Athens（Greek: ανα) YesHellenic RepublicThe capital and largest city ofBalkan PeninsulaSouth end, belonging tomediterranean subtropical。[1]By 2022, the population of Athens will be 3.792 million.[18]With a total area of 412km ², it is the eighth largest city in Europeeuropean unionOne of the business centers.[2]
Athens isInternational metropolisIt is the economic, financial, industrial, maritime, political and cultural center of Greece and the southernmost capital of the European continent.Due to its superior geographical position, Athens occupies an important position in many aspects and is recognized as a global metropolis.It isSoutheast EuropeOne of the largest economic centers, with a huge financial sectorPiraeus PortyesEuropeThe largest passenger port is also the second largest passenger port in the world.[3]
Athens has a history of more than 3000 years, known as the "cradle of Western civilization".[2]Athens, tooEuropean PhilosophyIts birthplace has had a significant impact on European and world culture.Was bornSocrates、PlatoAnd a large number of historical giants, known as the birthplace of democracy.[4]
Athens still retains many historical sites and a large number of artistic works, the most famous of which isThe Acropolis in AthensOfThe Parthenon, is regarded as a symbol of western culture.The cultural and political achievements of the 5th and 4th centuries BC had a significant impact on European and world culture[5]
Athens isModern Olympic GamesPlace of origin[2]The first Summer Olympic Games were held in 1896 and 2004[6]And the 28th Summer Olympic Games.[7]
December 26, 2019, listed in 2019global cityNo. 89 on the Top 500 list.[8]
Overlooking Athens from Lycavidos Mountain, the Acropolis is in the distance
Athens isEuropeEven one of the oldest cities in the world, its history can be traced back to more than 3000 years ago.In 1000 BC, Athens becameancient GreekThe core city of.From the late 9th century BC to the early 8th century BC, Athens had luxury tombs of nobles, and the production of iron and bronze also developed rapidly, reaching the goal of establishing a city-state - the earlySlave stateThe degree of.[9]SolonyesAthens city-stateThe first consul of,PisitratoIs his successor.During their period of control, the industry and commerce of Athens developed significantly.In the 5th century BC, it became the cradle of western culture.[10]
In 492 BC,Greco-Persian Wars When it broke out, Persia was defeated in several major battles. The war did not end until 449 BC when the peace treaty was concluded between Greece and Poland.[11]In June 431 BC, Athens andSpartaBetweenpeloponnesian war The outbreak lasted more than 20 years and ended in failure in Athens.[10][12]
the medieval timesAthens began to decline,Byzantine EmpireIt was revived during the reign.During the holy war, Athens prospered due to its trade with Italy.stayOttoman EmpireDuring the reign, Athens declined again.In the 19th century, Athens became the capital of independent Greece.In 1920s, due to the outbreak of war, a large number ofturkeyAnatoliaThe influx of refugees into Athens also expanded the population of Athens.About half of the Greek population lives in Athens.[10]
Athens
geographical environment
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Location context
Athens is located in the southeast of Greecemediterranean seaAlong the coast, the area of the city is 39 km ², plus 412 km ² in the suburbs.The geographical center coordinates are located at 38 ° 02 'north latitude and 23 ° 44' east longitude, in UTC/GMT+2 hours (East Zone 2).[1]
topographic features
Athens is locatedAtticaThe central plain area of is surrounded by mountains on three sides and by the sea on one side.The southwest is Saint Ronnie Bayaegean seaFarilon Bay is 8 kilometers away, with Mount Egario in the west, Mount Panisa in the north, Mount Pentree in the northeast and Mount Egario in the eastMount Imitos。[1]
climate
Greece
Athens is located at the junction of the Mediterranean climate zone and the alpine climate zone, with a mild climate and a typical Mediterranean climate.It is warm and humid in winter, less rain in summer, and sunny. The highest temperature (July) is 18-41 ° C, and the lowest temperature (January) is 0-18 ° C.[2]There is occasional heat wave in July and August every year, and the maximum temperature exceeds 38 ° C.On June 27, 2007, Athens reached the highest temperature of 46.2 ° C, or 115.1 ° F, since there was a meteorological record.During the snowstorm in February 2004, the lowest temperature observed at the Athens Observatory was - 10.1 ° C.[1]On July 10, 1977, 48.0 ℃ was measured in Athens and Elefsina, Greece.[19]
