Apollo program [1](English:Apollo program）Is a series of manned missions organized and implemented by the United States from 1961 to 1972Moon landingFlight mission.The purpose is to realize manned lunar landing flight and field investigation on the moon, and make technical preparations for manned planetary flight and exploration. It isWorld Space HistoryAn achievement of epoch-making significance.The Apollo program began in May 1961 and ended successfully with the sixth lunar landing in December 1972. It lasted about 11 years and cost $25.5 billion.[2]It accounted for 0.57% of the US GDP and 20% of the total US R&D expenditure that year.It provides amazing long-term employment growth.At the peak of the project, 20000 enterprises, more than 200 universities and more than 80 scientific research institutions participated in the project, with a total number of more than 300000 people.In 2012, the full moon map of China's Chang'e-2 captured the remains of the Apollo 11 moon landing in the United States.[16]
Back in the 1960s, when he was in charge of the White HouseEisenhowerThe government proposes to carry out the next generation space program to replaceMercury Project。In July 1960, Hugh Latimer Dryden, then the deputy director of NASA, announced the launch of the Apollo Program and began to conduct relevant research on the feasibility of the spacecraft.In August, NASA received 14 bids,General DynamicsWith CornwellGeneral Electric Company、Glenn L. Martin Company We received the contract and asked the three party team to come up with a feasible plan within six months.
In November 1960, John F. Kennedy became the 35th President of the United States when he took office in the White House. He promised voters early in the election that the United States would surpass the Soviet Union in space exploration and missile defense,Kennedy did not immediately decide to implement the moon landing plan - the reason was that he did not know much about the development of American space at that time, and the high cost also forced Kennedy to treat any space exploration plan carefully.As Administrator of NASAJames Webb When he asked for a 30 percent increase in the annual budget, Kennedy only agreed to speed up the research and development of large propellers, but did not support other larger projects.
On April 12, 1961, Soviet astronautsYuri Gagarin He took the Dongfang-1 spaceship and became the first person to enter space.This feat has greatly stimulated the United States and deepened the fear of the American people to fall behind in the space race.The next day, withWhite HouseDuring the meeting of the Scientific Committee, many legislators hoped to start implementing a space program immediately to ensure that the United States would not fall behind too much in the competition with the Soviet Union.Kennedy was cautious about this matter and did not take any major measures immediately.On April 20, Kennedy gave the Vice PresidentLyndon Johnson Send a memo to ask his opinion on the US space program and the possibility of the US catching up with the Soviet Union.In his reply the next day, Johnson believed that "we have not done our best and have not reached the level of keeping the United States ahead." Johnson also mentioned that the future moon landing plan is not only feasible, but also can definitely make the United States take the lead in the space race.
On May 25, 1961, Kennedy changed the goal of the Apollo Program to the United States Congress in a speech, and sent American astronauts to the moon before the end of the 1960s.Kennedy's speech gave a clearer goal to the Apollo program, but also added tremendous pressure to scientists: 20 days before Kennedy's speech, the United States had just put the first astronaut——Alan Shepard Into space, and he has not yet entered Earth orbit.This unfavorable situation made some staff members not optimistic about the moon landing plan.
On July 16, 1969,Saturn 5Super heavy carrier rocket carrying Apollo 11 spacecraft from Cape CanaveralKennedy Space CenterIgnite and lift off, starting the space journey of the first human landing on the moon.American astronautNeil Alden Armstrong 、Buzz Aldrin 、Michael Collins Driving the Apollo 11 spaceship across the journey of 380000 kilometers, carrying the dream of all mankind, we set foot on the surface of the moon.[3]
Man first landed on the moon (July 21, 1969)
The Apollo program is the largest lunar exploration program ever implemented by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States. The mission of the Apollo spacecraft, including preparing for and realizing manned lunar landing flight, ended at the end of 1972.So far (2018), no other manned spacecraft has left Earth orbit for more than 40 years.The Apollo program revealed in detail the characteristics of the moon's surface, chemical composition and optical properties, and explored the lunar gravitymagnetic field, moonquake, etc.LaterSkylab ProgramUnited with the United States and the Soviet UnionApollo Alliance Test PlanIt also used equipment originally built for Apollo, which is often considered as part of the Apollo Plan.
