Amu Darya

The river with the largest flow in Central Asia

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Amu Darya （ farsi ： آمودریا ‎； Uzbek ： Amudaryo ； Pashto ： د آمو سيند ‎； Turkmen ： Amyderýa ； Tajik ： Амударё ）, Yes Central Asia The river with the largest flow. In ancient times, this river was thought to be Greater Iran and Turan The boundary between.

The name of the Amu Darya River is the language of Turkic nationalities. Darya was in ancient times Turki Li means sea or river, and Amu gets its name from the coastal city Amul and the indigenous people Amard. Its activity area is now Turkmenistan Nabad region^[1] 。

Chinese name: Amu Darya
Foreign name: Amu Darya
Alias: Wuhushui, Guishui, Oxus River
Water system: Amu River System
geographical position: Central Asia
Flow area: Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, etc

Origin: the pamirs
Main tributaries: Sulhob, Sulhan, Kafelnigan
River length: 2540 km
Average flow: 1330 m3/s (estuary)
Area: 465500 km²
Annual runoff: 43 billion cubic meters

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Historical origin

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Amu Darya

Ancient invasion of Amu Darya Central Asia The Greek invaders of Sogdian The name of the river god wxwsw. The Greek name Oxus was transliterated into Guishui in the Han Dynasty and Wuhu River in the Tang Dynasty. 《 Redords of the Grand History of China 》、《 The History of the Han Dynasty 》Make water check; 《 Northern History 》As Wuxu water; 《 Sui Shu 》、《 Old Tang Script 》、《 New Tang Dynasty Book 》To make Wu Hu water. Arabic and farsi It's called Jayh Ru n^[2] ，《 Records of the Western Regions of the Tang Dynasty 》It is recorded as "binding the cud water". Translated as "Wu Hu Shui" or "Fu Mu Shui", it is more respected Greek Source sound of; "Guishui" is obviously borrowed from a river in the Central Plains.

Amu Darya has various titles in different historical and cultural languages, Ancient Greek call Ὦξος （Oxos）， Latin call Ōxus 。 Hebrew Call it גּוֹזָן （Gozan）； Arabic Is جيحون (Jih ô n, Jayhoun) Ancient Chinese name Wuhushui 、 Oxus 。《 History of the Yuan Dynasty 》Work Ammu River 。《 Ming History 》Work Amu River.

The Amu Darya River has the largest water volume in Central Asia Inland river ， Aral Sea One of the two major water sources of the pamirs 4900 meters above sea level in the southeast Alpine glacier 。 The upper source Vakhkir River is located at Afghanistan It flows from east to west and joins the Pamirs River, becoming Afghanistan and Tajikistan The boundary river was renamed as Wahan River. After that, turn north, turn south, continue to flow west, and call it Panchi River 。 From the right bank Vakhsh River Later, it was called Amu Darya. It continues to flow westward along the border between Afghanistan and Tajikistan, and then successively passes through Afghanistan and Uzbekistan Afghanistan and Turkmenistan The border between the two countries turns northwest into Turkmenistan Tulan lowland , along Kizilkum Desert and Karakum Desert The border area between Uzbekistan and Turkey winds through, entering the Aral Sea near Muynak, Uzbekistan. It is customary to take the confluence of Vakhsh River and Pyandzh River as its starting point Aral Sea The south coast is 1415 kilometers (879 miles) from the sea Headwater of river At first, the total length is 2540 kilometers (1578 miles).