Athens is very dry compared with other cities with Mediterranean climate because of its location in the rain shadow area.It snows almost every winter in Athens. Spring and autumn are ideal seasons for sightseeing and various outdoor activities.There is a large amount of precipitation from mid October to mid April of the next year, usually rainstorm or thunderstorm.The climate of the hilly areas in the northern suburbs is slightly different. The temperature is lower in winter, and the snowfall is relatively more.Fog is not common in the city center, but it is more common in the surrounding area of Mount Imitos in the east.[1]
From 1832Greek Revolutionary WarAfter that, Athens has always been the capital of Greece.Athens isAttica RegionAnd the capital of the state of Athens.[1]
Attica
Attica RegionIt is the most densely populated area in Greece, with four states, covering a total area of 3808km2.[1]
Athens is divided into seven main blocks, which are mainly divided for the purpose of administrative management.However, Athenians still prefer to divide it into 10 districts in their own unique way. Each district has its own unique history and characteristics.[1]
Administrative division of Athens
Ano and Kato Patissia
Ambelokipi
Exarhea
Koukaki
Pangrati
Ilissia
Ano and Kato Petralona
Mets
Kypseli[1]
Petralona
population
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By 2022, the population of Athens will be 3.792 million.[18]
traffic
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Athens[13]
Athens isGreeceRailway and aviation hub.Trains can go directly to Central and Western Europe.The traffic in Athens is well developed, with about 800000 cars running on the streets every day.Athens is one of the cities with an earlier subway in the world. The subway was opened to traffic in 1925, with a length of 25.7 kilometers.Athens has an important port in GreecePiraeus PortAnd there are railways connected with it.Piraeus Port can berth all kinds of seagoing ships and has thousands of registered merchant ships.[2]
Athens Transportation
Athens International Airport It is located near Sparta Town (this Sparta Town refers to Spata rather than Sparta), 35km away from Athens.There are 144 service counters, with a total area of about 150000 square meters, while the mall covers an area of about 7000 square meters.The airport has 24 boarding gates, and 65 flights take off and land every hour.The airport is connected to the downtown of Athens by subway, and there are two bus routes to the downtown of Athens and the Port of Piraeus.[4]
Economics
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olive
Athens is the economic, financial, industrial, political and cultural center of Greece.Athens, tooeuropean unionOne of the business centers.
It is the capital and largest city of Greece, with a history of 3400 years.Ancient AthensIt is a powerful city-state and a world-famous cultural ancient city.Greece iswestern philosophy Athens is also known as the cradle of“Cradle of Western Civilization”And the birthplace of democracy, and its cultural and political achievements are particularly important for EuropeRomeHave a significant impact.
Today, Athens is an international metropolis, the economic, financial, industrial, maritime, political and cultural center of Greece, and the southernmost capital of the European continent.Due to its superior geographical position, Athens occupies an important position in many aspects and is recognized as a global metropolis.It isSoutheast EuropeOne of the largest economic centers, with a huge financial sectorPiraeus PortIt is the largest passenger port in Europe and the second largest passenger port in the world.[3]
Athens exceptoliveBesides, it also abounds in high-qualityMarble。Because of its geographical location, Athens had to import wheat long ago;Therefore, Athens was forced to engage in maritime trade.Ranica, Egypt, Italy (especially the Magna Graecia region andsicily）, andBlack SeaThe surrounding area provides wheat for Athens.Other imported products, includingPapyrus, spices, textiles, metals, shipbuilding materials: such as wood, flax, and asphalt, in addition to grain.
Greek cities export wine, pottery and olive oil.Athens sells marble mined from Penteli, famous in the Greek world;In addition, one of the sources of wealth for the ancient Ardian people was their industrial olive oil. As a necessary bath cleaning product at that time, the olive oil produced in Athens needed to import spices from Africa and neutralize the pungent smell of the olive oil itself.But notLower EgyptThe Greek civilization could not write the papyrus.
In other words, Athens, as a trade halfway point between ancient Greece and the outside world, was more like the trade center of the European civilized world at that time.Silver coins are also famous for their elegant craftsmanship and high proportion of silver.These silver coins are not only used for trading, but also the source of metallic silver.Where no money is used, silver coins will be dissolved and changed back into metallic silver.However, there is not enough data to assess the volume of Greek trade commodities at that time.