Apollo was in charge of poetry and music in ancient Greek mythologyHeliosLegend has it that he isLunaHis brother once killed the boa constrictor with a golden arrow to avenge his mother.It is conceivable that the US government chose this avenging sun god to name the moon landing plan.
The Apollo Plan was a great success, but there were several serious crises in the plan, includingApollo 1 Fire during testGus Grissom 、Edward Higgins White 、Roger ChaffeyDeath;The explosion of the oxygen tank of Apollo 13 and the toxic gas emitted when the Apollo Alliance test program returned to the atmosphere almost killed the astronauts on mission.
Ancillary plan
NASA has prepared four auxiliary missions for the moon landing mission, namely:
one
Rover detectorPlan (1961-1965): A total of nine probes will be launched to take 18000 photos of the lunar surface in different lunar orbits to understand the possibility of spacecraft landing on the lunar surface.However, the probe has failed to launch many times.
two
Surveyor detectorPlan (1966-1968): A total of five automatic probes were launched to soft land on the lunar surface, 86000 photos of the lunar surface were sent back through television, and the physical and chemical property data of the lunar soil were detected.
three
Lunar Orbiter Plan (1966-1967): A total of three lunar orbiting probes will be launched to take high-resolution photos of more than 40 pre selected landing areas, and more than 1000 small scale high-resolution lunar surface photos will be obtained, according to which about 10 expected lunar landing sites will be selected.
four
Gemini spacecraftPlan (1965-1966): 10 spaceships with 2 astronauts each will be launched successively for medical biological research and training of maneuvering flight, docking and extravehicular activities.
Lunar landing plan
Take off directly orEarth orbit assemblyAfter landing on the moon became the main goal, the decision makers of the Apollo program began to face how to send astronauts to the moon as safely, economically and simply as possible, including demonstrating the lunar landing trajectory of the spacecraft and determining the overall layout of the manned spacecraft.The lunar orbit assembly plan is selected from the four flight plans of Apollo spacecraft, and the overall layout plan of the spacecraft consisting of command module, service module and lunar module is determined accordingly.Similar to the Soviet Union's lunar landing plan of the same period, the United States proposed four lunar landing plans:[4]
one
Direct takeoffThe plan proposes a huge new rocket to carry aspacecraft, fly directly to the moon;The rocket landed on the moon, took off again after the mission was completed, and flew back to the earth.
two
Earth orbit rendezvousThis plan requires two small rockets half the size of Saturn 5 to send different parts of the moon landing spacecraft into Earth orbit for integration and docking.The whole spacecraft landed on the surface of the moon.Since there was little experience in assembling multiple spacecraft in orbit at that time, and whether it was feasible to assemble spacecraft in Earth orbit was unknown, this plan was not adopted.
three
Lunar surface rendezvousThis plan requires two spacecraft to be launched: an automatic spacecraft with propulsion system to land on the moon first;Manned spacecraftLaunch later.The propulsion system is moved to the manned spacecraft on the surface of the moon and then returned to the earth.
four
Lunar orbital rendezvousThis plan was proposed by John C. Hobart's team.This scheme is a large spacecraft, called command/service module, which carries a moon landing spacecraft carrying astronauts called moon landing module.The command/service module carries fuel and living necessities from the earth to the moon and back, as well as the heat shield required for entering the earth's atmosphere.After entering the lunar orbit, the lunar module is separated from the command/service module and landed on the lunar surface;The command/service module remains in lunar orbit.One of the three astronauts remained in the command/service module.After the lunar landing, the lunar module takes off again, and the command/service moduleLunar orbital assemblyAnd return to Earth.Different from other schemes, this scheme only requires a very small spacecraft to land on the moon surface, which greatly reduces the mass of spacecraft taking off on the moon when returning.By leaving part of the lunar module on the moon, the take-off mass of the lunar module can be reduced again.The lunar module itself is divided into two parts, including the landing part and the takeoff part. The former is used for landing on the moon, while the latter will take off after the mission is completed and merge with the command/service module to return to the earth.Due to the reduced mass of spacecraft, only one separate rocket launch is required for one mission.The concern at that time was the technical difficulty raised by the frequent docking and separation.
