Cardiology

[xīn xué]

Announce discuss Upload video

A school of thought

open 2 entries with the same name

Collection

see My Collection

zero Useful+1

zero

synonym Yangmingxue (Yangmingxue) generally refers to the mind learning (a school)

the ming dynasty, Chen Xianzhang It is the first time to start from Chen Xianzhang's advocacy of "the clue" of cultivating the mind and recuperating. After Chen Xianzhang, As clear as water and Wang Shouren They are two representative figures of mind learning in the middle and late Ming Dynasty. On the basis of inheriting Chen Xianzhang's theory, Zhan Ruoshui puts forward his philosophy of mind“ Recognize the truth everywhere ”, while Wang Shouren (i.e sunny ）The purpose of putting forward the theory of mind is“ To conscience ”。 The basic course of the development of mind learning in the Ming Dynasty can be summed up as follows: Chen Xianzhang Open, As clear as water Perfect, Wang Shouren Jidacheng, Wang Shouren's Yangming School of Mind The direct source is“ Chen Zhan's Psychology ”^[4] 。 Six of the most famous people in Yangming's School of Mind, according to Huang Zongxi 《 Ming Confucian School Case 》It was recorded: "The famous Wang scholar in Nanzhong, during the time of Yang Ming, Wang Xinqi, Huang Wuyue Zhu Dezhi , Qi Nanxuan, Zhou Daotong, Feng Jiangnan, and so on. "^[12]

Chinese name: Cardiology
Alias: Yangmingxue
Ancestor: Lu Jiuyuan

representative figure: Lu Jiuyuan 、 Chen Xianzhang 、 As clear as water 、 Wang Shouren
Representative works: 《 Lu Jiuyuan Collection 》，《 Biography 》
Main points: Ontology . Time Theory

catalog

seven Edited by Runren
eight Other Psychology

Concept evolution

Announce

edit

The word "Xinxue" was first found in the Eastern Han Dynasty An Shigao The translated Three Thousand Rites of Mahabhikkhu means "fixed learning" among the three Buddhist doctrines. In Sui and Tang Dynasties Buddhist History In Chinese, the term "mind learning" refers specifically to the learning of meditation. Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, "Xinxue" and "Xinzong" have become Zen And Tiantai Sect A pronoun for. Tao Hongjing is the first Taoist word for "mind learning"《 True 》, later than Buddhism. From the Song Dynasty to the Ming Dynasty, the Confucian "mind learning" has several meanings: Orthodoxy The theory of mind transmission is against the orthodoxy of Buddhism and Taoism; Learning with heart is opposite to exegesis and rhetoric in Han and Tang Dynasties; On the theory of mind governing, this is Neo Confucianism Kung Fu theory. Before the rise of Yangming School, "mind learning" mainly refers to Lian Luoguan New Confucianism, especially the academic tradition of the school of Cheng and Zhu, is also used occasionally to refer to Lu Jiuyuan A school of learning. As the proper name of the school, "Xinxue" refers to the school of Yangming, which began in the Ming Dynasty Jiajing From to Wanli Later, it gradually took shape. In the time of Yangming, the academic circle has already talked about King Lu, and collectively called him a scholar of mind, which seems to have begun with Neo Confucianism in the early Qing Dynasty Tang Bin 。 Since modern times Objective materialism Divided from subjective idealism, Cheng Zhu and Lu Wang, "Xinxue" has changed from Orthodoxy Nouns gradually transformed into ontology nouns.^[7]

Psychological interpretation

Announce

edit

《 sunny Four Sentences Teaching

There is no good or disgusting body, and there are good and malicious actions,

Knowing good and evil is conscience, and eliminating evil for good is the essence.

Lu Jiuyuan

No good and no evil means that as an object, there is no distinction between good and evil; When people have an idea activity, this kind of idea behavior can cause right and wrong good and evil effects, and this kind of idea has the difference between right and wrong good and evil; The right distinction between good and evil is conscience; Take conscience as the standard, and act according to the principle of good and evil. Wang Yangming's so-called "body without good and nausea" is actually a combination of traditional Confucianism and Zen's "nature without good and evil" theory, which is the product of the integration of Buddhism and Confucianism.^[9]

What is reasonable? As long as we learn from things to achieve a heart without selfish desires, the reason in our heart is actually the reason of all things in the world. The reason of heaven does not depend on empty talk, but on learning from facts. Rely on practice and self-examination, that is, "unity of knowledge and practice". Having a sense of justice and no selfishness is like having rules and regulations in the world. Having rules can measure the square and circle of everything in the world. No matter how many squares and circles there are, no matter the size of these squares and circles, they can be revealed by natural knowledge, otherwise these laws are incorrect. The reason is in people's heart. In the four sentence teaching purpose, sunny The biggest development of his early thought is that the conscience noumenon is the thought of no good and no evil. This thought is obviously different from the previous Confucian tradition of mind nature theory, which regards mind nature as the moral subject of distinguishing good and evil, and is more inclined to Zen thought.^[8]

The Confucian School of Mind takes the mind as the noumenon, through the presupposition that the mind has "the same nature", and uses the concept of "class" to form the logical premise of argument, so as to achieve the goal of "knowing everything by one". It confirms the universality of moral principles such as loyalty, filial piety, benevolence and righteousness through the identification and inference of a kind of comparison and in a certain way of limited sense of consistency. Confucianist Internalism The outstanding performance of "Li" is to regard the "Li" of things as the result of the soul, which is similar to the interpretation of "meaning projection" in modern philosophy. "Conscience" itself and "action" are used as the criteria of cognition. However, to infer the universality of moral principles in this way of analogy has led to some problems in the argument, including how to deduce general propositions from individual objects, and how to know that others have "compassion" from their invisible inner emotional activities. Use of "internalism", etc western philosophy In a sense, it helps us to understand its philosophical form and refute the argument that "China has no philosophy". The criterion of philosophy should not be its Narrative mode Philosophy should be defined by the function of thought and enlightenment.

The early Ming Dynasty was an era of depressing academic atmosphere. Since the Song Dynasty, the philosophy of Cheng and Zhu had occupied the dominant position of ideology, and the ideological circle was like a pool of stagnant water. In "Tao Chuan Confucius and Mencius ”At the same time, Chen Xianzhang He put forward the philosophy of "nature as the religion" and "learning is more important than self satisfaction", broke the dull and rigid mode of Cheng Zhu's Neo Confucianism, opened the precedent of mind learning in the Ming Dynasty, and created a distinctive“ Jiangmen School ”So that the Ming Dynasty began a new stage of learning^[5-6] 。 On the basis of inheriting Chen Xianzhang's theory, Zhan Ruoshui, with the idea of "recognizing the heavenly principles everywhere" as the patriarch, put forward the idea of "understanding the heavenly principles based on things" and "recognizing benevolence before learning, benevolence and all things in the world as one", and founded“ Ganquan School ”, a major school of Chengli. Chen Xianzhang and Zhan Ruoshui are collectively called“ Chen Zhan's Psychology ”It is the direct source of Wang Shouren's Yangming School of Mind.^[4]

Wang Yangming's theory of mind is Lu Jiuyuan Neo Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties Achieved through further development on the basis of centrality. Therefore, it is necessary to mention Lu Jiuyuan and Zhu Xi Different understandings of the key points of "reason", "qi" and "heart". The difference between the theory of mind and Neo Confucianism lies in the method of understanding the theory, that is, Zhu Xi advocates extensive observation and exposition, and learning from nature, while Lu Jiuyuan advocates establishing his great and original mind first. from Lv Zuqian The goose lake meeting held by the host clarified the differences between the two. In terms of understanding of the noumenon of reason, Zhu and Lu planted the principles, supported the famous religions, and belonged to Confucius and Mencius, both of which were absolutely consistent. Different methods lead to the same essence.

The divergence of "reason" 。 Zhu Lu believed that reason is the ultimate origin of all things in the world. But Lu Jiuyuan relied on the combination of heaven and man in Confucianism thinking model He thinks that "the heart is reason", and everything is born from the heart. "The four sides speak of the universe, the universe is my heart, and my heart is the universe." Zizatan is obviously different from Zhu Xi's saying that "reason is the foundation of the existence of heaven and earth, and people exist before the universe". As a result, Zhu Xi advocated that Daoism It emphasizes the importance of learning knowledge, and believes that people's moral standards will improve with the growth of knowledge. Lu Jiuyuan Say "Mingxin" Respect virtue It emphasizes that the purpose of learning is not only to improve knowledge, but also to achieve the highest level of morality.