geographical conditions

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Amu Darya The source of the pamirs Southeast and Hindu Kush Mountains 4900 meters above sea level Mountain glacier , the west flows into the source the pamirs Pamir River Panchi River (Pyandzh), and then zigzag westward, confluence Vakhsh River Later called Amu Darya, it flows into the northwest Aral Sea 。 Flow through Tajikistan 、 Afghanistan 、 Uzbek 、 Turkmenistan Four countries. The Amu Darya River is 1415 km long; From the source, it is 2540km long, 960km wide from north to south, 1400km long from east to west, and covers an area of 465000km2. Supplied by alpine glaciers and snow melting, there are two flood seasons in spring and summer every year. The river water is rich in sediment content, water power resources and irrigation benefits. There are many hydropower stations and reservoirs built. From the estuary to chardzhou It is navigable. The Amu Darya River is also the boundary of culture: Hephthalites And Iran Later, there was a clear distinction between Turks and Iran. According to records, the Amu Darya River does not always flow into the Aral Sea, and it once flowed into the Aral Sea Caspian Sea 。

The Amu Darya River Basin is 950 kilometers (600 miles) long from north to south and 1450 kilometers (900 miles) wide from east to west. To the north Syr River , Donglian Tarim Basin , south Indus River and Helmand Helmand River Basin covers an area of 465500 square kilometers (179700 square miles). There are three tributaries, Surkhob on the left

Amu Darya

Surkhob River, Surkhandarya River and Kafirnigan River are on the right. The main stream is 1427 km long Panchi River From the source of the river, the total length is 2540 kilometers, and the drainage area is 465000 square kilometers.

It is rainy in winter and spring in the mountainous areas of the Amu Darya River basin, with an annual rainfall of up to 1000 mm. The annual rainfall in the plain area is only 200 mm, while the rainfall in the downstream area is less than 100 mm. Snow melts in spring and water rises, with the largest flow in June, July and August. The river water carries a large amount of sediment. For example, near Kerki, the river water contains 4kg of sediment per cubic meter. Before 1960, the average annual runoff near Kerki City was 63 billion cubic meters. From the estuary to Tiermetz (Termez) is navigable, but due to the sandy shoals, the volume of freight transport not big. Embankments have been built downstream to prevent flood and Diversion irrigation 。 The main plants in the Amu Darya River basin are cypress poplar , Liu Rhamnus rhamnoides Etc. fish The most common are sturgeon, carp and salmon. Mammals There are wild boars wildcat Jackals and hares. birds Up to 200 kinds. People living in the Amu Darya River basin include Tadzhik, Turkmen, Uzbek, Kara Kalpak, Tatar, Kazakh and Russian.

Water system composition

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There are many tributaries of Amu Darya River, but most of them are concentrated within 180 kilometers of the upstream. Part of the river water in the middle and lower reaches is used for irrigation and part of it is evaporated, and the runoff gradually decreases. The main tributaries of Amu Darya River include: Surhab River (Konduz River), Kafelnigan River, Surhan River and Sherabad River. according to hydrography Features: one of the other two major tributaries on the right bank Zeravshan River The Kashkadaria River and the Kashkadaria River should also belong to the Amu Darya River basin, but the flow of these two rivers does not reach the Amu Darya River, so they can be regarded as independent rivers.

The Panchi River flows through the deep mountains and canyons almost all the way, forming many stone beaches and waterfalls. The river is 921km long, Drainage area 113500 square kilometers. At 200km above the confluence of Vakhsh River, the river valley of Panchi River expands and the flow velocity decreases. The river divides into two Han rivers in the lower reaches, forming a 50 km long, nearly 15 km wide, swampy Urta soil Gaye The island is covered with reeds. Panchi River The main tributaries come from the right bank, such as Gongte River , Bar Tanghe River , Yazgulem River, Wanqi River and Kizel River, etc. There are few tributaries injected from the left bank, only Kirk Qia River.