27 January 1967.Astronauts Virgil Gleason, Edward White and Roger Chaffey died in a fire accident during a drill that night.The fire engulfed themApollo 1 airship.The original plan was to launch the spacecraft on February 21 and put them into Earth orbit for 14 days. During the simulation exercise of this launch, they died on the ground.
Officials from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration said that probablyelectric sparkIt ignited the pure oxygen in the cockpit of Apollo spacecraft.The three astronauts sat side by side on the No. 34 launch pad at Cape Kennedy as if they were actually flying“Saturn”The fire broke out on the top of the No. 1 rocket at 6:31 p.m. that day.
They were stuck behind the closed hatch and could not use the Apollo security system because they were blocked by a missile trailer.The emergency workers tried to approach them, but were blocked by the smoke billowing from the cabin.The Air Force and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration collected all the information related to the fire.Officials said: "The loss of personnel and spacecraftApollo moon landing planWith a serious blow.Faced with the difficulty of budget reduction, the Apollo Program has been striving hard to achieve the moon landing in the late 1960s.
After several unmanned earth orbit flights, Apollo 7 finally carried out its first manned flight on October 11, 1968, and three astronauts flew around the earth 163 times.Apollo 7's mission was to test the docking system on the command module.
fromFrank Borman 、Jim Lovell AndWilliam Anders The Apollo 8 team will take the flight on December 21Saturn 5 rocketIt was launched from the earth orbit to the moon orbit. On December 21, 1968, Apollo 8spacecraftAfter flying from the earth to the moon, our members returned to the earth safely.The mission is to test the performance of the Apollo command module system in the space between the earth and the moon orbit and in the orbit around the moon, including communication, tracking and life support.Evaluate astronauts' performance during the lunar orbiting mission.
Apollo 9 was the first spaceship to carry a lunar module. It flew for a long time in orbit around the earth and further inspected the lunar module.The mission is to test human response and weightlessness in the space environment.
Apollo 11 spacecraft landed on the moon on July 16, 1969Saturn 5The Apollo 11 rocket was launched.When the third stage rocket flamed out, it sent the spacecraft to a low altitude parking orbit around the earth.The third stage rocket ignited and accelerated for the second time, sending the spacecraft into the earth moon transition orbit.The spacecraft separated from the third stage rocket, and began to approach the moon 2.5 days after flying along the transition orbit. The main engine of the service module decelerated to make the spacecraft enter the lunar orbit.
Astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin entered the lunar module, separated the module from the mothership, and descended to the moon surface to achieve soft landing.The other astronaut remained in the command module and continued to fly around the moon.Astronauts on the moon deploy solar array on the moon surface and installMoonquakeThe instrument and laser reflector collected 22kg of lunar rock and soil samples, then drove the upper upgrade of the lunar module back to the lunar orbit, joined and docked with the mother ship, then abandoned the lunar module, and started the main engine of the service module to accelerate the spacecraft into the moon earth transition orbit.When approaching the earth, the spacecraft enters the re-entry corridor and throws it awayService cabin, so that the circular arched bottom of the command module faces forward and decelerates under the strong aerodynamic force.When entering low altitude, the command module ejects three parachutes to further reduce the descent speed.The command module of Apollo 11 spacecraft landed in the Pacific Ocean southwest of Hawaii on July 24.[6]
Apollo 12-17
Saturn 5 launch vehicle at Cape Canaveral launch site
From November 1969 to December 1972, the United States successively launched Apollo 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 spaceships. Except for Apollo 13, which suspended the mission of landing on the moon due to the explosion of the liquid oxygen tank in the service module (three astronauts returned to the ground safely), a total of 12 astronauts successfully landed on the moon.