Therefore, the study and research of Confucian classics, as well as the cognition and grasp of external things, cannot directly contribute to the realization and improvement of Moral realm The purpose of. Because human's original heart is the root of morality, so as long as we expand and improve the structure of human's conscience, we can achieve the goal of promoting morality. (From the perspective of the current moral education paradigm, the amount of knowledge learned does not determine the moral standard. Yu Three times through the house without entering A public servant who is dedicated to public service does not have profound knowledge. However, the depth of knowledge helps to increase the moral standard. However, this is because learners do not regard learning as the purpose of knowledge but as the result of the pursuit of improving virtue. Zhu Xi oneself Educational ideology The core of moral education is moral education, and this positioning mode determines that it is difficult to reach a higher level of morality.)

Disagreement of "Qi" 。 In Lu Jiuyuan's concept, "temperament" is only a matter of physiological and psychological significance, which refers to a psychological or physiological state of people. He believes that this physiological and psychological character of people and social behavior Although there is a connection between them, it is not an inevitable and unique relationship, that is, human temperament can not determine the good, evil, virtuous and stupid of people, and can not determine the final destination of people. Learning can change temperament. Zhu Xi's Qi is a concept opposite to Li, which refers to the foundation of the creation of all things in the universe, the material materials (plants and trees) that constitute all things, and other internal factors that form characters (good, evil, virtuous and foolish).

Disagreement of "heart" 。 Zhu Xi It is believed that the heart is divided into "human heart" and "Tao heart". The Tao heart is the embodiment of the heavenly principles, the "king of life", the heart of righteousness and justice, and the master of the human heart; The heart is the expression of temperament, so we must accept the domination and command of the mind of Tao, that is“ Heart governing temperament ”。 Lu Jiuyuan think Heart and Road It only describes the nature and state of mind from different aspects. If the two are opposed, it is clear that "heaven is divided into two". Heart is the essence of human beings and is an ethical instinct. (Zhu Xi thinks that the metaphysical mind is the heart shape of Tao and the bottom is the heart, and the essence is that the heavenly principle determines the qi; Lu Jiuyuan believes that the heart is the reason that is the heart.)

Lu Wang's Psychology

Announce

edit

Statue of Wang Shouren

“ Lu Wang's Psychology ”Confucian scholars Lu Jiuyuan The short name of Wang Shouren's theory of mind, or directly called "the theory of mind"; Or there is a psychology called a philosopher, such as Wang Shouren Of“ Yangming School of Mind ”。 Lu Wang's School of Mind generally believes that Mencius was the founder of Cheng Hao , developed in Lu Jiuyuan, and collected by Wang Shouren Dacheng 。 Although Lu Wang's School of Mind and Cheng Zhu's School of Philosophy sometimes belong to the same category Neo Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties However, there are many differences. Lu Wang's School of Mind is often regarded as the "Gexin School" (a name) of Confucianism“ Subjective idealism ”）The Neo Confucianism of Cheng and Zhu is called "Gewu School"“ Objective idealism ”）。

Lu Jiuyuan's Proposition

Lu interprets the word "universe" as: "universe work It is one's own responsibility; What you have in mind is in the universe. "

Lu "advocated that 'the universe is my heart, and my heart is the universe', and also advocated‘ Mind is reason ’Say. It asserts that the reason of nature, human reason and physics are only in my heart. People share the same heart and reason. The past, the present and the future cannot be excluded. " "It is believed that the main methods of studying are“ Original intention of invention ”You don't need to read more and seek outside, Six Meridians All my footnotes " Lu Jiuyuan claimed that he was "satisfied with his mind because of reading Mencius", but he was not completely similar to Mencius, and the inheritance relationship with Zen was also very obvious. Lu Jiuyuan said that although he did not look at Buddhism, he could taste Shurangama, Yuanjue, Weimo and other sutras. In fact, he was consistent with Zen in many aspects. In terms of ontology, they take the mind as the noumenon Theory of mind and nature All aspects are dominant. In the aspect of self-cultivation theory, both of them are irrational. In the realm view, the same is true of the Holy Buddha.

Wang Shouren advocates

Yangmingxue, also known as Wang Xue The theory of mind is a Confucian Neo Confucianism developed by Wang Yangming, a great Confucian in the Ming Dynasty. The popular Neo Confucianism in the Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty emphasized that the natural world should be limited by reason. Wang Yangming emphasized that "the heart is the reason", that is, the highest truth can be obtained from the heart without seeking outside. Wang Yangming's ideas are inherited and carried forward for his students, among which Taizhou school (also known as Leftist Wang Xue ）To the extreme, he believes that "everyone can become Yao and Shun because reason exists in the heart", "although the world is large, there is a good idea, a conscience in mind, and even ordinary people can be saints", even if they are not scholars, they can also become saints.

The development of Wang Xue's view that "mind is reason" also affected the positive views on lust in the late Ming Dynasty. Because the mind is the reason, human desire and the natural reason are no longer the same Zhu Xi It is believed that they are so opposite that they can be positively accepted. The representative of this proposition is zhi ， Xu Stage ， Zhang Juzheng ， Tang Shunzhi 。

Heart based theory

"Nothing outside the mind", "Unreasonable outside the mind"

"The mind is the master of the body, and the heart is the one who sees through the eyes; the heart is the one who hears through the ears; the heart is the one who speaks through the mouth and limbs", and "the heart is the one who speaks through all perception"（《 Biography 》Below). "Heart" means "my intelligence", "my intelligence is the master of the ghosts and gods of heaven and earth", "without my intelligence, there will be no ghosts and gods of heaven and earth" (ibid.). "Place oneself in heaven and earth, nurture all things, and there is no one outside my heart"（《 Preface to Ziyang Academy Collection 》）。 “

When you visited Nanzhen Town, a friend pointed to the flowers and trees in the rock and asked, 'The world has nothing to do with things outside of its heart. How can flowers and trees blossom and fall in the mountains?' The teacher replied: 'When you don't see this flower, it and your heart are in silence together; When you come to see this flower, the color of the flower becomes clear at the moment, and you know that it is not outside your heart "(ibid《 Complete Works of Wang Wencheng 》Volume III). “

The reason for all things is nothing more than my heart. "The intention is to be close to each other, that is, to be close to each other is one thing; the intention is to listen to what is said, that is, to listen to what is said, that is, to be close to each other is one thing. So I said that I had no reason outside my heart, and I had no thing outside my heart."（《 Biography 》First), "If you serve the father, you can't go to the father to seek filial piety; if you serve the king, you can't go to the king to seek loyalty; make friends Governing the people You can't go to Friends, Shangmin and ask for a truth of faith and benevolence. Only in this heart, the heart is the reason "(under the Biography). "Heart" is not only the supreme master of everything, but also the most common ethics Moral principles 。 Yangming's theory of "mind is reason" is the exertion of Lu's theory, which is also similar to the Zen's theory of "mind is Buddha" in methodology. Yangming's basic point of view is: "the mind is reason, and there are things outside the mind, is there reason outside the mind?" Human's self mind is the law followed by all things in the world. However, Yangming believes that although the two methods are the same Social role But different“ Forssman If there is no good or evil, we will ignore everything and cannot rule the world. There is no good or evil in a sage, but there is no good doing, no evil doing, and he is unmoved by anger. " This is the difference between entering the world and being born, between saving the world and saving the heart.^[1]

Epistemology of "Unity of Knowledge and Practice"

sunny

Huineng Dinghui On knowing and doing, proposing Dinghui et al This view has a direct impact on Yangming's understanding of knowledge and action, Methodology The above are interlinked. The unity of knowledge and action is not about the order of knowledge and action. As Huineng said, "Mo Yan first determines benefits, then benefits, and then benefits."^[1] Wang Yangming said that "knowing comes first and then". He said: "Although the heart is in the same body, it really governs the world's reason; though the reason is scattered in everything, it is not beyond the heart of one person.... The reason why we know and do two things is that we seek the reason from the outside. We seek the reason from our heart, and this holy door teaches us the unity of knowledge and practice. What doubts my son?"（《 Biography 》Middle) "How can knowledge and practice be separated?"（《 Answer Gu Dongqiao's Book 》）。 "Today's people learn because knowing and doing are divided into two things. Therefore, although there is a thought that is not good, but it has not been done, they will not be prohibited". "I say today that knowledge and practice are unified. Just because people know where a thought starts, they will be done. If there is a bad start, they will overcome the bad idea. They must be thorough, and not let a thought that is not good lurk in the chest. This is my purpose of saying" (Biography) Below). The essence is to abide by Confucian ethics and become a sage.

