synonymAffiliated country(Chinese words) generally refer to vassal states
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The vassal state was a common political form in ancient China.Zhou DynastyWhen,King of ZhouThe enfeoffment system was implemented, and the royal nobles and meritorious officials were given the title of "vassals" to govern the land of the Zhou Dynasty.And the countries managed by these princes, such as Qin, ZhaoQi StateAnd so on are vassal states.
These princes have the right to develop independently on the land, and can adapt to the needs of development and formulate relevant economic, political, cultural and foreign policies.Of course, they also have the five major obligations of obeying orders, guarding the territory, fighting for the Zhou Dynasty, paying taxes and tribute, and presenting themselves to the Emperor.
《The Book of Songs·Beishan》The idea of land ownership originated from the idea that "under Pu Tian, there is no royal land; leading the land, there is no royal subject".
Later, the Central Plains Dynasty introduced the concept of "vassal state" into the diplomatic system.At this time, the "vassal states" were not only the vassals in the Central Plains, but also abroad.At this time, the vassal state was divided into internal and external states.
here we areQing DynastyThe number of foreign vassal states has become quite large.The "Unified Annals of the Qing Dynasty" said that "foreign vassals belong to countries, seven out of fifty, and countries that pay tribute, one out of thirty." It can be seen that during the Qing Dynasty, China established vassal relations with many countries.These vassal states can maintain their sovereignty, but they have to submit to the Qing Dynasty, accept the title of the Qing Dynasty, and act as a barrier to the Qing Dynasty.In addition, vassal states such as Korea, Siam (Thailand) and Myanmar also sent envoys to China on a regular basis to report on their duties and pay tribute to the Qing emperor.Of course, the emperor of the Qing Dynasty would also give some rewards to the vassal states to maintain a bilateral interaction.
The vassal state is the joint name of the vassal state and the vassal stateLiu BangThe name "vassal state" came into being,dynastic title of Liu BangLiu Bang was set around the central government,GyeonggiRegion, that is, the area around the capitalCounty systemIs the system of the Qin Dynasty;In remote places, the feudal system of the Zhou Dynasty was practiced, and some kingdoms were still granted away.This is one dynasty and two systems, which can also be regarded as "one dynasty and two systems".So these countries around the capital are called vassals.Why is it called "Fan"?Fences are fences, which means that you defend the central place like a fence, so these princes are called "vassals".They returned to their own kingdoms, called "Guifan", also called "Zhiguo". These enfeoffment kingdoms were independent, with their own sovereignty and financial resources.
Dependent country
The establishment of the country of dependency starts fromthe warring statesFor example, there is the word "belonging to a state" in the inscription of Qin weapons.Later, he changed his name from Liu Bang, the great ancestor of the Han Dynasty, to a vassal state.According to the record in Volume 6 of the Book of Han, "The History of Emperor Wu", in the autumn of the second year of Yuanshou (121 BC), "the King Kunxie of the Huns killed the King Tu, and gathered more than 40000 people to surrender him and set up five vassals." Yan Shigu, in Volume 6 of the Book of Han, "The History of Emperor Wu", noted, "Anyone who said that he belonged to the state, but kept his name, belonged to the Han Dynasty, so he was called a vassals." Volume 118 of the Book of the Later Han, "Official Records · Five Hundred Officials"It is also said: "The country belongs to a county, which is located far away from the county. If the county difference is small, the name of the county is given." It can be seen that "the country belongs to" is an administrative system set up by the central dynasty to settle the surrendered frontier ethnic groups, which is based on the border counties. "It is the same level as the county that" governs the barbarians who surrender ".From Emperor Wu of the Han DynastyYuanshou Second Year(121 BC) By the end of the Han Dynasty, the counties in the north, west and east were Ding'an, Tianshui, Shangjun, XiheWuyuan, Jincheng, BeidiQianwei、Guanghan、Shujun、Zhangye、Juyan, Liaodong and other counties have territorial settings, the big ones have five or six cities, and the small ones have one or two cities.A major county has a remote county as its vassal state, such as GuanghanNorthern DuweiIt is a vassal state of Guanghan, and is located in ShujunWestern DuweiGoverned byShu Prefecture, Qianwei was set as a vassal state under the jurisdiction of the Southern Duwei, and Liaodong was set as a vassal state under the jurisdiction of the Eastern and Western Duwei.A small county is located in its own country without another name, such asqiuciThe vassal state only exists as a county of Shangjun.
