also called water activity (Aw for short). The closer Aw is to 1, the easier microorganisms are to grow and reproduce. When Aw in food is 0.98. Microbes are most likely to grow and reproduce. When Aw is below 0.93, microbial reproduction is inhibited, but mold can still grow. When Aw is below 0.7, mold reproduction is inhibited, which can prevent the reproduction of toxin producing mold.

2. Temperature

Temperature has an important influence on the reproduction and toxin production of mold Optimum temperature It is different. The most suitable temperature for most molds to reproduce is 25~30 ℃. When the temperature is below 0 ℃ or above 30 ℃, no toxin or Toxigenicity Weakening. For example, the minimum reproduction temperature range of Aspergillus flavus is 6-8 ℃, the maximum reproduction temperature is 44-46 ℃, and the optimal growth temperature is about 37 ℃. However, the temperature of toxin production is different, slightly lower than the optimal temperature for growth. For example, the optimal temperature for toxin production of Aspergillus flavus is 28-32 ℃.

3. Food substrate

The same as the conditions for the growth and reproduction of other microorganisms, the growth of mold in different food matrices is different. Generally speaking, the possibility of mold growth in nutrient rich foods is greater, and natural matrices are more likely than artificial ones culture medium It is better to produce poison. The experiment confirmed that the same mold strain Cultivation conditions With wheat and rice rich in sugar as substrate Aflatoxin High toxic production. In addition, slow ventilation is easier to reproduce and produce toxin than rapid air drying.

4. Mould type

The growth and reproduction speed and toxin production ability of different types of mold are different Mycotoxin The most toxic person has yellow Aspergillus toxin 、 Ochratoxin , yellow green penicillin , red penicillin and Penicillic acid 。 It is known that there are five toxins that can cause cancer in animals. They are classic aspergillus toxins (B? 1, G? 1, M? 1) Huang Tianjing 、 Cyclochlor 、 Sterigmatocystin and Patulin

Dealing with mold

Mold can cause rhinallergosis Mold is hidden in wet places, such as bathrooms, toilets, cabinets, and pools. A lot of mold will cause bronchial asthma In order to avoid mildew in the home, do the following:

Frequently used Activated carbon To keep your home dry.

Empty the household jars to prevent mildew.

Toilet and bathroom, etc Enclosed space Always ventilate.

inspect water tap , water pipe to prevent water leakage.

Mould hazard

Announce

edit

Mycotoxin To people and livestock The main toxicities are nerves and Endocrine disorder 、 Immunosuppression Carcinogenesis, teratogenicity, liver and kidney damage, reproductive disorders, etc. Chickens are inherently sensitive to mycotoxins, and low levels of toxins in feed will cause a large number of deaths of chickens. Mycotoxin layer The influence of Fallopian tube Shrinkage, egg production decline, abnormal eggs; Feed intake Reduce production performance Down Feed remuneration Decrease; Egg breeder Incubation rate Lower. Different mycotoxins cause different harm to laying hens. Among the known mycotoxins, the ones that have greater impact and toxic effect on laying hens are Ergotoxin , Telomerotoxin, Humotoxin Zearalenone 、 Aflatoxin 、 Ochratoxin Etc.

Ergotoxin

Ergotoxin is produced from grains Ergot Fungal secretion, Chemical essence There are many alkaloid The chemical group of the composition. Among these chemical groups, some alkaloid Infringement nervous system , causing convulsions and sensory nerve Disorder; Some violations Vascular system , causing vasoconstriction And limbs gangrene ； Some violations endocrine system , Impact Anterior pituitary Regulation of neuroendocrine and secretion. Therefore, Ergot poisoning Characterized by vascular, neural and endocrine disorders, ergot poisoning in laying hens is manifested by reduced feed intake, Egg production rate Drop, discharge loose feces, etc.

2 Telothrix toxin

include Fusarium Many genera of fungi can produce various kinds of monotelotoxins. Research shows that about half of the more than 100 kinds of monotelotoxins found are produced by Fusarium. The mechanism is to destroy the structure lipid , inhibit protein synthesis and DNA synthesis 。 Laying hens feed on this toxoid Within a few days after the contaminated feed, the egg production dropped rapidly, Eggshell Thinning, diseased chicken Oral mucosa Yellow scab scab is formed due to ulceration, and the liver is brownish yellow and fragile, the kidney is swollen, and in the fallopian tube uric acid Salt deposition, partial crop ulcer , muscle Gastric wall Thickening.

3 Humotoxin

from Fusarium moniliforme The mechanism of poisoning is destruction Sphingolipids Synthesis of. The poisoning symptoms of laying hens are diarrhea, black sticky feces, weight loss and limb disability, mortality Increase. In vitro experiment It is proved that horse rotoxin is effective macrophage and lymphocyte yes Toxic effect , lower Immune cell Bactericidal activity.