Ethics Theory and Cultivation Theory

Wang Yangming was dissatisfied with the separation of Cheng and Zhu's external reason and the knowledge in the mind. He integrated the Zen's mind into the conscience noumenon, and took the insight into account to gain knowledge, and absorbed the noumenon and kung fu into the conscience. This consistent way of thinking is obviously borrowed from Zen.^[9] "The so-called" knowing things "refers to the conscience of my heart in things and things. The conscience of my heart refers to the so-called" heavenly principle ". The heavenly principle of my heart's conscience refers to everything and things, and everything and things have their own reason. The conscience of my heart refers to the knowledge; everything and things have their own reason, and the nature of things. It is the combination of heart and reason." (Answer Gu Dongqiao Book). To conscience It is the most proud part of Yangming's theory of mind. He thinks it is the essence of the study of sages, and it is a point passed down from the sage Blood essence 。 In fact, this is to use the method of insight of Huineng Zen to play Mencius' dedicated thought since. When material desires cover conscience, conscience does not disappear. Conscience is not born or perish in the human heart, but it is implicit. Although Yangming said that "the heart of evil people loses its essence." Yangming's disciples are more like clouds blocking the sun, "it is only material desires that cover up, and conscience will never lose, many If we block the sun, how can it be lost? " Yangming agrees with this statement very much. This kind of metaphor is commonly used in Buddhism. The basic methods here are all Buddhist Tathagata Tibetan thoughts.^[1]

Yangming believes that people must have confidence in their conscience, "always have confidence in their conscience... Confidence makes conscience clear without confusion." The first item in Buddhist practice is to establish faith. Huineng says that all living beings should have confidence in their own mind and Buddha nature, Ma Zudaoyi It is said that every believer is Buddha, and Yangming is the same. Introspective knowledge. To reach the conscience is to develop inward and to reach the conscience of the heart, not to be unreasonable, as Zhu Xi said, because conscience is originally within the heart, first of all, we should turn a heart that seeks outward, like the Zen of Huineng, to see clearly, "Each should do his best and work hard only on the pure principle of the mind, that is, everyone has his own, and each person can become a big one, and the small one can become a small one, without false admiration, and can't be satisfied." The so-called "Accomplishment" is also a Buddhist saying, "Accomplishment", which refers to the integrity of the mind. Yangming also does not deny that this is the basic spirit of Zen, "This also needs your own request, and I have no other way to say it. Once there was a Zen master, people came to ask about the method, and only mentioned Zhu Wei. One day, his disciples hid Zhu Wei, and tried to find his way. Zen master found Zhu Wei, but only mentioned it empty handed. My conscience is to try to find Zhu Wei. What can I say without this?" "I have no other way to say it", It's Zen Headline , which means that it is impossible to say, and it is necessary to Self-awareness Self study, which has clearly demonstrated the integration of Zen methods. For conscience Evidence Is it a pause or a gradual change? Yang Ming advocates Zhang Dun, equivalent to Huineng Epiphany theory "Seek the conscience of his mind."^[1]

Wang Men's View on Education

"No good and no evil is the body of the heart, good and evil are the actions of the mind, knowing good and evil is conscience, and doing good and eliminating evil is the essence."（《 Biography 》, "The Chronicle of Master Yangming") "The noumenon is just too empty. In the midst of too empty, the sun, the moon, the stars, the stars, the wind, the dew, thunder, electricity, haze, and choking gas, what is not there? And what can be too empty and only a barrier? The noumenon of the human heart is also the same....... Once you understand the noumenon, you can see the kung fu, and everything inside and outside, can be seen through together....... After the two monarchs talk with scholars, you must adhere to my four tenets." (Note above) Affirmative Subjective initiative , Pursue independent personality 。 The authority of the sage wavered: "The learning of the husband is valued by the heart, and the learning of the husband is sought by the heart rather than the heart, although the words are expressed by the Confucius I dare not think it is true, but is it not as good as Confucius? It is a matter of seeking from the heart. Although its words are out of mediocrity, I dare not think that they are not, but do they come from Confucius? " (In the Biography) At last, "the streets are full of saints". Turn evil into good“ To conscience ”The doctrine has Moral practice significance.

And Wang Shouren At the same time, there are two Qi based thinkers, namely Wang Tingxiang (1474-1544, from Henan) and Luo Qinshun (1465-1547, Jiangxi people), both of them advocated that the qi of matter is the origin of the world, the reason is in the qi, and the qi changes with the reason, both criticizing Zhu Xi "The reason is gas first" and“ Li and Qi It is the saying of "two things", which also opposes Yangming's "theory of mind", and has had many debates with Wang Shouren, emphasizing that everything in the world is by no means the product of the mind.

Wang Xueqi Sect

Announce

edit

right

Zhengyi Jiangyou Wangmen School , refers to the Wangmen Hou School in Jiangxi in the middle and later period of the Ming Dynasty, and the representative figures are Zou Shouyi 、 Nie Bao 、 Luo Hongxian 、 Ouyang De , Renshihuai Liu Wenmin Liu Yang, Hu Zhi Zou Yuanbiao Wait for a group of famous Wangmen disciples. It is closely related to the Wangmen of central Zhejiang, central South, central Chu, central Fujian and Guangdong, and northern Wangmen Taizhou school It was also one of the most influential Wangmen School at that time, and enjoyed the reputation of "authentic Wangxue". In terms of academic purpose, all the later scholars of Wangmen School, including Taizhou School, have taken the elucidation of Yangming's theory as their own responsibility, especially to give full play to“ To conscience ”Focusing on "theory", this paper makes a concrete discussion on the nature and characteristics of the noumenon of "conscience" and the ways of "bringing about conscience".

Nie Bao (1487-1563), scholar of Ming Dynasty. word wenwei , No. Shuangjiang, Jiangxi Ji'an Yongfeng People. In the 12th year of Zhengde (1517), he was admitted as a Jinshi Pingyang Prefect Minister of War 。 He is one of the famous honest officials in the Ming Dynasty, and his reputation goes down in history. Nie Bao praised it sunny Yang Ming is the teacher of his theory of "sending conscience", but he believes that conscience is not ready, and it can only be achieved through the cultivation of "movement and stillness are unintentional, and both inside and outside are forgotten". Leopard writing《 Shuangjiang Anthology 》Volume 14, and《 Difficult discrimination record 》(Average Four libraries superorder ）Parallel in the world.

Xu Stage, bright Songjiang House Huating County People (today's Shanghai Songjiang District ）。 In his early years, he was good at poetry and calligraphy. Jiajing In the second year (1523), he was awarded Imperial Academy Edit. Later cause disobedience Zhang Fujing , rejected as Yanping Mansion Push official As a result of this setback, I will go to the official post from now on. Yanping has many robbers, and more than 100 people have been arrested after taking office; Clear up the backlog of cases, release the prisoners, win the reputation and become Huangzhou Cognate Later promoted to Zhejiang According to procuratorial affairs , entering Jiangxi Deputy Inspector And dominated the education and politics of Zhejiang and Fujian provinces. Crown Prince Go out of the cabinet (study) and promote yourself Sacrificial Wine of the Imperial College 。 Later and later Minister of Rites , and Wenyuange Bachelor , participate in the important events of the imperial court. Zeng Mishu Reveals the Marquis of Xianning Qiu Luan He is good at writing Qing Ci (a style used to communicate with God, Emperor Jiajing believe in God ）He was trusted by Emperor Jiajing. Jingshitang Collection, Volume 26《 Shaohu Collected Works 》10 volumes. In addition, he compiled Yuemiao Collection, which is parallel to the world.

The main ideas of Yangming's theory of mind are Wang Shouren In the famous“ Dragon Field Enlightenment ”And get.^[2]

Nanzhong Wangmen School

Widespread in the "south" Wang Shouren A sect of disciples. Representatives include Qi Xian Zhu Dezhi Xue Yingqi 、 Xue Jia The main scholars include Chador Tang Shunzhi , Xujie, etc.

Qi Xian "Xiufu", "Nanxuan", "Jiangbei whole pepper" (now Anhui Quanjiao County ）During the reign of Jiajing, the officials went to the penalty department to lead the imperial examination, and Wang Shouren was the teacher. Adhere to the theory of conscience and reject the Buddha.

Zhu Dezhi , the word "Ben Si", the name "Jin Zhai", Hebei province Jingjiang (now Jingjiang County, Jiangsu Province), Wang Shouren, a teacher, served as the official of Jiangxi Xincheng; Xue Yingqi , No. Fangshan, Changzhou Wu Jin (Now Changzhou, Jiangsu Wujin County ）People, learning from Ouyang De of the school of Youwangmen in Jiangjiang, became a scholar during the Jiajing period Cixi County, transferred to the south for meritorious examination, and was promoted to the deputy envoy of Zhejiang Province to study. In order to use the king's tools to correct learning, Wang Neng was filled in Scrutinize canon For a time, many scholars thought that it was time to welcome the summer Guixi It means that they are not allowed to be called Royal Disciples. However, his disciples Gu Xiancheng create Donglin School , so Huang Zongxi It is believed that the difference of Donglin originates from this.

Xue Jia , with the word Yingdeng and the name Weizhai, Jiangyin (today's Jiangyin County, Jiangsu Province), who was a scholar during the Jiajing period, was awarded the officer and soldier division. Official travel to Sichuan Ganzhou Deputy Minister Jin. I believe in the learning of Xiangshan and Yangming.