There are captains, officials, marquises, and thousands of officials in the subordinate countriesNine Translation OrdersThere are also officials who belong to the country, such as the country's long history, the country's Jiqu, and the country's household.The officials are Han people or leaders of Hu and Qiang people.Subordinate captainsRank ratio 2000 stone, andWestern Region Capital GuardAt the same level, it is directly under the central government, and its power to govern the people and lead the army is like that of the county magistrate.The national officer is in charge of the national army, which is called the national cavalry or the national Hu cavalry.
Ming Dynasty's "Governor Deng Lai, Youjin Du, Imperial Historian"Yuan KeliIn the letter of the couple, the right handyman of the Ministry of War of Jin Zhi, said, "Observe the situation of the country, and make sure to accept my military command."
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The vassal states can be divided into several forms:the First World War(1914-1918)Argentine Republic, totally dependent onbritainSo that some economists regard it as a British commercial colony.
PortugalIt is an independent sovereign country, but has been under British protection since the early 18th century.In order to consolidate its position in the struggle against Spain and France, Britain protected Portugal and its colonies.In return for commercial interests, Britain can get preferential conditions for exporting goods, especially capital, to Portugal and its colonies, and can also get the convenience of using Portugal's harbors, islands, submarine cables, etc.
This kind of small country depends on the relationship between big countries and has always existedMonopoly capitalismAfter the era, it has a special significance.
Chinese vassal state
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North Korea
fromWestern Han DynastyAt first, the countries on the Korean Peninsula were China's subsidiaries.Before the rise of the Qing Dynasty, Korea and the Ming Dynasty maintained a traditional close relationship (in the first year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang sent envoys to Korea to give seals, thus establishing the suzerain vassal relationship between the two countries).In 1636, Huang Taiji led a new expedition to Korea and captured Seoul, Kyoto, Korea. When the country was dying, King Li Ri of Korea had no choice but to accept the conditions of the Qing army to surrender, stop using the Ming Dynasty's year title, cut off all exchanges with the Ming Dynasty, and regarded the Qing Dynasty as the patriarch.Since the Qing Dynasty established its capital in Beijing, the diplomatic envoys of both sides have been communicating constantly every year.On the Korean side, in addition to the four fixed tribute envoys of He Dongzhi, He Zhengshuo, He Shengjie and Nasui coins every year, there are also a variety of irregular envoys coming to China.After the Meiji Restoration, Japan pointed its aggression at North Korea.In January 1876, Japan, on the one hand, sent an expeditionary force to invade Korea and coerce it to enter into a contract for trade.On the other hand, send people to China to negotiate.At that time, the Premier's Yamen replied: China has never interfered in the internal affairs and diplomacy of North Korea.Japan took advantage of this to say that China did not concern itself with Korean affairs, and the so-called "dependent country" was just an empty name. Japan was determined to treat North Korea as an "independent state", so on February 26, 1876, Japan forced North Korea to sign the "Jianghua Treaty" between Korea and Japan.The "Jianghua Treaty" clearly exposed Japan's ambition to exclude China's "suzerainty" in Korea.Since then, Japan has accelerated its invasion of Korea, producing the "Renwu Mutiny" in 1882 and the "Jiashen Coup" in 1884."Although the rapid action of the Qing army calmed down the two incidents, Japan took advantage of this to force Korea to sign the Incheon Treaty of 1882 and the Seoul Treaty of 1885, expanding Japan's invasion rights in Korea.