Vakhsh River is the second river that forms the Amu Darya River, with a length of 524km and a drainage area of 39100km2. Is created by Kezel River It is formed by confluence with Muke River. Muke Heyuan at its own expense Deqin Ke Glacier. After the confluence of Kezel River and Muke River, it is called Surkhob River; It is called Vakhsh River after it is fed by Obihingao River, a major tributary on the left bank. The upper reaches of the Vakhsh River mostly flows through deep mountains and canyons, and the last 150 kilometers flow in the wide valley covered with cotton fields and soil. Vakhsh Channel It divides into many branches. The total fall of Vakhsh River is 835m, many years Average flow 645 m3/s, year Runoff 20.2 billion cubic meters, runoff mainly consists of snow melting and Glacial recharge The runoff from May to September accounts for 77% of the annual runoff.

basin geomorphology

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Amu Darya Scenery

The Amu Darya River basin is located between 34 ° 30 '- 43 ° 45' north latitude and 58 ° 15 '- 75 ° 07' east longitude. The basin extends 1230km from north to south and 1470km from west to east. Of the 465000 square kilometers of Amu Darya River basin, 226800 square kilometers are located in the pamirs In the highest mountain area, the average height of the mountain ranges reaches 5000-5500 meters, and some peaks exceed 6000 meters or even 7000 meters.

The Amu Darya River valley extends in an arc from the confluence of the Panchi and Vakhsh Rivers to Kerji City, river flat It is covered with dense reeds, and there are many lakes and marshes. The width of Amu Darya River valley varies from 4 to 25 kilometers from Kerki City to Irjik Valley, and the gentle slope of the valley virtually connects with the surrounding terrain. Between Iljik and Qiuyamuyun Canyon, the river flows mainly through sand layer and Tertiary brittle Sandstone In bedrock. The valley has a steep slope of 10-20 meters high. Below the Qiuyamuyun Gorge, the Amu Darya River Valley extends to dozens of kilometers and narrows to Zhumultao and Tahi Gorge.

Amu Darya Delta Start at Tower Hiya Below Toth Village, it is Branching flow Crisscross Gently inclined plain 。

climate

Amu Darya River Central Asia Siya is located in the interior of the continent, far from the ocean, and the mountains in its north have not played a role in it Barrier effect These all determine its strong Continental climate : dry and hot in summer and cold in winter; July Average temperature 26-30 ℃. The temperature in January sometimes drops to - 30 ℃ or below. The mountains in the basin almost extend from east to west, and gradually decrease along this direction. This position of the mountains makes the west moist Air mass It can go deep into mountains. Near saturated air mass and high mountain range running east-west When they meet, they cause condensation of water and a lot of precipitation on the highland, while there is little precipitation on the adjacent plains and piedmont. Mountainous Annual precipitation In some places, the precipitation exceeds 1000 mm or even 2000 mm, while the precipitation in the plain is only 100 mm.

hydrology

The average annual flow of Amu Darya River estuary is 1330 m3/s, Annual runoff 43 billion cubic meters. The river mainly depends on alpine ice and snow Meltwater And rainfall recharge in winter and spring in the upstream mountains. The snow melts in spring from March to May every year, and the river begins to rise. The summer from June to August glacier melting , the water level is the highest. The middle and upper reaches of the river flow through the mountains, and the coast flows into many tributaries with large water volume and deep valleys, Water resources Rich. The water resources in the Amu Darya River basin are 67.9 billion cubic meters, of which Duz The river basin has 3.65 billion cubic meters.

After entering the plain desert There is no inflow of tributaries and there is little precipitation Evaporation capacity Large, leakage and irrigation along the way make 25% of the river water loss. stay Nukus Below, the river branches into the Aral Sea, forming a vast estuary with an area of 10000 square kilometers Delta 。 The plain along the Amu Darya River is widely distributed with oases, forming developed irrigation an agricultural region 。 rivers Navigable mileage It is also an important waterway in Central Asia. It is 600km below Chalmi and can be used by large ships all the year round. It is 1000km below the Panch River near Jermyz, Wet season There is also a steamboat inside. But there are three months of Glaciation 。