Chador , with the word of "Zi Jing" and "Cheng Yi Zhai", Ningguo He was born in Jingxian County (today's Anhui Jingxian County), and was awarded the title of Jinshi during the Jiajing period De'an Mansion Push officials, followed by In the process of criminal punishment , official to Guangxi Deputy Envoy. Bye suburbs of the capital of an empire 、 Qian Dehong Be a teacher and stick to it“ To conscience ”Say.

The school believes that "mind", namely "conscience", is the noumenon of the world. Said: "Everything is in the heart"（《 Chronicle of Xue Fangshan 》）。 He also said, "Everything in the heaven and earth is like a bad cypress in my heart", "There is no reason outside my heart, and there is nothing outside my heart. The so-called heart is not the present body of flesh and blood, but it means that it can be known with the highest spirit and the highest brightness, which is called conscience" (Zhu Dezhi's Quotations). Said, "Conscience is different from knowledge. Conscience is Nature of Destiny And the best. Knowledge is the use of conscience, both good and evil. "

It is also believed that the nature of destiny can produce all things. The nature of destiny is not comparable to all things, so it is called "alone", which is the "spirit of the heart" The spirit of this heart, Nature and human desires It is also called "independent knowledge". He also believes that following the "natural principles" and removing the "habits" means“ To conscience ”。 Said: "Cautiousness alone is conscience". Do not forget to follow the "heavenly principles" at all times, so that "thinking, awareness" and "seeing, listening, speaking, moving", "not being covered by habits, is to send conscience". This school believes that "feeling things is the case". Said: "The sense of things is obvious.". "If a man cannot sense things, he must know that something has not been done.".

The main works of this school are Quotations by Meade; Xue Yingqi's Annals of Xue Fangshan; Xue Jia's Collected Works and Origin of Mind Studies.

Wangmen School in Fujian and Guangdong

Representatives include Fang Xianfu 、 Xue Kan Yang Ji Zhou Tan Etc.

Fang Xianfu , word Shushi, number Xiqiao , Young Scholars, Official Chief of the Ministry of Officials , migration Yuanwailang 。 Bye Wang Shouren As a teacher, he is the first Lingnan disciple of Wangmen. And the official ceremony department minister, plus Crown Prince , bring the disease home. Later, it was used as Wu Yingdian Bachelor 。

Xue Kan , Shangqian, Zhongli, Guangdong Jieyang (Today Guangdong Jieyang City ）People. During Zhengde's reign, he became a scholar. Please return to your parents and learn from Wang Shouren in Jiangxi for four years. He was successively awarded to pedestrians and leaders. It is too often because of the lack of reserve Peng Ze 、 Young Fu Zhang Zijing falsely dismissed the officials. There are more than 100 disciples returning to give lectures.

Yang Ji , Shide, first As clear as water He became a teacher and later graduated from Wang Shouren.

The school believes that "mind" is the noumenon of the world. The so-called "heaven is clear by heart, earth is examined by heart, and things are made by heart" (Quotations by Xue Kan). It also points out that people should know people from "visible and audible". He said: "Learning is unknown, and the Confucian scholars only seek learning in the sight, hearing, thinking and doing. If they give up, they will faint and have no force.". "Tao's family is not very strange", "The world is so strange that when it is near, it is far away, and it is difficult to give up easy, so The way of a gentleman Fresh ".

In society ethics On the other hand, it advocates sacrificing life for righteousness. Said:“ Kill one's life to gain justice It means to forget the body and seek the Tao "(Xue Kan's Quotations)," rebirth is to nourish the mouth and body, and benevolence is to nourish the body ". The Confucian concept of "giving up life without desire" is different from that of Buddhists and Laotians. The old Buddha said that "the weakness of the two families lies in Yilun". That is, the Confucian sacrifice is to perform at the greatest cost Social obligations The emptiness of Buddha is nothing to escape social responsibility 。

The main works of this school are Xue Kan's Quotations; Xue Kan Disciple《 Research record 》。

Northern Wangmen School

The North Wang's There are only a few scholars. Mu Xuan'an has no questions and answers, while Wang Dao, who has a pure character, has been accepted by Yangming. Yangming said that he was "self righteous and has no desire to seek benefits". Later, he tended to be a king with different results and could not be listed. If it is not two Mencius who have succeeded, that is to say, there are sages, but they are also just learning from signs and smells, while those who are complacent are rare. The Northern Gate was one of the "seven schools of Wangmen" in Yangming's mind learning in the Ming Dynasty, and the Luoyang Wangmen School was also the Northern Gate Main force 。 On the basis of learning from Yangming, the scholars of this school made many inventions and made great contributions to the northward movement of Yangming's mind learning, which became a major part of the north for a time. It is Yangming's theory of mind in the north Communication process An important school of thought in“ Luo Xue ”An important school of thought.

Wangmen School in Central Chu

Hunan side Wang Shouren The school of disciples, represented by Jiang Xin Ji Yuanheng 。

Jiang Xin , with the name of Qingshi and the name of Daolin, Chu Zhi in the middle and late Ming Dynasty Changde (Hunan today Changde City ）People. Scholars during the Jiajing period; The official is the head of the Ministry of Household, transferred to the Ministry of War to judge, judge, and work for Sichuan officials to promote benefits and eliminate evils, and prohibit Taoist sorcery; Promoted to Guizhou and promoted to study as deputy envoy Zhengxue Academy and Civilized Academy Later, he returned to his hometown and built a school in Taohuagang, where many apprentices gathered. Wang Shouren and As clear as water As a teacher, I have learned a lot from Zhan Ruoshui.

The school advocates that "mind" is the noumenon of the world, and mind generates "qi", that is, "harmony", and "difference of qi" generates all things in the world. (Huang Zongxi: The Case of Confucianism in Ming Dynasty · The Case of Wangmen in Chu, the same below)

He believes that "people can only call this piece of spirit heart after they have removed flesh and blood". "Life is called mind, which originally means to dominate. The liveliness of the heart is reflected in the nature." "The universe is full of qi", also known as "Taihe", which originates from "Mu", that is, nihility or silence, from "life", from "Tao", from "sincerity", and from "Tai Chi". Mu, life, Tao, sincerity, and Tai Chi are all synonymous, in short, "one divine principle". From the perspective of "heart", we can see that "heart" generates "qi", and the nature of "heart" is "nature's destiny". All things come from the same "harmony", so there are different kinds of things. The reason is that "Qi is different".

It also believes that Buddhism is "empty", and Confucianism is "empty see reality". Said, "I want it, Holy learning And Buddha Zhiyuan is different. As long as Shi sees a void, the sage sees everything in the void. Since we are the same as everything else, we have to follow this heart everywhere. How can we increase or decrease the daily use of human relations? "

The main works of this school include Jiang Xin's Tao Gang Daily Record.

Left School of Wangmen School in Central Zhejiang

Representatives include Qian Dehong 、 suburbs of the capital of an empire 。

Qian Dehong , named Hongfu, named Xushan, Zhejiang in the middle and late Ming Dynasty Yuyao (now Yuyao County, Zhejiang Province). Wang Shouren After calming down the "earthquake source turmoil", Qian Dehong returned to his hometown with Fan Yinnian, Guan Zhou, Zheng Zai, Chai Feng Xu Shan , Wu Ren and dozens of others worshipped him as their teacher. As more and more people came to Yuyao to join the team, Qian Dehong and Wang Ji, acting as the deputy teacher, dredged up the academic interests and called him Professors 。 During the Jiajing period, Wang Shouren went on an expedition, and Qian and Wang presided over the Academy on behalf of their teachers. Then Qian Dehong became Professor Su Xue.

suburbs of the capital of an empire , Ruzhong, nicknamed Longxi, Shanyin (Today Zhejiang Shaoxing County ）People should learn from Wang Shouren. He returned to Wang Shouren's door without trying. In the past 40 years, he gave lectures every day. From Beijing, Nanjing, Wu, Chu, Min, Yue and other places, there are preaching houses everywhere, and they are respected as Confucianism.

The school believes that the theory of "conscience" is the essence of contemporary scholarship. It is believed that in the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius proposed "benevolence" to awaken people's minds, and seeking "benevolence" is the essence of Confucius' theory; During the Warring States Period, Mencius put forward "righteousness" again. Without "righteousness", "benevolence" cannot be achieved. "righteousness" is the essence of Mencius' theory; Since Jin and Liang Dynasties, Buddhism and Laozi have been in flood, and Song Confucianism has sent back the ancient rites, which is the essence of Song Confucianism; Wang Shouren "Conscience" is put forward to enlighten the world with "conscience", so that the physics of knowledge is no more than my heart. "Knowledge" is the essence of today's academic. (Huang Zongxi: The Case of Confucianism in the Ming Dynasty · The Case of Wangmen in Central Zhejiang, the same below) The academic essence is based on the time.