Yuan Shikai always believed that Japan was China's biggest enemy.During his tenure as Minister of Commerce in North Korea, he advocated in Shangli Hongzhang's "On the Overall Situation of Korea" that he resolutely fight against Japan for North Korea.He said: "Vietnam and Myanmar are in the remote sea, North Korea is close to the elbow, the north is close to Shengjing, the west is close to the throat of Tianjin, and without North Korea, there is no east wall... So Myanmar can accommodate, Vietnam can ease, and North Korea can never be lost." Yuan Shikai's understanding of the importance of North Korea to China's national security is profound and profound, and far exceeds people's expectations.After the War of 1894-1895, the international situation changed greatly. Yuan Shikai had a new understanding of national security and a stronger sense of crisis.In the eighth year of Guangxu's reign (1882), the Korean "Renwu mutiny" took place, and Japan sent warships to Incheon. Wu Changqing was ordered to support the Korean army to pacify the rebellion, so as to prevent Japan from taking the opportunity to launch an aggressive war.Zhang Jian went to Seoul with Wu Changqing's army to draft the "Outline of Korean Affairs" for Wu Changqing. At the same time, Zhang Jian also wrote the "Six Strategies for Dealing with the Aftermath of Korea" to propose to the Qing government to abolish the Kingdom of Korea and set up prefectures and counties.At the same time, the ruler of the Korean Grand Courtyard also secretly suggested that the Qing government should follow the example of the Yuan Dynasty and set up a province and a prison state in Korea, "so that the country can protect itself and the people can pacify themselves". The ruler of the Korean Grand Courtyard is the biological father of the king of Korea.Deng Chengxiu, Zhang Peilun and other members of the Qingliu Party advocated to adopt a tough policy towards Japan in order to safeguard the vassals of Ryukyu, Korea and other countries and take the opportunity to end the Ryukyu case.
Since then, China has started to garrison troops in the DPRK, reaffirmed that "the DPRK will always be a vassal", helped the DPRK train a new army, carried out the "Westernization Movement", and strengthened the power of the suzerain state.However, the Qing government was hesitant about whether North Korea should follow Xinjiang and Taiwan to set up provinces, and Li Hongzhang denounced Zhang Jian's proposal as "eventful".Later, China adopted the policy of "peaceful development" to internationalize and neutralize the Korean issue. On the one hand, it tried to maintain its suzerainty status, and on the other hand, it implemented the policy of "controlling foreigners with foreigners" on the Korean peninsula.We hope to ease the crisis on the Korean Peninsula through soft means.[1]
Undoubtedly, this conservative policy, in fact, made the Qing government miss the best opportunity to solve the Korean Peninsula issue, and swallowed up its own ample diplomatic room for manoeuvre.The subsequent policy towards North Korea actually put the Qing government in a dilemma. On the one hand, as a vassal state, the Qing government was equal to other powers when dealing with Korean affairs. In the eyes of Koreans, China was also one of the powers. They even tried to introduce Russian and American forces to contain the Qing government.Because Japan is not satisfied with these interests.After it is ready;They launched the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895, which invaded Korea and then China.After the defeat of the Qing army, the Qing government was forced to sign the Treaty of Shimonoseki with Japan, confirming the "independence" of Korea, and the suzerain vassal relationship between the Qing Dynasty and Korea ended.