4 Zearalenone

Zearalenone mainly consists of cereal fusarium Production, Fusarium farinosum Fusarium triticum Many kinds of Fusarium can also produce this toxin. Zearalenone is a substituted 2,4 - Dihydroxybenzoic acid lactone , including Zearalenol The seven derivatives are highly toxic to chickens Phytoestrogen 。 The clinical manifestations of layer poisoning are Cockscomb Swelling Ovarian atrophy . Egg laying rate declined, some appeared ascites 。

5 Aflatoxin

Aflatoxin is highly toxic and carcinogenicity Toxins, from Aspergillus flavus 、 Aspergillus parasiticus and Penicillium pilosum Generate. Aflatoxin is composed of two different dihydrogens Furantoin Compounds consisting of rings. It is related to nucleus and Mitochondrial DNA Combination protein synthesis Damage, interference with liver and kidney function, inhibition immune system 。 The clinical manifestations of laying hens are Anorexia Egg laying rate decreased and mortality rate increased. The liver and kidney were swollen and pale on autopsy Subcutaneous hemorrhage 、 Hydropericardium 、 Gallbladder dilatation 、 Catarrhy enteritis ； Microscopic examination showed hepatic steatosis bile duct Hyperplasia.

Ochratoxin

Aspergillus ochrator Toxin is caused by Aspergillus ochraceus and Penicillium viridicatum A kidney toxin produced by poultry The most toxic mycotoxin. Ochratoxin poisoning can cause Primary nephrosis Can also affect the liver immune organ and Hematopoietic function 。 The liver pancreas , pale kidney, swollen kidney, ureter There is white urate deposit. The feed contaminated with ochratoxin has poor palatability, and laying hens will anorexia However, weight loss, egg production and quality decreased. For breeding eggs, ochratoxin poisoning will result in the increase of deformed embryos.

Prevention and control measures

Announce

edit

1. Strengthen the management of feed production

First of all, the purchase of raw materials should be strictly controlled to prevent mildewed raw materials from entering the warehouse; Control the temperature and humidity of the warehouse, pay attention to ventilation, clean the corners of the warehouse, and prevent the deterioration of raw materials during storage; control Feed processing , preparation, transportation and other links, control the feed storage environment, and try to shorten Storage time , prevent feed from Poultry house Moderately moldy and deteriorated.

two Reasonable use mold inhibitor

feed Mildew inhibitor It should have the characteristics of inhibiting the growth of mold but not toxic to animals. Therefore, as a feed mildew inhibitor, it must comply with the following three principles: first, it has a strong broad-spectrum antibacterial effect; Second PH value Low, it can be released in low moisture feed; Third, it is easy to operate, safe and economical to use, no carcinogenesis, teratogenicity Mutagenicity The effective dosage does not affect animal health and feed palatability. The commonly used fungicides mainly fall into the following three categories: the first category is Organic acid , such as propionic acid 、 sorbic acid 、 Benzoic acid 、 acetic acid 、 Dehydroacetic acid and Fumaric acid Etc; The second category is organic Acid salt And its esters, such as propionate Sodium sorbate (Potassium) Sodium benzoate and Dimethyl fumarate Etc; The third category is compound mildew inhibitor. Organic acid has good mildew prevention effect, but it is corrosive; The mildew prevention effect of organic acid salt is worse than that of organic acid, and it can only be carried out under the condition of certain moisture and pH value, but the corrosivity is small; The anti mildew effect of the compound anti mildew agent is strong and the corrosivity is small.

3 Treatment of poisoned layers

Changing feed is undoubtedly the most effective solution Mycosis A certain amount of Mycotoxin or Nystatin Most poultry poisoned by mycotoxin will recover soon. In addition, supplement vitamins, such as vitamin E and vitamin C Can be partially suppressed T-2 toxin and Ochratoxin Toxicity to laying hens; N- Acetylcysteine and Thiamine Can reduce Aflatoxin Its mechanism is to increase the synthesis of glutathione.

cystitis

Announce

edit

reason

Mycotic cystitis The incidence rate of female patients is relatively high ascending infection Male patients are usually secondary to prostatitis 、 Hyperplasia of prostate 、 stone 、 Upper urinary tract infection And other diseases.

treatment

1. Symptomatic treatment, such as application of antispasmodic drugs, anti infection treatment sodium bicarbonate Alkalized urine, hot compress in bladder area, hot water hip bath, etc.

2. Etiology, mainly to find out the cause of the disease, and then actively treat the primary disease, such as relieving obstruction, correcting deformity, etc.

3． General treatment Methods, such as taking more rest, drinking more water and strengthening nutrition.

colpitis

Announce

edit

Pathology

Anatomically speaking, the female vulva is in a natural closed state to ensure that the vagina is not connected with the outside world. The front and rear walls of the vagina are also closed at ordinary times, and the cervix is also closed.