The main supply of Amu Darya River is snow water, and rainwater supply has little effect on river runoff. Groundwater recharge It plays an important role in the basin, often exceeding 30% of the annual runoff. In addition, the height of the watershed also has a great impact on the annual distribution of runoff. This is because the snow in the mountains is not all at the same time Catchment area Internal melting, but melting in turn in each height zone: first in the low zone, and then gradually transferred to the highest zone. The annual distribution of runoff in the Amu Darya River basin is characterized by multi peaks, and the flood season lasts for a long time, about 6 months. Due to seasonal snow melting Spring flood It started in March and continued to the end of June. The runoff during this period generally accounts for about 20%~30%. In July or August, the hottest time of the year Permanent snow cover It passes through the main flood peak caused by glacier melting. The summer flood lasts until October, until the winter normal season comes. The maximum flow near Kerki usually occurs in July; The annual minimum flow is usually from January to February, and occasionally in March.

Amu Darya suspended load The content is in the forefront of the rivers in Central Asia. Annual average of Amu Darya Sediment concentration It is about 3.6kg/m3 near Kerki City, and the sediment concentration of Vakhsh River is about 4.24kg/m3. The highest value of suspended sediment content can be seen in May, and its quantity has decreased since June, reaching the lowest value from November to December. Along the river, the sediment concentration usually increases greatly. Amu Darya River in the vicinity of Kerki City within one year Sediment discharge 217 million tons, sediment flows down the river and is deposited in the river valley. The sediment carried by the Amu Darya River to the Aral Sea is about 11% of the sediment transport near Kerji City.

Development and utilization

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Amu Darya Water conservancy project construction In the late 1950s and early 1960s Soviet Union Under the command of the government, it was fully launched. Mainly for navigation and Irrigation project Construction began in 1956 Karakum Canal In 1962, Amu Bukhara was built canal , built in 1974 Karshi Canal and so on. During this period, a series of Seasonality Regulating reservoir.

In the 1960s and 1970s, the former Soviet government built some new technical equipment Better irrigation system ； At the same time, the old equipment has also been modified to increase the Water supply And improve irrigation Soil improvement Status.

The largest canals in the Amu Darya River basin are the Rohaginski trunk canal, the Gafkush canal, the lower Koktash canal, the Dajisar canal, the Saaltuz canal, the Huoshalei canal, etc.

Runoff utilization

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Amu Darya

In order to improve the runoff Utilization Wuqikezil Reservoir and South Surhan Reservoir have been built in the Surhan River and Sherabad River basins.

Amu Darya kerr There are Joel The water intake of Shangjia Channel and Sulxi Channel is 16 m3/s. In this section, there is Karshi main canal with a water carrying capacity of 200 m3/s. Kara on the left bank Qom Channel with a flow of 350 m3/s; stay Afghanistan There are also some small drainage channels on the shore.

A large number of large-scale projects are concentrated in the section from Qiuyamuyun Canyon to Chatley Village (Samanbai) Irrigation canal 。 On the left bank, there are Tashkarka Canal, Krechniazbai Canal, Sowijab Canal and Lenin Canal, and on the right bank, there are Pakhtaarna Canal, Kezketken Canal, etc.

In the early 1960s, some irrigation works were built at the lower reaches of Chatley to irrigate the Amu Darya River Delta Among them, the largest one is the Rawushang Canal. The direct water intake from the Amu Darya River is increasing year by year. In the early 1950s, the water intake was about 61% of the total water volume, and by the early 1970s, it had reached 68% of the total. At the same time, the proportion of each section of the Amu Darya River in the total runoff interception has also changed: in the early 1950s, 83% of the water intake was concentrated in the lower reaches of the river; In the early 1970s, the proportion of water intake in the lower reaches dropped to about 55%, while that in the middle and upper reaches increased from 13% and 4% to 16% and 29% respectively.

River control

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Many canals have been built in the Amu Darya River basin to transfer water from water rich areas to water deficient areas. For example, the Jisar Canal will allocate water from the Kafelnigan River basin to the Surhan River basin, the Zan Canal will allocate water from the lower reaches of the Surhan River to the Sherabad River basin, and the Iska Angara Canal will Zeravshan River To Kashkadari Yahe River Karakum Canal sends the water of Amu Darya River to the Jiezhen River Murgab River The water from Amu Bukhara River and Amu Karakum River is allocated to the Zeravshang River basin.