Apollo 13 was the third manned moon landing mission in the Apollo program.Two days after launch, the explosion of the oxygen tank in the service module severely damaged the spacecraft, causing it to lose a lot of oxygen and electricity;The three astronauts used the spacecraft's lunar module as a lifeboat in space.The command module system was not damaged, but it was shut down before returning to the earth's atmosphere to save power.The three astronauts experienced the problems of lack of power, normal temperature and drinking water in space, but they still successfully returned to Earth.Later, Jim Lowell, the crew member of Apollo 13, recalled, "We finally survived, but it was very dangerous. Our mission failed, but I prefer to regard it as a brilliant failure
In the last J mission, the lunar module was originally planned to stay on the moon surface for three days.The cancelled Apollo 18 to Apollo 20 were all J missions.
The most remote idea even includes the I task, with a considerable proportion of scientific research.When budget reduction became a reality, these scientific research projects were put into task J.
This plan is a follow-up plan of Apollo. The Apollo 18 spacecraft, which was intended to land on the moon, was used to dock with the Soyuz 19 spacecraft of the former Soviet Union. Astronauts from both sides sent condolences to each other and visited each other's spacecraft.
The first space station plan of the United States willSaturn 5 carrier rocketIt will be converted into a space laboratory, and will be used as the Apollo spacecraft as a shuttle tool for astronauts.
Basic structure
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Apollo spacecraft consists of three parts: command module, service module and lunar module.
Command module
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The cockpit where astronauts live and work in flight is also the control center of the whole spacecraft.The command cabin is conical, 3.2 meters high and weighs about 6 tons.The command module is divided into front module, astronaut module and rear module.Landing parts, recovery equipment and attitude control engine are placed in the front compartment.The astronaut module isSealed cabinThere are necessities and life-saving equipment for astronauts to live for 14 days.There are 10 sets in the rear compartmentAttitude control engine, various instruments and tanks, attitude control, guidance and navigation systems, on-board computers and radio subsystems, etc.[1]
Service cabin
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The front end is docked with the command cabin, and the rear end is equipped with the main engine nozzle of the propulsion system.The cabin is cylindrical, 6.7 meters high, 4 meters in diameter, and weighs about 25 tons.The main engine is used for orbit transfer and orbit change maneuver.The attitude control system consists of 16 setsrocket engineThey are also used to separate the spacecraft from the third stage rocket, dock the lunar module with the command module, and separate the command module from the service module.[1]
Lunar module
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Apollo lunar module is composed of downward downgrade and upward upgrade. When taking off from the ground, it weighs 14.7 tons, is 4.3 meters wide and has a maximum height of about 7 meters.The downgrading consists of landing engines, four landing racks and four instrument cabins;The upgrade is the main body of the lunar module.After completing the activities on the moon surface, the astronauts returned to the orbit around the moon and joined the command module.The upper upgrade consists of astronaut cabin, return engine, propellant tank, instrument cabin and control system.The astronaut cabin can accommodate two astronauts - but it is not equipped with seats. There are navigation, control, communication, life support, power and other equipment in the cabin.[1]
Carrier rocket
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The Apollo spacecraft was launched using the high thrust Saturn carrier rocket.The launch vehicle development is carried out in two stages:
one
"Saturn" 1 and 1B were developed to gain experience in the development of large carrier rockets and carry out flight tests of Apollo spacecraft.
two
The "Saturn" 5 giant three-stage carrier rocket was developed as the vehicle for the spacecraft to land on the moon.