In addition, Indirect contact So is infection colpitis mycotica One of Route of transmission 。 Contact with which objects may be infected colpitis 。

Contact with common toilets infected by mold patients pedestal pan , bathtub, bathtub chair , towels, and the use of dirty toilet paper can cause transmission Candida When a certain amount is reached, mildew can occur Vulvovaginitis 。

Other behaviors that can cause vaginitis antibiotics 、 anticatarrhals Is the culprit.

Large doses of antibiotics can also cause vaginitis. As long as antibiotics are used, whether orally or by injection, the vagina will be suppressed Lactobacillus Vaginal disturber Natural ecological balance , changed the vaginal Microenvironment , the pathogenic bacterial pathogen may reproduce and eventually cause local Candidal vaginitis Seizures. Therefore, generally do not take large amounts of antibiotics.

Frequent washing can cause disease

Some women often use medicine to maintain health Lotion To clean the vagina, it is easy to damage the acid and alkali environment of the vagina, but it is easy to be infected with candidal vaginitis. In addition, diabetes , pregnancy may cause vaginal Candida The bacteria carrying rate of mass reproduction increased.

symptom

1. Burning sensation;

2． itch : Scratchy vulva and vagina, Leukorrhea Like bean curd dregs

3. Urinary pain (complicated by urethritis ）, especially when urinating, there may also be frequency of urination Urinalgia ；

3． Pain during sexual intercourse ;

4. There is often redness and edema around the vulva;

5. Table dermatitis : very shallow blisters and papules may occur in groups; It can also form eczema This kind of erosion is confined to the vulva or extends to the perineum, around the anus, and the thigh genital folds until the inside of the thigh. Its appearance is completely similar to acute or Subacute eczema ， Labia labia Between and clitoris The adjacent mucosa is thickened, and the skin surface contacts each other Flush Erosion; Individual can cause slight white impetigo , ulcer and pain may occur in severe cases, Local lymph node Inflammation.

Multiple population

Eating desserts will make Glycogen Increase, creating favorable conditions for mold breeding.

2. For example, pregnant women and women who are often ill, their resistance Germ invasion The body's poor ability will inevitably be attacked by mold.

Bottomwear is the place where germs are most likely to be hidden. If it is not changed in time, a large number of germs will grow here. At the same time, the residual urine will make the pudenda moist, which is easy to induce fungal vaginitis.

four acyeterion In estrogen It can promote the formation of mold mycelium The role of mold invasion becomes easier.

5. Staying still for a long time makes the pudenda Poor blood flow And cause pudendum fever , moisture accumulation, resulting in damage to pudendal skin.

6 Mould has certain infectivity When you feel warm with your lover, a large amount of mold enters the vagina, resulting in fungal vaginitis.

The female reproductive system itself has Self purification capacity Excessive cleaning destroys the microenvironment of the vagina. In addition, the cleaning solution not only kills bacteria, but also kills probiotics , so that its self-cleaning ability is damaged and vulnerable to the invasion of bacteria.

therapeutic method

Western medicine treatment colpitis mycotica The drugs used are mainly anti-inflammatory drugs, which are made of antibiotics and antibiotics. The advantage of western medicine treatment is that it takes effect quickly, but there are many disadvantages. First, taking western medicine has certain side effects, which is a disadvantage of any kind of medicine taken orally. Side effects are large and small. In addition, when taking certain amount of antibiotics and antibiotics in the treatment of fungal vaginitis, it is easy to produce Drug resistance Once drug resistance occurs, not only the therapeutic effect can not be achieved, but it will only bring side effects to the body, especially the kidney and liver, the two detoxification organs.

In addition, there are many suppository preparations. The lotion for external use is made of some traditional Chinese medicine ingredients and chemical ingredients of western medicine, which will change the vagina PH It also reduces the immunity of the vagina, which is also the cause of repeated mold attacks. So western medicine has certain disadvantages.

The disadvantage of traditional Chinese medicine in treating mycotic vaginitis is its slow efficacy, which is slower than that of western medicine. However, traditional Chinese medicine is more conservative than western medicine herb Mainly, with no side effects on people. In addition, according to the TCM Theory The scientific formula is based on evidence. In addition, the use of traditional Chinese medicine is relatively simple. Traditional Chinese medicine adheres to the principle of internal disease and external treatment, and uses herbal medicine to boil water and sit in a bath for fumigation. For example, the effective "Shuyin Qumou San" should be applied first medicinal powder Pour it into a wooden basin, and then pour in some boiling water while it is hot Fumigation Make the medicine penetrate into Yin. Rub the affected part after the liquid is warm. Fumigation and washing Once every morning and evening.

Novice on the road

Growth task Getting Started with Editing Edit Rule Edit by myself

I have questions

Content query Online Service Official post bar Feedback

Complaints and suggestions

Report bad information Failed to appeal through entries Complaint of infringement information Blocking query and unblocking

Jinggong Network Anbei No. 1100000200001