Some historians roughly assess the importance of commerce and trade to the economy of ancient Greece.Daniel Jew calculated that nearly half of the wealth accumulated in Athens in the 4th century BC came from trade.Ian Morris estimatemediterranean seaThe trade volume in the fourth century BC was about 20% of that in the first century BC.Athens tourism is very developed and has become one of the important economic pillars of Athens.[2]
Athens
Sociology
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Environmental Science
Athens Downtown
AthenianGeographical structureTemperature inversion is also one of the causes of serious air pollution (USALos AngelesIt has the same geographical structure as Athens and similar problems.Since the 1990s, the local government has taken a series of measures to improve air quality, and gradually achieved results. Today, there is little smoke in Athens.[14]
education
Athens University
Athens UniversityFounded in 1837, it was not only the first university newly established in Greece at that time, but also the whole universitybalkanandmediterranean seaThe first university in the central region.At the beginning of its establishment, it was called Orson University, with only four departments of engineering, law, medicine and art, 33 professors, 52 formal students and 75 visiting students.It was renamed in 1932. In 1841, a Danish designer presided over the construction of a new school building, and new classes also appeared.[15]
Academy of Athens It is a modern Greek architecture dating back to the 19th century. The main hall has two columns, one on the left and the other on the rightAthenaandApolloIts main building has 6 columns.[1]
Plato Academy The University of Cabodystrias in Athens and the National Institute of Technology of Metzoon in Athens are also located here.[1]
Sports
athens olympic games
Athens is the center of Greek sports. It has many famous sports clubs in Europe, including two famous comprehensive clubs in China——PenadenaigaussSports clubs and AEK sports clubs, among which Penadenaigos is known as the most successful club in Greek history.Athens has twice becomeEuropean Champions LeagueThe finals were held in 1994 and 2007.Beach volleyball and windsurfing are popular in this area.[4]
Athens is the birthplace of the Olympic Games[2], has hosted two Olympic Games, respectively1896 Athens Olympic Games[6]and2004 Athens Olympic Games。[7]The 2004 Olympic Games were held in Athens Olympic Stadium, which is one of the best stadiums in the world.[4]
Retirement allowance: Athens male has worked for 35 years and is 65 years old;Women have worked for 30 years and are 60 years old;100% salary for civil servants who have worked for years.Business people are about 1500 euros - 1000 euros per month.[4]
Unemployment allowance: Athenians will get about 400-500 euros in one year of unemployment, which will be halved in the second year according to their working years, and no allowance will be given in the third year.[4]
urban development
Athens coast
The city of Athens was first built on the mountain where the Acropolis is located. At that time, Piraeus Port was an independent city, and now it is connected with Athens.Cities expanded rapidly in the 1950s and 1960s, during which time Greece changed from an agricultural country to an industrial country.[14]
Culture
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Philosophy
Scenery of Athens
Greece is the birthplace of philosophy.Socrates、Plato、AristotleAnd called“Three Greek sages”。Socrates was born in Athens and is widely regarded aswestern philosophy Founder of.Plato wrote many dialogues on philosophy and founded the famousPlato Academy 。Aristotle has lived in Plato Institute for more than 20 years, leaving extensive works in many fields, including physicsmetaphysicsPoetry, biology, zoology, logic, politics, government, and ethics.[4]
literature
Portrait of Socrates in the Louvre Museum
In the 5th century BC, there were three comedy poets in Athens:Kratinus、EupolisandAristophane。Only Aristophanes handed down some complete works, known as the "father of comedy" in Greece.It is said that Aristophane has 44 works in total, and only 11 works remain, including《The Acharnians 》Birds and Peace.[4]
Active from the fifth to the fourth century B.CEuripides、AeschylusandSophoclesHe was also called the three great Greek tragedies. They all lived in Athens.Aeschylus created 90 tragedies and comedies, but left only 7, his representative work Agamemnon, describing the tragic story of a family's revenge;Sophocles wrote 123 plays in his life, and now only 7 plays have been handed down completely《Oedipus King》It is his masterpiece, which shows the typical Greek tragic conflict - the conflict between man and destiny;Euripides has created more than 90 works in his life, 18 of which are still in existence. He has completely shifted his attention from God to man. The protagonists are mainly small people rather than worshipping ancient heroes. Representative works include Electra and《Trojan Women 》Etc.[4]
Original name
Athena sculpture, patron saint of Athens
Ancient GreekIn the middle, Athens isθναι, also known as θην Mo θνη, is the goddess of wisdom and justiceAthenaName of.[1]
The name of a city is plural because it consists of several parts.In the 19th century, θναν officially became the name of the city.[1]
It is said that the legend that Athena became the patron god of Athens and the goddessPoseidonThe struggle between them.When Athens was first represented by aPhoeniciansWhen it was completed, Poseidon and Athena competed for the honor of naming it.Finally reach an agreement;The people who can provide the most useful things for mankind will become the city's patron saint.Poseidon used histridentBeating the ground, a war horse came out.Athena turned into an olive tree, a symbol of peace and prosperity.Since the war horse was considered to represent war and sorrow, Athens was named after the goddess, who soon brought the city into her protection.[2]
Origin of Western Civilization
Athens is called "the cradle of western civilization"[2]”And the birthplace of democracy.From the 5th to the 4th century BC, Athens' cultural and political achievements had a significant impact on European and world culture.[4]
Ancient Athens is a powerful city-state and a world-famous cultural ancient city.Athens still has many historical sites and a large number ofartistic works, the most famous of which isThe Acropolis in AthensOfThe ParthenonandEriktion TempleIt is a symbol of western culture.[4]
The famous buildings in Athens are mainly located on three hills in the city.The National LibraryAcademy of Athens 、Athens University(rebuilt in 1837), etc.There are an observatory (built in 1842) and a new royal palace (built from 1891 to 1897) on Nimfus Mountain.The world-famous Parthenon Temple is located on the Acropolis Mountain.