The school's staunch division said. Insist on controlling the acquired by nature. He advocated "harmony rather than advocacy", saying: "In our study, we must not start a stove to make a stove, but only know harmony rather than advocacy, and act in response to the opportunity. Therefore, it is said that" when we see the rule of heaven, there are evil and blame, all originate from advocacy ". It believes that "the right mind is the innate learning, and sincerity is the acquired learning". "The heart" is the "conscience", which is the rule or standard that sets the world. In a word, it is "the innate governing the acquired". He also said: "Sincerity alone (prudence alone) is conscience", "conscience can not be considered by learning, and naturally has its own knowledge".

The works of this school include Wang Ji's Lunxueshu, Quotations, Zhizhi Yibian; Qian Dehong's Huiyu and Lunxueshu.

Taizhou school

Taizhou school , the founder is a scholar of the Ming Dynasty in China Wang Gen , of school of Wang Yangming A branch of, called“ Leftist Wang Xue ”^[3] 。 Its theory is characterized by its simplicity, easy to inspire the common people, peddlers and footmen. It is very popular, so it spreads far.

In the fifth year of Jiajing (1526), Wang Genying Taizhou Appointed by the magistrate Wang Yaohu, lecturer in Anding Academy , Publicity“ Daily use of common people ”At the beginning of the founding of Taizhou School, most of the students were from the lower class, such as farmers, woodcutters, potters salt-maker Etc. The Taizhou School, with the theme of "people's daily use is the way", expounds that "all the streets are saints", "everyone is a gentleman", "Yao Shun and passers-by are the same, saints and mortals are the same", "saints are not high, people are not low", "common people are not inferior, princes are not high". Though dismissed as heresy, he said Petty citizen The voice of. Zhu Shu Yan Jun 、 Wang Fold 、 Luo Rufang 、 He Xinyin 、 zhi 、 Jiao Hong 、 Zhou Rudeng wait forsomeone.

But because of too much madness《 Complete Library of Four Branches of Books 》The works of Li Zhi, Luo Rufang, Yan Jun, He Xinyin and Zhou Rudeng are not accepted. Huang Zongxi 《 Ming Confucian School Case 》: "After Taizhou, most people can fight with bare hands Dragon snake , to Yan Shannong He Xinyin's School, and it was not Mingjiao It can restrain the collaterals. " Wang Gen The disciples compiled 6 volumes of Complete Works of Xinzhai.

He Xinyin is Taizhou school He opposed "no desire" and advocated "no desire" and shared the same desire with the people. He lashed out Feudal despotism , put forward the view that "no father, no king, no father, no king", Five virtues He is the most important friend and his thoughts reflect capitalism Some characteristics of the bud. Many works have been lost, and there are now Zhong Hua Book Company Version《 He Xinyin Set 》。

Yangming Left

Announce

edit

Wang Shouren Shortly after his death, his theory began to divide into the left and the right, and gradually transferred to the lower classes. Yangming Left School Wang Gen 、 Yan Jun 、 He Xinyin 、 zhi On behalf of them, they are not only more opposed to Cheng Zhu's philosophy, but also Absolute monarchy and feudal ethics There are also negative words. Wang Gen is the leader of this school, advocating to give play to the natural nature of human beings, which is closer to the majority of lower class people. Its theory has changed the original nature of consolidating feudal rule, and is regarded as heresy, especially Li Zhi, who is known as "the best of heresy". Because Wang Gen is Taizhou People, so the school is also called Taizhou school 。 The nature of the school of mind has changed a lot since it developed to Taizhou School. The chivalrous spirit and the crazy mind of "one generation is as tall as another" have greatly promoted the school and tradition Mingjiao The break of. Taizhou Post School absorbed Zen's "mind is Buddha", "insight" and other thoughts, vigorously advocated the natural mechanism of conscience and was lively, acted at will, scorned the authority, and publicized themselves.

Wang Gen of Taizhou School

Wang Gen (1483-1541), a philosopher in the Ming Dynasty, Taizhou school Founder, first name Silver, teacher Wang Shouren Change its name to Ruzhi, and call it Xinzhai. Taizhou Anfeng Market (now Jiangsu East Platform ）People. Yes《 Collection of Mr. Wang Xinzhai 》。 He believes that "the body of nature is lively; the kite flying and the fish leaping is this body", "the body of conscience is as lively as the kite fish natural law No manpower arrangement "," where people are involved, it is false "(Collection of Remains Volume I Quotations). The famous proposition is "people's daily use is Tao". Again“ Huainan Pattern Says: "The thing of the pattern is the thing of the essence", and the pattern is like the pattern of the pattern, that is, the clean moment; My body is "original" and a "moment"; Family, country and the world are the "end" and a "square". Rectify and square, emphasize being the root of family, country and the world, and take "settle down and settle down" as feudalism Ethics The starting point of. Because Taizhou Huaihe River To the south, it is named "Huainan Gewu Theory".

Zhejiang Shanyin Wangji

Wang Ji learned from Yangming late, but he is a highly intelligent person in the school. Together with Qian Dehong, he was deeply appreciated by Yangming, and was called a "professor"; Because of his academic achievements, he was as famous as Wang Gen and also called the Second King. All his life, he devoted himself to publicizing the theory of "sending out conscience", making a point of conscience, and unabashedly helping Zen philosophy into Confucianism. Later generations criticized him as "becoming a Zen when one reaches the Yangming age", but he also made many innovations to teachers, forming a theory of "four nothingness", "conscience is ready at the moment", "one thought is subtle", and "gentleman's theory", No thought is the religion ”The mental system with the basic contents of "personality, natural form" and "one mind, conscience, scope and three religions" has become a generation of master and founder of the left school's crazy Zen in the Wang Clan's post school. Wang Ji and Wang Yangming have different understandings and views on "conscience": the former emphasizes that conscience is the unity of innate and enlightened, and advocates that Cardiosome Come up to enlightenment, and regard conscience as a ready insight; The latter focuses on the distinction between the nature of conscience and awareness, and believes that the subject must consciously understand and grasp the innate conscience of my heart, and must go through the acquired process of conscience. Wang Ji also inherited and developed Wang Yangming's theory of "independent knowledge", regarding "independent knowledge" as the unity of noumenon and effort. He further interpreted "Duzhi" as the pure original intention of people's "inborn mind", and said that "Shendu" effort was to protect or restore the "pure" original intention of this inborn mind, which was obviously influenced by Buddhism, showing that Wang Ji's understanding of "Duzhi" was different from Wang Yangming's.

Heretic Li Zhi

zhi (1527-1602) Thinkers, litterateurs and historians in the Ming Dynasty, Original surname Lin is named Zhi. After the election, he changed his surname to Li and changed his name to Zhi to avoid Muzong's taboo. They are called Zhuowu, Duwu, Hongfu, and Wenling Jushi. Quanzhou Jinjiang (now Fujian) people. Teach out Wang Gen His son Wang Xiang. His works include Li Shi Burn books 》、《 Continue burning books 》, Library Collection《 Continued collection of books 》、《 Collection of Li Wenling 》、《 Chutanji 》Etc. His thoughts are deeply rooted Wang Shouren and Taizhou school Influence: Li Zhi openly regarded himself as a "heresy", and took it as his duty to oppose etiquette and Taoism all his life. His thoughts were deeply influenced by Wang Shouren and Taizhou School. To sum up, there are the following points:

① Heart based“ Childlike innocence ”Ethics Philosophical outlook 。 Li Zhi's "Theory of Childlike Innocence" defines "childlike Innocence" as the original intention of the first thought and fully affirms it. Li Zhi's theory is mainly based on the Zen theory.

② "Dressing and eating is human relations physics".

③ The historical view that "the classics and history are both exterior and interior".

④ Gas oriented View of nature 。

⑤ In literature, zhi Attach importance to the position of novels and operas in literature.

Yangming School of Mind

Announce

edit

Huang Zongxi

Huang Zongxi (1610～1695)， Late Ming and Early Qing Historian and thinker. From Yuyao, Zhejiang. His name is Taichong, and his name is Nanlei. Scholars regard him as Mr. Lizhou. Leadership“ Fushe ”Members persisted in the struggle against eunuchs and dignitaries, and were killed several times. After the death of the Ming Dynasty, he returned to his hometown, taught his apprentices, and wrote until his death. He has written a lot of books in his life, which can be divided into more than 50 kinds and nearly 1000 volumes, roughly according to history, classics, geography, calendar, mathematics, poetry and essays. Prepared by later generations《 Collected Works of Huang Lizhou 》。 The main purpose of his scholarship is to apply the world to practice.