China and RyukyuSuzerain vassal relationshipIt has been more than 500 years.Since the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, Ryukyu has a close relationship with China. Ryukyu has continuously paid tribute to China, and all the kings of Ryukyu have accepted ChinaCanonize。Emperor Taizu of the Ming Dynasty in 1372Zhu YuanzhangyesZhongshan KingChadu issued an imperial edict.Shanbei, ZhongshanShannanThe three kings paid tribute to the Ming government.Ryukyu became a vassal of the Ming Empire.The emperor of the Ming Dynasty also gave giftsminnan Thirty six surname is given to Ryukyu.After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, Ryukyu envoys came to China in 1646 and receivedEmperor ShunzhiInterview with.In 1662, the Qing government sent Zhang Xueli, the deputy military officer, as an envoy to Ryukyu.Since then, whenever a new king of Ryukyu succeeded to the throne, envoys of the Qing Dynasty went to confer titles and celebrate. In 1663 (the second year of Kangxi's reign) and 1756 (the twenty-first year of Qianlong's reign), the Emperor of the Qing Dynasty gave seals to the king of Ryukyu twice. The seals given by Qianlong were inscribed with the words "Seal of the King of Ryukyu".Until the 1860s, Ryukyu had always recognized itself as a vassal of the Qing Dynasty.1872, JapanMeiji EmperorClimbing to the top, it satirizes the celebration in Ryukyu.The King of Ryukyu sent his son to Tokyo to make contributions.Emperor of JapanThe imperial edict was issued to take Ryukyu as the vassal, and in 1873, Ryukyu was listed as the prefecture and county.In May 1875, Japan forced the Ryukyu King to stop paying tribute to China and sent troops to Ryukyu;To disappear between midstream“Suzerain vassal relationship”In June, Ryukyu was forced to use the Japanese year.In 1876, Japan set up a judicial institution in Ryukyu, which in fact put Ryukyu under its rule.The king of Ryukyu was overwhelmed by the Japanese invasion and oppression, and in April 1877, he sent a purple towel official toDehongWhen they came to China, they presented a confidential letter from Guozheng, imploring to stop Japan's annexation.Qing governmentThey sent people to Japan to negotiate, but no results were achieved.In March 1879, the Japanese government sent troops to occupy Ryukyu. On March 30, Ryukyu was officially declaredOkinawa Prefecture。On July 3 and 23, 1879, the King of Ryukyu ordered the Purple Scarf OfficerXiang DehongTwo visits to Tianjin to pay homage to Li Hongzhang and requestQing governmentBlame Japan.On October 24, Mao Jingchang, a Ryukyu ear and eye official, and others went to the Prime Minister's office in Beijing to "kneel down and wail and cry for blood", hoping that the Qing government could send troops to rescue Ryukyu for the sake of "condescending to the vassal state for two hundred years".Although the Qing government negotiated with Japan again, Ryukyu was eventually annexed by Japan due to Japan's arrogance and the weakness of the Qing government.Qing Dynasty and RyukyuSuzerain vassal relationshipSo it ended.
Vietnam?
Vietnam didn't exist originally, from the Western Han Dynasty tothe tang dynastyIt has been the territory of China for more than 1000 yearsJiaozhi 、Annandu Residence GuardA large number of people from the Central Plains live here.Until the rebellion during the Five Dynasties, he defeated China in 939Southern Han DynastyAfter the army was established independently,Northern Song DynastyVietnam became a country when the dynasty was unable to recover.In ancient China, it was called Annan (Jiaozhi State before the Southern Song Dynasty), claiming to beDaqu Yue, Dayue.In the early Ming Dynasty, Vietnam once became China's territory, but after only 20 years, it declared its independence again and became a vassal state of the Ming Dynasty.At the beginning of the 16th century, it split into two opposing feudal groups: the NorthZheng SongThe group controlled the government of the Li Dynasty, while in the southRuan HuangControlled by the Group.In order to deal with the Ruan Group in the south, the Zheng Group was eager to form a good relationship with the Qing government.In 1660 (the 17th year of Shunzhi),Li DynastySend envoys to the Qing Dynastypay tribute, the Qing Dynasty immediately agreed to canonize Li Weiqi asKing Annan。By the end of the 17th century, the Ruan Group, which was originally divided in the south of Annan, had completely annexed the southZhancheng State。In 1802, with the support of France, Ruan Fuying, a descendant of the original Ruan family, destroyed the Xishan Dynasty and established the Ruan Dynasty (1802-1945).In 1803,Ruan FuyingChange Annan toVietnam，Qing governmentAppoint the Guangxi Provincial Procurator Zibusen to go to Vietnam and confer the titleRuan FuyingbyKing of Vietnam。