Apollo spacesuit
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Apollo spacesuit
The extravehicular spacesuit worn by the Apollo astronauts on the moon was sewn by the sewing women of Playtex, the underwear manufacturer.At that time, Playtex cooperated with engineers to design spacesuits that could allow astronauts to survive in orbit. Finally, women sewing workers sewed them by hand according to the specific size of astronauts.[7]
Apollo program
The Apollo astronauts also contributed to the success of the historic moon landing mission.In a few decades, this incredible history will be adapted into a Hollywood film called "Spacesuit".Film《Space suit》Based onNicholas·De Monchax's book Apollo Space Suit.
Apollo program
De Monchax wrote in the book: "The materials used to make a spacesuit include a flight suit, a Goodrich tire, a bra, a strap, a raincoat and a tomato moth." He pointed out that the precision of Playtex sewing women workers in sewing spacesuits exceeded that of other teams competing for NASA contracts.
Apollo moon landing program spacesuit
De Monchaks said: "Their sewing error should not exceed 1/64 inch (about 0.4 mm) and they should not use any pins. There is no doubt that this is a work in the clothing industry, rather than the more traditional military industry.In the whole Apollo program, only a few people really took the fate of astronauts into their own hands, and women sewing workers were one of them. "
Monchaks believes that NASA has belittled the contribution of women sewing workers in the whole project.He pointed out that "NASA is part of a larger military industrial complex, and it is absolutely unexpected and embarrassing for women sewing workers to participate in their plans." Playtex's team won the contract with innovative ideas, advanced sewing technology and firm determination.
International Latex, a subsidiary of Playtex, has an excellent team of sewing women and technicians, led by an auto technician who once worked as a TV repairman.The company finally persuaded NASA to participate in the test spacesuit competition held by NASA, which is only for a few innovative companies.
The Los Angeles Times Book Review said: "They worked hard for six consecutive weeks, sometimes even 24 hour shifts, and finally found a solution to make high-performance spacesuits to defeat two invited competitors.In direct competition with companies with larger scale and more abundant funds, the management of International Latex Company uses advanced technology and sewing technology to produce high-performance space suits.
Other products of the International Latex Company include airbag landing equipment, spacecraft, aerostats, Zeppelin airships and other air vehicles lighter than air, anti biochemical and radiological masks and head cover systems for Mars Pathfinder and Mars Exploration Rover missions, and elastic powder sealing solutions for the pharmaceutical industry.
The first American astronaut to land on the moon。He used to be an astronaut, test pilotNavy pilotIt is famous for being the first man to step on the moon when carrying out the mission of Apollo 11, the first manned spaceship.Neil Armstrong's first space mission was carried out in 1966Gemini 8The command length of.During this mission, he and David Scott completed the first docking of spacecraft.Armstrong's second and last space mission was the famous Apollo 11 in July 1969.In this "great leap of mankind", Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin walked on the surface of the moon for two and a half hours (Michael Collins circled the moon in the command module).
From July 1969 to December 1972, 12 American astronauts went to the moon on the Apollo spacecraft.After that, the United States did not land on the moon.The re mention of "old events" cannot help but remind people of the "human survival" of those who once landed on the moon and many astronauts after returning to the earth.Especially not long ago, France's first female astronaut was alsoEuropean Space AgencySo far, the only female astronaut has served as the French Minister of Science and Technology Claude Aisnel.After his success, he unfortunately suffered from depression and attempted suicide by taking medicine, which shocked the whole country.It also aroused people's attention to the living conditions of those who "go up to heaven" and "land on earth".Through investigation, they entered the post space age.Some become successful businessmen, and some, like Aisnel, continue to contribute to the aerospace industry by engaging in politics.Others are fading out of people's sight.Like Aisnel, success is accompanied by "mental problems"... In people's imagination, the life of astronauts returning from space is always full of applause and smiles.In fact, there are also differences.
After interviewing nine living astronauts on the moon, British writer Andrew Smith revealed the surprising inside story in his book "Moon Dust: Looking for Those Who Fall to the Earth": Almost all American astronauts on the moon can't cope with the sudden fame and the super sensory psychological impact of the moon landing event after returning to the earth.Some of them collapsed, some became alcoholics, and some were immersed in depression... Britain《The Guardian》According to media reports, there is a unique "senior club" of 12 people in the world. Even billionaires can't join it even if they pay a huge sum of money - they are the only 12 astronauts on the earth who have landed on the moon.Andrew Smith interviewed 9 of them and reached the above conclusion.