Statue of Huang Zongxi

① Objection Absolute monarchy Of Political outlook

《 Record of Ming Yi to Be Visited 》Direct the edge Feudal despotism The great harm of the emperor. He said: "In the ancient times, the world was the main object, and the king was the guest. Every man who managed the world after he had finished his career was also the world; today, he is also the main object, and the world is the guest. Every man who has peace without land in the world is also the king. Because of what he has not got, he poisons the liver and brain of the world, separates the children of the world, and helps me to develop my own industry. It was once a disaster. He said: 'I started my own business because of my descendants. ’He has already obtained it. He has stripped the bone marrow of the world and scattered the children of the world. He takes it for granted that I am a prostitute. Said: 'This is the flower and interest of my industry.' However, the king is the only one who has done great harm to the world. "Today, people in the world resent his king and regard him as a bandit. They call him an only man, and fix what he has lost and what he has lost. Affirm that "the world is not in chaos One surname The rise and fall of the Ming Dynasty, and the happiness of the people "· Yuanchen 》）。 This book spread widely in the early Qing Dynasty, aroused the resonance of people of insight, and also played an encouraging role in the rise of democratic ideas in the late Qing Dynasty.

② Pragmatic Historical view

Huang Zongxi's achievements in history are the most important among all kinds of learning. His main works are almost all about history. Think“ Twenty one history According to the book, there is nothing unprepared for doing business in the world "," a country can be destroyed, and history cannot be destroyed ". he On history pay attention to Historiography , emphasizing credibility. Written by《 Ming Confucian School Case 》Yes China First Systematic monograph on the history of academic thought, starting from the Qing Dynasty History of Eastern Zhejiang The research is the first of its kind, which is of great value to the study of the development of academic thought in the Ming Dynasty for nearly three hundred years. Under its influence East Zhejiang School 。

Contemporaneous with Huang Zongxi Tang Zhen (1630-1704) is a criticism of the early Qing Dynasty Absolute monarchy Another master of. He centralized power through the monarchy of "the monarch is increasingly respected and the minister is increasingly inferior" process analysis He pointed out that autocratic power caused double evils. On the one hand, it made people despise their subjects Dogs and horses Insects and ants are not like me "(" Hidden Book · Room Language "); On the one hand, the political isolation dilemma of "self-respect means no ministers, no ministers means no people, and no people means only husbands" (Hidden Book · Shi Yu) has been formed. Their words, like thunder and lightning, shocked the long suffocated the thought circle 。

Gu Yanwu

Statue of Gu Yanwu

Gu Yanwu (1613-1682), a thinker and historian during the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The word is loyal and clear. Ming perished, renamed Yanwu, named Ning Ren, and once appointed himself as a Jiangshan servant. Scholars respect Mr. Tinglin. Jiangsu Kunshan People. Since the age of 27《 Beneficial Sickness Book of the Counties under Heaven 》。 After the death of Ming Dynasty, he participated in the struggle against Qing Dynasty for many times. After failure, he devoted himself to writing and never entered the capital again. Extensive knowledge, focusing on textual research in his later years, and starting the simple learning style of the Qing Dynasty textology The Wu School Wanpai All have an impact. Life for learning, seek truth from facts, do not set up a door, regardless of the field, a return to practical. His thoughts mainly include the following points:

① "Giving up the study of Confucian classics without rationalism" Philosophical outlook

Gu Yanwu inherited the anti rationalism trend of thought of scholars in the Ming Dynasty, not only cleared up Lu Wang's theory of mind, but also focused on the relationship between nature and nature, regulating qi Channel apparatus In many categories, such as knowledge and action, heavenly principles and human desires, they all show different academic interests from those of Cheng Zhu's philosophy. He agreed Zhang Zai The theory of the unity of "Taixu", "Qi" and "everything" recognizes that "Qi" is the entity of the universe; "Qi is the essence of the world", and "Tao has nothing to hide without tools". Oppose empty talk of "mind, reason, nature and destiny", and advocate practical knowledge of "pragmatism".

He believes that "the purpose of the Six Classics should be combined with the current affairs", and puts forward two sentences: "erudite in literature" and "shame in doing one's own thing" Ancient adage , sure Social history ("Wen") and integrity ("Shame") Forge ahead Equally important.

Faced with the choice of what to replace the study of mind, he chose the study of Confucian classics, believed that "the ancient so-called Neo Confucianism, Confucian classics also", "the modern so-called Neo Confucianism, Zen also", and put forward the proposition that "giving up the study of Confucian classics is irrational".

② The political concept of "everyone is responsible for the rise and fall of the world"

Gu Yanwu clearly distinguishes the two concepts of "country" and "world". It is believed that "country" refers to a dynasty with one family name, and "the world" refers to the world of all people. He exclaimed that "those who protect the world will be humble and responsible". Nearby Liang Qichao This view of Gu Yanwu is summarized as "everyone is responsible for the rise and fall of the world". He proposed restrictions Monarchical power The theory and assumption of Gongqing Doctor As for the slaughter of a hundred miles. the life All the officials, regardless of the power of the Son of Heaven, govern their own affairs "(Tinglin Anthology, Vol. 9, Shou Ling). In fact, it is necessary to improve the existing Feudal system The monarch in the "rule alone", the implementation of "rule by all".

Gu Yanwu's distinctive purport to learn from the world, his simple and inductive textual research methods, his exploration spirit of creating a new path, and his achievements in many academic fields announced the end of the empty and sparse style of learning in the late Ming Dynasty, opened the way for a generation of simple style of learning, and gave the Qing Dynasty scholars a very beneficial impact. Later scholars either inherited his learning methods or carried forward his spirit of scholarship, which not only became Qianjia Sinology And made many achievements in the academic culture of the Qing Dynasty.

Wang Fuzhi

Wang Fuzhi (1619~1692), a thinker and historian at the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty. The word "Ernong" is called "Jiangzhai". Hunan city in Hunan People. In his later years, he lived in Shichuanshan, Hengyang, and scholars called him Chuanshan. bright Chongzhen An example. After the death of the Ming Dynasty, he also participated in the struggle against the Qing Dynasty many times. He moved back and lived in the cottage at the foot of Shichuan Mountain in western Hunan. He studied hard and wrote diligently for 40 years until he died.

To study for a lifetime Northern Song Dynasty Materialism scholar Zhang Zai Is Zong. His research field is extremely wide, and his purpose is to explore "the reason for the rise and fall of the ancient and modern, and the reason for the production of weight", so as to apply the world. He has made great academic achievements, especially in philosophy, history and literature.

His life writings are very rich, with more than 100 kinds and more than 400 volumes. He was afraid that he had not been published before his death, but gradually lost. Later, he was edited as《 Chuanshan's posthumous note 》。

The image of Wang Fu

① The philosophy of taking Qi as the basis and "dense biochemistry" 。 Wang Fuzhi summarized and developed the Chinese traditional simple materialism and Dialectics , mainly inheriting and developing Zhang Zai's theory of "gasification" Critical Summary of.

Aiming at the "Tao comes before the tool" and "Tao comes before the tool" of the Neo Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties idealism He pointedly pointed out that "there are only tools in the world.". Tao is the tool of Tao The tool is not the tool of Tao. There is no way without its tools... "（《 External biography of Zhou Yi 》Volume V), "The void is the amount of qi. When qi becomes limitless and hopes to be slightly out of shape, people will see the void but not the qi" (Zhang Zizheng's Note on Taihe), "Qi is the basis of reason" (Siwen Record - Internal Part). He believes that "everything between heaven and earth is qi, that is, everything is reason"（《 Reading Four Books 》Volume X); "Qi" and "Qi" are Physical entity While "reason" and "Tao" are objective law 。

He explained "Qi" with the proposition of "dense biochemistry" Change is changing day by day The dialectical nature of, see all things in the nature are in the unity of opposites, admit that "Yin and Yang each into its own image, then the opposite is; rigid and soft, cold and warm, life and death, must be opposite and each other is enemy"; At the same time, it also recognized that "there is no reason to end up against each other". Therefore, he established his theory of historical evolution, opposed the idea of conservative degradation, and pointed out that society, like nature, is a development process of "constant growth and change". It is believed that "human nature changes with the change of environment and customs", which denies the view that "human nature remains unchanged".

In terms of the relationship between knowledge and action, he opposed the argument of Lu and Wang that "knowing is action" and Zen scholars that "knowing something is a matter of rest", and emphasized that action is the basis of knowledge, "action can be both knowledge and action, but not both knowledge and action".

In short, Wang Fuzhi has preliminarily observed the world and studied things from a dialectical point of view, raising the ancient Chinese materialism to a new level.

② The political view against autocracy 。

Wang Fuzhi was politically opposed to powerful and powerful landlords and maintained feudal centralization, but he demanded political reform and advocated limiting monarchical power. His famous saying is "The rise and fall of a family name is private, while the life and death of the living people is public."（《 Reading Comprehensive Lessons 》Volume 17), strongly advocates "the public and the world", "those who regard the world as the public must follow the public of the world, not the private of one family name", and opposes "questioning the world with one person" and "taking the world as the private" (Yellow Book).