From the 1840s to the 1950s, France began its armed aggression against Vietnam. In June 1862, it forced Vietnam to sign the first《Saigon Treaty》, transforming six provinces in southern Vietnam intoFrench colony。In March 1874, France forced Vietnam to sign the contract for the second time《Saigon Treaty》In the treaty, France "recognized" Vietnam's "independence", but it must be France to preside over Vietnam's diplomacy, thereby denying China's "suzerainty" and establishing France's privileged position in Vietnam.In May 1875,FranceInform the Qing government of this treaty and ask China to bind itBlack Flag Army。The Qing government repeatedly stressed China's responsibility to protect the "patriarch" of Vietnam, and pointed out that the army in Vietnam should "suppress bandits" at the request of the King of Vietnam.In 1877, Vietnam sent envoys to China as usualpay tributeAnd France did not stop it.In 1883, France invaded Vietnam comprehensively, forcingVietnam?Vietnam has signed a contract《Hue Treaty》Vietnam recognized and accepted France's right of protection.In June 1884,FranceForced Vietnam to sign a second Vietnam France contract《Hue Treaty》, establishing French colonial rule over Vietnam.After the end of the Sino French War, in June 1885, China and France officially signed《Sino French Association Concludes Vietnam Treaty》（《Sino French New Testament》）, the Qing government recognized that France andVietnam?The treaty concluded has abandoned the right toVietnam?The suzerainty of.
Myanmar
MyanmarIt became Chinese in the Yuan and Ming dynastiesChieftain。But after the middle of the Ming Dynasty, MyanmarDepartment of Publicity and ComfortGradually stronger, start toChieftainJurisdictional expansion,Myanmarnoticethe ming dynastyThey did not save the outer border areas, so they learned fromthe ming dynastyOfGold lettered red cardSystem, take measures to attract the surroundingChieftainThe practice of the leader."The Third Declaration and the Sixth Comfort" established in the early Ming DynastyChieftainMost of them belong to ", (Note: Wang Song: Daoguang Yunnan Zhichao, Zhichao 5, see《Yunnan Historical Materials Series》Volume 11.)To pay tribute to them.For inside YunnanChieftain, MyanmarTaungoo Dynasty They also constantly harass.In order to resist Myanmar's attack, the governor of YunnanChen YongbinIt has set up aTongbi Pass、Wanren Pass、Shenhuguan、Jushi Pass, TiebiguanHuju Pass、Tianma Pass、Hanlong PassWait for eight passes.Although the eight passes are "to control all places outside the passChieftainIn order to prevent the invasion of Myanmar, it is not the boundary between Yunnan and Myanmar "(Note: Zhang Chengsun: Sino British Boundary between Yunnan and Myanmar, page 23). However, with the decline of its own power, the Ming Dynasty actually relaxed its control over chieftains outside the Shanhaiguan Pass.Some chieftains were intimidatedMyanmarUnder the pressure ofMyanmarOr to China and Myanmar.After the Qing army entered the Central Plains,Qing governmentBusy in consolidating their own rule, they only guarded the fortifications built during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty in the southwest frontier - Eight Passes (Note: seeFang Guoyu：《Textual Research on the Historical Geography of Southwest China》Zhonghua Book Company, 1987 edition, page 775)ChieftainIt is still the policy of taking advantage of the barbarians, so the borderChieftainThe status of has not changed, andTaungoo Dynasty , and there has been no official communication for many years.It was not until the 15th year of Qianlong's reign (1750) that King Jincai of Dongxu formally sent an envoy to China for the first time to pay tribute and seek a seal, which was well received by the Qing government.In 1752, the Dongyu Dynasty wasYongjiya Dynasty(1752-1885Qing Burma War(1765-1769).The early Qing Dynasty sent troops to Myanmar many times.In 1769, the Qing government sent a bachelorFu HengThe supervisor entered Myanmar, the king of MyanmarMeng bargeFear and seek peace.After the two sides reached peace, Myanmar sent envoyspay tributeThe Qing Dynasty showed its submission to China.In 1790, the Qing government sent envoys to Myanmar and granted Meng Yun the title of King of Myanmar.Qing Burma Warperiod,Qing governmentFor a time, the rule of chieftains Meng Gong, Mubang, Meng Gen, and Chiang Mai was restored, but with the end of the war on Burma, Myanmar prepared to pay tribute,Qing DynastyFor theseChieftainDon't ask questions."The three divisions were set up and left to Myanmar's disposal. It was said that Myanmar has been submissive and submissive from generation to generation. Although the land where the arches are raised belongs to Myanmar, it still belongs to me."[2](Note: Li Genyuan: Yongchang Prefecture Wen Zheng, Vol. 25, p. 12.) The Qing government's idea of being its own people, on the condition that it can maintain its vassal system, does not have much problem. However, after the frequent invasion of Western countries and the annexation of the Qing Dynasty's vassals by foreign powers, it will inevitably lead to border territorial disputes,It also made the Qing government fall into a passive position when negotiating with foreign powers.