In 1961, former US President John Kennedy announced that Americans would first land on the moon.Even the director of NASA did not know how to realize this bold dream.Surprisingly, from the summer of 1969 to December 1972, 12 American astronauts boarded the Apollo spacecraft and landed on the moon using navigation technology that is "primitive" than modern mobile phones.
Most astronauts on the moon were US Air Force test pilots in the 1950s.In the 1960s, as pilots, they were involved in NASA's Apollo moon landing program.In that era full of space craze, they all thought they were taking risks for the future of mankind.However, since the 1970s, with the gradual decline of the "space craze", the 12 astronauts who landed on the moon also experienced a series of chaotic "earthly life".NASA's grand plan collapsed, but most astronauts on the moon found it difficult to find their own goals on Earth.
The "mysterious feeling" of landing on the moon deeply afflicted the Apollo 15 lunar module pilotJames Irwin 。Owen's on the moonApennineOn a rock in the mountain, a piece of crystal with a history of 4.5 billion years, which is called the "origin stone", was found.Owen felt that this "origin stone" seemed to be waiting for his arrival there.When Owen returned to earth, he began to believe in religion.He founded a religious organization called Goofy.He led two expeditions to TurkeyAlaratThe mountain looks for traces of Noah's ark.In 1991, Owen died of heart disease.
Apollo 14 lunar module pilotEdgar Mitchell When returning to the capsule from the moon, there was a strange feeling of being watched by something.He felt that he had a spiritual contact with intelligent life in the universe.After returning to Earth, Mitchell began to study mysterious supernatural phenomena.He isCaliforniaA "Abstract Science Association" has been established to study human consciousness and various supernatural events.
Charles Duke, Owen's companion on the moon, was also unable to cope with the huge psychological shock brought by the moon landing event.After returning to earth, he began to drink heavily and often abused his children.Duke is the youngest living astronaut on the moon.He later converted to religion and called the moon landing "the dust in my life".
Commander of Apollo 12Alan BeanHe was the fourth man to land on the moon. He later became a famous painter.However, his painting always has one theme: he always uses the oil color mixed with the moon dust to depict the scene of the moon surface he has seen.He brought back all the moon dust from the moon.Bean said that when he returned to the earth from space, he swore to himself: "If I can return to the earth, I will do what I like."
The new book reveals that although astronauts on the moon have faced unimaginable dangers, none of the "moon walkers" have become rich because of their exploration experience and reputation.They still receive an annual salary of about 17000 dollars from NASA according to their military ranks.
The book also revealed that Neil Armstrong, the first American astronaut to set foot on the moon, could not cope with the fame that followed the tide after returning to the earth.He once sighed: "How long will it take for others not to treat me as an astronaut?"
At a loss, they hoped to return to the moon one day.
Publish photos
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On October 5, 2015, NASA released 8400 historical photos of the Apollo program and astronauts landing on the moon through Flickr.com.The resolution of the photo reached 1800 dpi, and the footprints left by the first human step on the moon surface were clearly visible.
Latest research
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In November 2023, scientists from the US Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) announced that they had found hydrogen in 79221 meteorite samples collected by astronauts from near the equator of the moon in the "Apollo era" for the first time, which may be caused by continuous solar wind showers or even comet collisionsHit the moon.[15]
Fifty years ago, the so-called "Apollo Program" of the United States sent humans to the moon for the first time and realized walking on the moon's surface.The "small step" taken by astronaut Armstrong means that mankind has taken a "big step" in the exploration of the universe.However, many people questioned that the moon landing was a fraud. The Apollo manned moon landing was the biggest fraud in the 20th century[8]。
Related events
Snowden called Russia's first moon exploration
Snowden, a former CIA employee, tweeted "I believe Russia first explored the moon" the first time after he was granted asylum "freedom" in Russia.British media revealed that Snowden should have confidential documents revealing that the US moon landing in 1969 was fraudulent.[9][13]
Several foreigners questioned the moon landing
Mexico's Perpetual Weekly Science and Technology Edition once published an article entitled "The Largest Forgery of the Century" published by Russian researcher Alexander Gordof, questioning the photos taken by the United States 31 years ago to land on the moon.