Energy resource theory of Amu Darya River Reserve 36 billion kilowatt hours, mainly in Vakhsh River On the river Cascade development Since 1950s, 6 hydropower stations and 2 canal hydropower stations have been built on the river. However, due to the overexploitation of the Amu Darya River, the water entering the Aral Sea has become less and less. The Aral Sea has been drying up since the 1960s. The increase in salinity has also damaged the surrounding ecology, causing the disappearance of a large number of native animals and plants. Some waters are no longer suitable for fish farming. In 2007, the Aral Sea had only Amu Darya and Syr River Was not Soviet Union One tenth before development. The Aral Sea waters in Uzbekistan will disappear completely within 10 years.

News report

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On December 14, 2009, China, Turkmenistan Kazakhstan Jointly opened the vent valve with the heads of four Uzbek countries at the No. 1 Natural Gas Treatment Plant in the Bagtyjiarlyk (meaning "happy place") contract area in Turkmenistan, congratulating China Central Asia on natural gas Pipework be completed. These "blue gold" from the "land of happiness" are heading north and south of China through the transnational energy dragon.^[1] ”

Desert hinterland

Although most of the territory of Turkmenistan covers yellow sand, its natural gas is proved Recoverable reserves But it reached 35 trillion cubic meters. One side is rich clean energy , eager for diversified export markets; On the one hand is the Chinese market with broad demand growth space, eager for clean energy, and laying a good foundation for mutually beneficial cooperation between the two sides. With the high attention of the two heads of state and governments and the joint efforts of the builders of the two countries, this strategic vision has become a reality.

In the past 10 years, the progress and achievements of China Turkey oil and gas cooperation have exceeded expectations. The Amu Darya River project has grown from scratch and from small to large in the vast desert. It has overcome a world-class technical problem in the hinterland of the vast Karakum Desert, built a modern natural gas exploration and development system, explored and discovered 720 billion cubic meters of natural gas, and completed Nissan 50 million cubic meters of natural gas per year processing capacity 17 billion cubic meters, with an annual output of 500000 tons Condensate The first ten million ton scale outside China Oil gas equivalent Natural gas strategic livelihood guarantee project with 10 billion cubic meters of gas supply capacity. PetroChina uses technology, wisdom and sweat to shoulder the oil responsibility of China Turkey energy cooperation, and is known as the "China Turkey energy cooperation model"^[1] 。

technological innovation

During the 10 years of entrepreneurship, Amu Darya River Company overcame exploration and development problems with innovation. Main contract areas developed by the company Reservoir It is located in the interior of the platform and the slope zone of the platform margin, and is covered by huge thick deformed salt gypsum rock. The shielding is serious, and the exploration is "unclear". Through systematic analysis and years of exploration, Amu Darya River Company innovated and put forward many theories such as the theory of large-scale reef beach body accumulation, and discovered for the first time that a large area of platform margin slope gentle slope Reef beach group, superimposed grain beach on concealed uplift in platform and piedmont thrust Structural joint Three types of tunnel body Reservoir It breaks through the previous reservoir development model of "platform margin barrier reef slope point reef".

Innovatively utilize the structure under the huge thick salt gypsum layer Reef shoal Compound trap seismic exploration Supporting technology, rapid and reasonable deployment 3D seismic 106900 square kilometers, accounting for 75% of the area of the contract area. The potential structural morphology is finely delineated to ensure the success rate of exploration. The exploration and development are integrated, and three types of large-scale slope in platform and platform edge have been established gas field The new reservoir forming model has accurately recognized the distribution law of gas reservoirs; Rolling exploration And Regional pre exploration Combined, Reserves upgrade Reasonable arrangement with reserves discovery has consolidated the resource base for rapid production and long-term stable production; Vertical well And directional well The combination of exploration and discovery can achieve high production of exploration wells, providing favorable conditions for the next development. In the past 10 years, Amu Darya River Company has obtained tertiary reserves of 780 billion cubic meters, forming six atmospheric areas of 100 billion cubic meters, and has a solid foundation for long-term stable production of resources^[1] 。