③ The historical view of "acting according to everything" and being practical 。

In historiography, Wang Fuzhi opposes the idea of returning to the ancients that "the past is too high and the present is too thin", and advocates that "those who value history should regard the past as the teacher of the future. Those who record history are numerous, but they do not write the outline of the world. There is no reason for future generations to follow suit if they want to gain or lose the key opportunity. Is history evil?"（《 Reading Comprehensive Lessons 》Volume VI) "History is a book, which can be seen in all the signs of action. Then it must be pushed to be feasible, combated by war, adhered to and fixed, followed by the law and the people thought it was convenient, and the emperor listened to the advice" (Reading Tongjian Lun) End of volume Narration III). That is to say, historical research should put forward specific and feasible reform plans according to the needs of the real society. He also inherited and developed Tang scholars Liu Zongyuan Focus on "potential" and propose“ Unity of principle and potential ”According to the theory of historical evolution, "since the potential has to be, then this is the reason".

Fang Yizhi and Yan Yuan

Among the famous thinkers at the end of the Ming Dynasty and the beginning of the Qing Dynasty Fang Yizhi and Yan Yuan 。

Fang Yizhi (1611-1671) was a thinker and scientist in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. The word is secret, which is called Man, Dragon Sleeping Fool, Master of Zeyuan Fushan Fool, Mishanzi Deer rises People, fools, Jiangbei scholars, etc. Tongcheng (In present-day Anhui) people. Chongzhen Jinshi, Ren Review of Imperial Academy 。 After the fall of the Ming Dynasty Southern Ming Regime. Promise yourself with integrity and knowledge all your life. Be familiar with Chinese traditional natural science and western modern science just introduced at that time, and have studied astronomy, geography, history, physics, biology, medicine, literature, phonology, etc. Conceit should melt the knowledge of all times and at home and abroad into one furnace, and invent the truth of irresolution through the ages. Special emphasis“ Quality measurement ”（ Experimental science ）He advocated "integrating knowledge (philosophy) into quality measurement". think Western learning "Detailed in quality measurement but poor in verbal communication". It is believed that "everything in the world is enriched", "everything is done by qi, and everything is empty and full of qi"（《 Physical knowledge 》）He opposed the Neo Confucianism of Song and Ming Dynasties, which "separated from qi to express reason" and "separated from implements to express morality". It advocates the cognitive method of "confirming reason with facts, and reasoning before reasoning after reasoning". There are many works, mainly including《 Everything 》、《 Boyi set 》, Fushan Anthology《 Elegant 》, Little Knowledge of Physics, Yaodi Paozhuang, Siyun Dingben, etc.

Yan Yuan (1635~1704), a philosopher in the early Qing Dynasty, Yan Li School founder. The original word was easy to be straight, but later it was changed to be confused and named Xizhai. Hebei Boye people. The emphasis on "practice" and practicality had a positive impact on the formation of a simple style of study in the early Qing Dynasty. Yan Yuan attached great importance to the function of education and put forward the idea that "the place of origin is in school". Politically, he opposed the annexation of powerful powers, and advocated "enriching the world with seven words: reclaiming wasteland, equalizing farmland, and promoting water conservancy"（ Li Gong Chronicle of Mr. Xi Zhai). His practical learning thought was inherited and deduced by his student Li Gong, forming an influential school in the academic history of the early Qing Dynasty, namely the "Yan Li School".

But it did not touch the essence, and it also lacked the opportunity to realize the theory.

Edited by Runren

Announce

edit

Mr. Yangming's Four sentence teaching ：

There is no good or disgusting body, and there are good and malicious actions,

Knowing good and evil is conscience, and eliminating evil for good is the essence.

I guess, Man is the soul of all things However, the first person was still confused. Therefore, there is no discrimination between good and evil, and survival is the first. This is the body of the heart and the foundation of human beings.

Later, when the vitality has been achieved, it is a business activity. At this time, both good and evil come from the heart, and everything that can be touched by external things comes from the heart.

Mr. Yangming's attributive conscience means that people know without learning, and know without learning. Use Mencius Four ends To be important, that is, the heart of right and wrong, the heart of shame and evil, the heart of compassion, and the heart of resignation are all conscience.

It is hoped that the scholars of later generations will focus on the conscience of the original mind to deal with things and things without any confusion of human desires.

Under the school of mind learning, the great achievement is the unity of practice and knowledge. To know without knowing is to know without knowing. To know and stop is to know.

Knowledge is the beginning of action, and action is the accomplishment of knowledge. There is no order of knowing and doing, but Mr. Yangming believes in doing more.

One good man is a little good

All good people are great good

Great achievements are made by those who are good

This also means that ancient scholars ruled the country Flat the world The long cherished wish is also the supreme glory.

To be good for all can be great.

However, a small ability is a small good, and a large ability is a great good for conscience. It is not necessary to force yourself to be a great good.

For example: Li Shizhen Zhang Juzheng Military leader famed for combat against Japanese pirate invaders wait.

Other Psychology

Announce

edit

Original mind theory

Modern scholars put forward the idea that "those who abandon others will always abandon them. Those who abandon themselves will be loved by everyone. I keep the world in my heart, and the world will accommodate me."“ Idealism “。

With his psychological works and life examples, he summarized the "original mind theory" of "those who abandon others will always abandon them. Those who abandon themselves will be loved by everyone. I keep the world in my heart, and the world allows me.".

It advocates that people should abandon the principle of material life temporarily in life, study and work, start from the original heart, and look at things and solve things under the guidance of the heart. He believes that people are vulnerable to social environment Only by abandoning the material principles of the real society can we return to the origin of the heart and guide people's behavior by the pure heart.

his ideological system Influenced by the theory of Yin and Yang. Say the world exists " causal relationship "We advocate the natural laws of nature, so we believe that what people do to people and nature will be recycled to themselves because of the natural laws of nature. We advocate moral conscience, loyalty, benevolence and filial piety, and moral conscience, loyalty, benevolence and filial piety should be issued from the original heart.

Although this ideological system is not recognized by the mainstream thought and is not highly evaluated, it is still a moral society advocated by modern society Competence Education As well as the continuation and development of the philosophy of mind, it has a certain impact.

Modern Buddhist Psychology

Repeatedly thinking that all sentient beings have the nature of seeking happiness and avoiding suffering. All sentient beings are similar. They don't think they are particularly important. They respect other sentient beings equally, so that they can curb their own desires and avoid hurting other sentient beings. At the same time, they are ashamed of hurting other sentient beings.

At the same time, we should understand that we can feel it when we benefit other beings Be agreeable Those who wish other sentient beings joy will feel calm and comfortable in their hearts. Similarly, those who help other sentient beings avoid suffering will feel calm and comfortable in their hearts.

When we feel calm, soft, upright and relaxed, we do not crave possession, nor do we reject aversion, and we want to stay away from bad behavior.

Then we can be sure that we are on the right path of mind, mainly from the spread of southern Buddhism in China Apidamo Spiritual analysis.

Wu Cheng's Philosophy of Mind in Yuan Dynasty

When it comes to psychology, people naturally think Neo Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties The learning of King Lu in. It should be recognized that this association has a long history Wu Cheng (1249-1333) In the Yuan Dynasty, the so-called "mind learning" title was added to the Lu Jiuyuan 。 Since the theory of governing the mind has always been regarded as the forbidden domain of Buddhism, Lu Xue is regarded as the theory of mind, just as it is referred to as doctrine of Zen Buddhism Similarly, it is not without derogatory meaning. Wu Cheng believes that this concept is basically a misunderstanding: the study of mind does not only refer to the study of Lu Yao and Shun Until Zhou Cheng, all the scholars learned from heart; confucian It has a tradition of mind learning that can compete with the learning of Buddhists and Laotians.

Wu Cheng's new idea, in a direct sense, defends Lu Xue, while its broader significance is to correct the name of the mind. In order to correct the name of mind learning, the first thing to do is to point out (rather to explore) the mind learning elements of people from Yao and Shun to Zhou Cheng. Secondly, we must make a distinction between the Confucian mind learning and the Buddhist mind training. Next, we will examine these arguments.

one

What does Wu Cheng mean by the theory of mind? Wu Cheng could not find a definition of mind learning in his books. In most cases, he directly used the word "mind learning" without explanation. Therefore, we can only rely on Pragmatics （ pragmatics ）Analyze to understand.

Wu Cheng said:

Learning from the heart, not the special land, Yao, Shun, Yu, Tang, Wen, Wu Duke Zhou Kong, Yan, Zeng, Si, Meng, to catch Shao, Zhou, Zhang, Cheng, etc. So it only refers to Lu Zizhi Learn as A scholar of the original mind does not know the way of sages. (The story of the original heart of the immortal city, 26:11a)

The saying that "learning from the heart is not the only way to learn from the nature" at least affirms Lu Jiuyuan It is "learning from the heart"; However, the saying that "Lu Zi's learning is a scholar of the original mind, not knowing the way of sages" at least confirms that Lu Jiuyuan's learning is a "theory of the original mind". To sum up these two sentences, it is not difficult to infer that "learning from the heart" is the so-called "learning from the heart". Therefore, it can be considered that "learning from the heart" is an interpretation of "learning from the heart", which indicates that this "learning from the heart" is learning from the heart.