Professor Bill Kane, who claimed to be involved in the Apollo program, once wrote a book called "We never landed on the moon". The book also listed some doubts about the Apollo moon landing program, and even thought that the rocket with astronauts was indeed launched, but the target was not the moon, but the South Pole, which was rarely visited by people. The rocket was ejected from the command module there and recovered by military aircraft.Then the astronauts performed the process of landing on the moon in the laboratory on the earth, finally entered the command module, and was put into the Pacific Ocean to complete the whole so-called moon landing process.
Gordoff said that he questioned the photos and video records of the US astronauts' landing on the moon more than 30 years ago, not to deny the feat of the US astronauts' landing on the moon that year.He believed that the American astronauts were close to the surface of the moon at that time, but could not step on the moon due to technical reasons.At that time, the United States was eager to pay tribute to the world, so it forged a number of photos of landing on the moon and a photographic documentary, blinding and deceiving the world for decades.He said that Ralph Lerner, an American engineer, David Perry, a British scientist, and Mary Belt all agreed with his query.[11]
Bartsborel is a filmmaker. He has made a series of films to point out the contradictions of the moon landing, and he also had a fierce face-to-face dispute with Apollo 11 astronaut Aldrin and was beaten.[13]
Moon rock is really wood
According to British and American media reports, the Netherlands National Museum has kept a piece of "moon rock" allegedly collected by American astronauts when they first landed on the moon in 1969, and has insured it for up to 300000 pounds.After identification, experts found that it was not a "moon rock", but just a piece of petrified rotten wood.[9]
Apollo crater question
In May 2024, voices questioning the authenticity of the U.S. Apollo moon landing plan will continue to stir up China's domestic Internet.Following the Chinese Association for Science and Technology, the Institute of Geology and Geophysics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences also publishes articles to explain doubts through popular science.Apollo refers to the Apollo Basin, also known as the Apollo impact crater, which refers to the south pole of the moonAitken Basin A small part of the terrain.Aitken Basin in Antarctica is very large, with a diameter of more than 2000 kilometers, including the south pole of the moon.But name of the crater has nothing to do with the Apollo moon landing site.There is no other relationship between the Apollo program and the 'Apollo crater' except that their names are the same.[17]
Questioning opinions
Apollo program
Question 1:Will the flag fly in a vacuum?In the picture of landing on the moon, the American flag "flutters in the wind".Under the high vacuum environment on the moon surface, there can be no air convection, accordingly, there can be no "wind", and the flag can not "fly in the wind".Therefore, some people doubt that these photos and videos were completed in the studio on Earth.[8]
According to Science Ballad Network on January 27, 2021, the American flag in the image is a specially made flag. In order to achieve a better visual effect, the designed flagpole is relatively long.Accordingly, the stiffness of the flagpole decreases.The "flying" of the flag we see is actually caused by the vibration of the flagpole inserted into the soil in a high vacuum environment for a long time.This "flying" phenomenon proves that the vacuum in this area is very high.In fact, with the technical means at that time, it was very simple to create a windless environment, just to keep the space closed and the temperature constant.If you really want to fake, it is impossible not to take this into account.So this view is sheer nonsense.[8]
Question 2:There are no stars in the sky?The moon has no atmosphere, and the stars in the sky should be bright and clear.But in the pictures taken, there are no stars in the sky.[8]
This was due to the limited shooting conditions at that time.At that time, film was used for photographing. The interval between the brightest and darkest details that a film can present is limited. Under the harsh environment of the moon surface, this interval will be further narrowed.In addition, due to the strong ability of the moon surface to reflect sunlight, it is necessary to reduce the exposure during the shooting process, otherwise the image will be a blur of white.At the same time, the exposure time should also be reduced to reduce the impact of the moonlight reflection.The lower exposure and the lower exposure time will result in the inability to shoot stars in the sky.