Hero building

Capacity of Amu Darya Gas Project Construction period yes PetroChina Give full play to Daqing spirit the iron man spirit It is a typical embodiment of hard work and entrepreneurship overseas. Facing the challenge of harsh environment and weak foundation of resource country, Amu Darya River Company has formed a set of "13341" that not only meets the management requirements of the group company, but also conforms to the characteristics of the project by combining the national conditions of resource country and the actual situation of the project management system ； To overcome difficulties, it took only 18 months to build 5 billion cubic meters in advance in the vast desert Commercial gas year throughput Amu Darya River Project Phase I will Western Oil Company An impossible goal becomes a desert goal modern industry "Beautiful scenery"; The second phase of the 9 billion cubic meters project was also completed six months ahead of schedule, creating“ PetroChina Speed ".

At the same time, Amu Darya River Company actively participates in the local market by giving full play to the advantages of characteristic technology and management, especially the advantages of upstream and downstream integration petroleum industry Construction to provide a package of solutions for resource countries. Jointly discuss new mechanisms for oil and gas cooperation and jointly build oil and gas Cooperative Community China Turkey oil and gas cooperation has become a strong proof of mutually beneficial and win-win cooperation between the two countries. At the first phase of the Amu Darya River commissioning ceremony attended by the heads of China, Turkey, Kazakhstan and Ukraine, President of Turkmenistan Berdymukhamedov praised PetroChina as a "heroic builder"^[1] 。

Mutual benefit

Migan Village is located in Turkmenistan Lebap State One in south central China Collective farm , close to Bagtyjiarlyk Contract Area of Amu Darya River Natural Gas Project, with a total population of 5326. As it is located in the hinterland of Karakum Desert, it is dry and rainless all the year round, and there is no supporting municipal infrastructure Water supply system , which has become the most serious water shortage in the state residence community 。 Villagers can only draw water from water wells or tankers. Because of the high salinity and poor water quality in the water, local people's lives are troubled. In order to improve the drinking water conditions of local residents, with the approval of the Group Company, Amu Darya River natural gas Corporate investment A modern water purification plant was built for Migan Village. The elders and villagers of Migan Village drink the sweet spring and jump happily Folk dance 。 Aunt Michele in the village said excitedly, "Thank you PetroChina for helping us build the water plant. We thank you from the bottom of our hearts.^[1] ”

Since the beginning of China Turkmenistan natural gas cooperation, Amu Darya River Company has always pursued PetroChina's "dedication to energy and creation of harmony" Enterprise purpose , firmly establish the concept of "building a gas field, leaving a blue sky", and promote standardization HSE management system Construction, project construction Operation safety Stable. Cumulative implementation Safe production More than 240 million man hours. During the construction and operation of the project, fully comply with the resource country laws and regulations And play an active role in promoting employment, being enthusiastic about public welfare and improving people's livelihood. Over the past 10 years, Amu Darya River Company has employed more than 20000 local employees, trained more than 56000 local employees in total, and 129 local employees have entered the middle level Management position 。 In society Public welfare undertakings On the other hand, Amu Darya River Company has actively carried out public welfare activities such as culture, education, medical care and disability relief, and has established a good corporate image of PetroChina. Since 2009, a total of 139 Turkmen students have been sent to China to study, and nearly 90 of them have returned home to devote themselves to the oil and gas field in Turkmenistan^[1] 。

In September 2013, when President Xi Jinping visited Turkmenistan, he wrote an inscription "Strengthening energy cooperation for the benefit of the Chinese and Turkish people", which pointed out the direction for further promoting China Turkmenistan energy cooperation.^[1]

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