Since 1824.Britain started a war of aggression against Burma.In the process of the British government causing trouble and provoking the war against Burma, the Qing government once made representations.The British government pushed the Japanese saying that it did not know China's suzerainty over Myanmar in advance, said that it would not harm China's rights in Myanmar, and at the same time stepped up its aggressionMyanmar。Britain sent troops to capture the capital of Myanmar in December 1885Mandalay, captured the king of BurmaHsipaw And the Queen, and announced on January 1, 1886 thatUpper MyanmarIncorporationBritish IndiaAnd completed its annexation of Myanmar as a whole.After the British annexation of Myanmar, the Qing government protested, and China and Britain negotiated. Since then, China and Britain began to have territorial disputes on the border between Yunnan and Myanmar.Zeng Jize, the Chinese envoy to the UK, once raised the border issue between Yunnan and Myanmar.British Foreign Secretary ClayZeng JizeHe expressed that he was willing to make some concessions on the boundary affairs: first, "take Lujiang (i.eNujiang River、Thanlwin River）To the east, from outside the southern boundary of Yunnan to the southSiamNorth boundary, XibinLujiang, which is called by Yang TuThanlwin River, arriving from the eastLancang RiverDownstream, including northNanzhangChina, Southshan All kinds of things are either kept as a dependency or received as a dependency, and it is convenient to hear about China ";Second, take the Great Jinsha River, namely the Irrawaddy River, as the "public river" of the two countries;Third, we explored a place near Bamo, allowed China to establish a port and "set up a customs to collect taxes" (Xue Fucheng: "Outline of the Boundary between Yunnan and Myanmar", under the volume of "Memoirs of Diplomatic Missions", pp. 28-29).Since China and the UK have been deadlocked on the issue of Myanmar's sacrifice,Zeng JizeBefore he left office, he only exchanged letters with the British Foreign Office for a brief record.In July 1886, it was signed in Beijing《Myanmar Clause》，Qing governmentAcknowledging the British privileges in Myanmar, the UK agreed that Myanmar would "routinely" present something to China for every ten years.Qing governmentAlthough it has reached the goal of making Britain "unimpeded"pay tribute”But in fact, the Qing Dynasty and MyanmarSuzerain vassal relationshipNo longer exists.
In the 15th year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty (1417 AD),Sulu IslandsThe three kings of the Tang Dynasty -- the East King Badu Gebahara, the West King Mahalagemadin, and the Tung King Badu Gebaharab led their families to form a friendly delegation of 340 people, who came to China for a friendly visit. It was noted thatEmperor Yongle (Ming ChengzuZhu Di）A grand reception.
In 1726 (the fourth year of Yongzheng's reign), King Sulu sent an envoy to the Qing court to pay tribute.In 1754, King Sulu askedSuluLand and private households were included in the Chinese version,Emperor QianlongDecline politely.In 1851,SpainEncroachmentJolo The communication between the Qing Dynasty and Sulu Kingdom was interrupted.