Question 3:Why didn't the Japanese "Moon Goddess" take pictures of Apollo moon landing facilities and activity traces when flying around the moon?[8]
The Goddess of the Moon is a three-star system. The resolution of the on-board camera on its main satellite "Huiyeji" is only 10 meters, and the flight orbit height of the "Goddess of the Moon" is 100 kilometers. Objects on the moon surface can be distinguished only when the radius is at least 50 meters.The radius or maximum size of the Apollo 15 and 17 landers and lunar rovers is about 3 meters, so it is difficult to distinguish the traces of lunar rovers and landers in the images sent back by Huiyeji.
Challenge 4:Why is there more than one shadow on the ground?In the image, the astronauts have more than one shadow on the moon surface. At the same time, it can be clearly seen that the spacesuit appears very bright white.It was suggested that this was caused by the use of fill lights and other facilities in the studio.
According to the Scientific Rumor Rejection Network on January 27, 2021, this query is very untenable.First of all, the lunar soil on the lunar surface has a large reflection coefficient of light, which is easy to reflect the light from the sun.Secondly, the surface of the moon is not a smooth plane, and there are multiple planes, so that the light can be reflected from multiple angles.Finally, we can not ignore the cabin beside the astronauts. The surface of the cabin can also reflect light.[8]
Question 5:Astronauts can leap forward with great strides, without floating to a very high altitude.LunarGravitational accelerationAbout one sixth of the earth, why does it seem that astronauts are working hard, but they are not really jumping high?[8]
The reason is that the weight of the spacesuit is too large.Apollo spacesuitIt can also provide oxygen, air circulation, maintain air pressure and filtercarbon dioxideAnd cooling function, enough for astronauts to walk on the moon for up to 7 hours.In addition, there is a backup system that can provide 30 minutes of oxygen and communication.At the same time, the communication system can also transmit the physiological data of astronauts back to the Earth.The surface of the moon is always attacked by micrometeoroids, so a protective layer is added outside the Apollo spacesuit.With so many functions, the Apollo spacesuit weighs 82 kg, so it will not jump into space.[8]
Challenge 6:When the lunar module left the moon and returned to the earth, no flame could be seen on the rocket.
Question 7:If you play the video of astronauts walking on the moon quickly, you will feel that it is taken on the earth, but the playback speed is slowed down.
Question 8:Exposed to the radiation of the Van Allen radiation belt, astronauts could not come back from the moon alive.
Question 9:The rocks brought back from the moon are exactly the same as those collected by scientists from Antarctica.
Question 10:All six moon landings were completed during President Nixon's term of office. Despite the rapid development of human science and technology in the past 40 years, no other leader can accomplish the feat of landing on the moon during his term of office.[12]
Moon landing photos
Those "conspiracy theorists" who believe that the moon landing is false believe that the Apollo manned moon landing is a lie made by NASA, in order to divert the American public from the dilemma of wasting money and labor on the Apollo program and its failure.But in fact, all scholars did not question the authenticity of the moon landing, including the Soviet Union, the largest competitor of the United States at that time.In fact, "conspiracy theorists" may not care about the facts at all. They just use this method to attract attention, mislead public opinion, and achieve their own hidden goals.We seldom see rumour mongers being punished when they are exposed. On the contrary, they are scholars or workers in related fields who refuse to be misled and painstakingly pay.In the process of their efforts, I don't know how many rumormongers are brewing one rumor after another.[8]
On November 25, 2023, it was reported that the US AI judged the photos of the US lunar landing mission to be false, and the photos of the Chinese lunar rover were no problem. Putin: Very interesting.[14]