The ParthenonYes, to celebrate the victory of AthensPersiaThe invaders built on their victory.[5]
The temple dedicated to Athena is a masterpiece of architecture and art carving in the heyday of Greece, built in the 5th century BC.Later, the temple was destroyed several times by war, and only a few stone columns and buildings remained in the west.
The Greek Museum of Historic Relics, located in the center of Athens, is another important building in Athens.A large number of cultural relics, various utensils, exquisite gold ornaments and figure statues from 4000 BC are displayed here, vividly showing the splendid culture of Greece in various historical periods, which can be called a microcosm of ancient Greek history.[4]
Athens Cultural Site
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Athens is the capital and the largest city of Greece.Athens is located inBalkan PeninsulaAt the south end, surrounded by mountains on three sides, surrounded by the sea on one side, southwestaegean seaPhalilon Bay is 8km long, belonging tomediterranean subtropical。Kifisos RiverandIlysos RiverPass through the city.There are many hills in the city.Athens is one of the oldest cities in the world, with a recorded history of more than 3000 years.Athens is the eighth largest city in Europe.
Athens, with a history of more than 5000 years, is rich in historical sites.Ancient Athens was the source of western culture. Athenians made outstanding contributions to art, philosophy, law and science.It is said that Athens is the goddess of wisdom in the legendary historical storyAthenaIs named after.The northeast of the whole urban area is a political and cultural area, and the southwest and port areas are industrial and commercial areas.Athens is located in the shipping and aviation center of the eastern Mediterranean countries.Outer portPiraeusThe sea wheel gathers together, and almost all foreign trade flows in and out here.Urban drinking water is supplied by Marathon Reservoir far from the northeast, where there is a marble dam rare in the world.Athens is the center of ancient relics in Greece. There are still many ancient cultural sites in Athens, and its museums are world-famous.
The Acropolis at night
The Acropolis in Athens(α κρπ〇 λ η) is the most outstanding ancient architectural complex in Greece and the center of religious politics.The main existing buildings are the mountain gateThe Parthenon、Eriktion Temple、Erechtheum Temple Etc.These ancient buildings are human heritage and architectural boutiques, which play an important role in the history of architecture.
The Parthenon Temple, which stands on the top of the Acropolis Mountain in Athens, can be seen from all directions in Athens. It is said that in ancient times, there was a 10m high statue of Athena, which is one of the seven famous wonders in ancient times.The Parthenon Temple, built in 447 BC, is a famous architect and sculptorFIDIASA masterpiece of.The Athenian government is carrying out protective maintenance on the temple.[16]
Eriktion Temple
The Eriktion Temple is located to the north of the Parthenon Temple and was built between 421 and 405 BC.At the west end of the south, a young woman statue is used instead of a pillar, which is creative and aesthetic.British MuseumThe scale of the Ionic columns in the front colonnade strictly refers to the columns of the Eriktion Temple on the Acropolis in Athens.
OlympiaTemple of ZeusIt was built in 515 BC, but not until the 2nd century ADHadrian The construction was completed during the reign of the emperor.It is said that only 12 of the original 104 spectacular columns remain.[17]