Nanzhang
NanzhangIt's Laos today.At the beginning of the 18th century, Nanzhang split and establishedLuang Prabangkingdom,Qing DynastyIt is still called "South Palm".In 1729 (the seventh year of Yongzheng period), the Luang Prabang Kingdom began to pay tribute to the Qing Dynasty.In 1791, the kingdom of Luang Prabang wasVientianeWang Zhaonan's intervention forced King Anuru of Luang Prabang to fleeBangkok。Soon, with the help of the Qing Dynasty, Anuru returned to Luang Prabang to rule, until his son Manta Tula ruled, he was still withQing governmentHave close contacts,Qing governmentIt was also awardedImperial sealandTo make an order。In 1893, Luang Prabang became the "protectorate" of France, and the suzerain vassal relationship between the Qing Dynasty and Nanzhang ended.
Kokand
Kokand was in the 18th centuryUzbekstayCentral AsiaEstablished feudalismkhanate。In 1759 (the 24th year of Qianlong's reign), the Qing army was pursuingXinjiangrebelSize and excellenceIn the process ofKokandKhan Erdeni had a direct relationship.Erdeni took the initiative to attach himself to foreign vassalsQing Dynasty, Xiang Qingtingpay tributeNo end.By the early 19th century,KokandStill pretending toQing DynastyIt means "deference", but in fact, it constantly invades China and devours Chinese territory.In 1876,Tsarist RussiaAnnexation of Kokand and establishment of Fergan Province.The suzerain vassal relationship between Kokand and the Qing Dynasty also disappeared.
Afghanistan
In the early Qing Dynasty,AfghanistanThe region is divided.In 1759BorolSend envoys to the Qing Dynastypay tribute。In 1878, the British occupiedAfghanistan, the Qing Dynasty andAfghanistanTherefore, our communication was interrupted.The Qing Dynasty and the neighboring countriesSuzerain vassal relationshipAnd termination.In addition, the issue of Tibet and Outer Mongolia also needs to be discussed here.As we all know, the Qing governmentTibetAnd Outer Mongolia exercise complete sovereignty.At that time, Britain and Russia and other countries had always tried to replace China's sovereignty in the above areas with suzerainty.Britain has repeatedly denied that ChinaTibetThe sovereignty ofQing governmentstayTibetOnly haveSuzerainty。This unconcerned statement of Britain was firmly opposed by the Qing government, and its plot never succeeded.stayOuter Mongolia IndependencePreviously, ChinaOuter MongoliaIt also exercises full sovereignty.Revolution of 1911After.RussiaInstigate the "independence" of Outer Mongolia to forcehigh Qing officialOfbeiyang government The conclusion of the Sino Russian Declaration Document with Russia has deprived the Chinese government of its territory and sovereignty in Outer Mongolia, leaving only a false name of suzerainty, which has seriously infringed on China's interests.Therefore, we must have a clear understanding of the issue of sovereignty and suzerainty.We must notQing DynastyIt has suzerainty over neighboring countries, and the areas where China has sovereignty are also called suzerainty.We must firmly oppose the transfer of suzerainty tosovereigntyConfused, firmly opposed to IsraelSuzeraintyReplace sovereignty.
Nepal
Nepal, thousands of yearsChinese EmpireThe last suzerain of.After the establishment of the Republic of China,high Qing officialHe once wanted to invite Nepal to join the Five Nation Republic, but unfortunately Nepal was controlled by Britain and India at that time.Qing Dynasty and NepaleseSuzerain vassal relationshipIt is a very realistic international strategic relationship.
In the early Qing Dynasty,Ladakh , Zhe MengxiongBhutanetc.the himalayasAll foreign countries are Chinese vassals.Later, Britain and India began to annex and invade these countries, and all countries were anxious to China.However, the English and Indian names“Draping ridge”, obliviousQing DynastyUnexpectedly, I didn't know that "Pireng" was Britain. I thought it was a small country far away, but I ignored it.