Strictly speaking, "learning from the original mind" should be "learning from the original mind", that is, "studying from the original mind". If we say that "learning from the heart" is "learning from the heart", then the "heart" in "learning from the heart" should mean "the heart". Wu Cheng will "learn from the heart" Direct understanding It reflects that for him, the distinction between "mind" and "original mind" is not very strict. Of course, to put it another way, "original mind" and "heart" are indeed indistinguishable. The word "original" of "original mind" can be regarded as an adjective, such as White Horse Similarly, the "original mind" is still the "heart", so the "original mind" undoubtedly belongs to the broad "mind". Wu Cheng used the term "mind learning" in other places, such as:

The essence of mind learning has not been realized by scholars until Zhouzi and Chengzi revealed their secrets, so that they can survive. Zhou Ziyun said that "no desire leads to tranquility", and Cheng Ziyun said that "if there is a master, there is emptiness". These two words are also the outline of the theory of mind for all ages.

From the perspective of "the theory of mind for all ages", the existence of "the theory of mind" is by no means a day. The "mind learning" mentioned here can be understood as "original mind learning", but if we consider that the name "original mind learning" appeared late (the famous "original mind learning" is obviously Lu Jiuyuan ), then, using the name "mind learning" is more than using "original mind learning" Universality 。 When Wu Cheng attributed the essence of the mind learning to the words of Zhou Cheng, the "mind learning" here could not be replaced by Lu Jiuyuan's "original mind learning". Of course, as far as the form is concerned, the word "mind learning" can not be regarded as the abbreviation of the word "original mind learning". Therefore, it can be understood that "the beauty of mind learning", "the beauty of mind learning for all ages", rather than "the beauty of original mind learning", "the beauty of mind learning for all ages", can be understood for the sake of simplicity in writing. Whatever the consideration is, it is certain that Wu Cheng used the phrase "learning from the heart" rather than "learning from the heart" to describe what he called "learning from the heart" or "learning from the heart". Therefore, if Wu Cheng's "mind theory" is simply understood as referring to various theories about "mind", there should be no problem.

two

Wu Cheng's understanding of "mind learning" as various theories about "mind", rather than some special "original mind learning" demonstration From Yao and Shun to Zhou Cheng, it is also advantageous for all the scholars to "learn from heart". In this way, as long as we can find out what they say about "heart", we will achieve the purpose of argument. Compared with mainly Mencius Lu Jiuyuan The concept of "original mind" used by others, and "mind" is a noun that most scholars will refer to. Therefore, it is much easier to find the theory of "mind" than to find the discussion about "original mind". Let's see how Wu Cheng demonstrated that all the scholars from Yao and Shun to Zhou and Cheng were "learning from the heart".

Wu Cheng first demonstrated that: Confucianism Its nature determines that it must learn from the mind. For the Confucianists, what they want is nothing more than "Tao"《 The Doctrine of the Mean 》As the saying goes, "Tao can not be separated for a moment, but can be separated from non Tao". And "Tao is the Tao, which is rooted in the heart", so Wu Cheng really has reason to raise the following question: "How can there be people who seek Tao from outside?" Where is the difference between Confucianism, which seeks Tao as its own responsibility, and secular learning? Wu Cheng summed it up as the difference between reality and beauty, and between inside and outside: "There are also many skills learned by men. Chapter Memory, Chinese learning, non Practical learning Also; Political achievements, Foreign Studies It's not internal learning. " So, how can it be called practical learning and internal learning? "To know is to know, to act is to act, and to be practical is to be internal."

Following this line of thought, Wu Cheng kept asking, and finally came to the conclusion that "if you give up your heart and ask others, you will never learn":

But who knows what they know? Who rules what you do? If there is no unified council, it is not necessary; Nothing dominates, not its own. Which For ? Which is the best? The heart is already. The reason why God and I, and why people Person What did he learn when he did not ask for what he did?

More than that, Wu Chengbiao cited Confucianism as the whole purpose of "taking mind as learning", which is also to highlight the Confucian tradition of mind learning, which has always been neglected. Correction is the first step to correct. Confucianism is all about "learning from the heart", which is hard to avoid. However, Wu Cheng's argument shows that Confucianism is not lack of discussion about the "heart" as ordinary people imagine. On the contrary, Confucianism has always been concerned about the "heart".

Ganquan School of Mind

The theory of "big heart" is the basis of Ganquan's theory of mind. He believes that the mind contains all things in heaven and earth, and runs through all things in heaven and earth. Since the mind has no inside or outside, then Cheng Zhu Seeking external reason King Lu Inward reasoning should not be separated, but should be combined.

Chen Xianzhang The idea of "cultivating clues in quietness" is to advocate "quietness" while ignoring "movement" As clear as water Propose“ Recognize the truth everywhere ”It is the integration of movement and static. In his own words, he said, "If you know the reason of heaven and the clouds are everywhere, you will be moving and quiet, and your mind will be full of things End it Yes.

When the two families of Zhan and Wang shared the academic world equally, Zhan Ruoshui's "knowing the heavenly principles everywhere" and sunny "To the conscience" was naturally compared by students. Wang Shouren The "heart" refers to the heart in the cavity, so Zhan Ruoshui believes that reason only needs to be sought inward pericardium Through all things in the world, the mind has no distinction between inside and outside, so the understanding of the heavenly principles has no distinction between inside and outside, dynamic and static. While Zhan Ruoshui talks about understanding the heavenly principles, he also repeatedly emphasizes the skills of learning, asking, thinking, distinguishing and practicing, and emphasizes the mutual invention of classics and the heart. This means that although all people have conscience, they will be Nature of temperament We should break through the confusion by learning, asking, thinking, distinguishing and practicing. Chen Xianzhang believes that reading is "complicated", and Zhan Ruoshui corrects this. He believes that reading can awaken the heavenly principles in his heart, which is very useful. Wang Chunfu, who has successively learned from Wang Shouren, Zhan Ruoshui, has a very good point of view Representativeness He doubted Wang Shouren's theory of "sending to conscience", and believed that "conscience is the movement of emotion, and it is still doubtful before it is moved", and pointed out that "for the sake of learning, the spirit of seeking is just a matter of holding on to one thing and abandoning another". Zhan Ruoshui believes that taking "conscience" as the criterion of all morality has limitations and is not as accurate as "heavenly principles".

In Zhan Ruoshui's view, reason, Tao, mind, nature and Qi are unified. In the "Five Elements Theory", there is a theory that "soil carries four elements", that is, the four elements of gold, wood, water and fire all need soil to carry. Zhan Ruoshui's understanding of Li, Dao, Xin, Xing and Qi is similar to the theory of "earth carrying four elements", that is, Li, Dao, Xin and Xing need the support of Qi, and the five elements are unified. about Heart and sex Zhan Ruoshui specially pointed out that "sex is also the physiology of the heart, and the heart is not two", which responded to the challenge of the school of idealism.

The emphasis on "unity" is the characteristic of Ganquan's mind study. In terms of ontology, Zhan Ruoshui emphasizes "the unity of Li and Qi". In terms of kungfu, he also emphasizes "the unity of mind and matter is called learning". The purpose of Ganquan's Mind Study is to "understand the nature everywhere", which is also the embodiment of Zhan Ruoshui's emphasis on the integration of movement and stillness, internal and external, knowledge and action. The "heavenly principle" in "Understanding the heavenly principle everywhere" includes the natural principle, so Zhan Ruoshui's "knowing and doing go hand in hand" also contains the meaning that cognition and practice promote each other, that is, cognition guides practice, and practice enhances cognition.

Zhan Ruoshui also said, "Those who know the nature of things are able to keep them." This means that the so-called nature of things is to understand the nature of things and support them. He advocates "seeking benevolence in matters, and working hard when moving", and opposes seeking for peace of mind. Zhan Ruoshui's theory of natural things has the characteristics of "one inside and outside", "both knowing and doing", and "running through the movement and quietness", which not only corrects the shortcomings left by Wang Yangming's specialty inside and outside but also avoids the malpractice of the separation of Neo Confucianism at that time. Zhan Ruoshui said: "I call the heavenly principles, which are realized in the heart, that is, the theory of mind."

Ganquan School

Someone once asked a student who had learned from two schools successively: "The theories of the Zhan and Wang families are different, why should they learn from two schools?" The student said: "Because the two schools have different theories, it is necessary to learn from two schools. If the two schools have the same theories, it is unnecessary to learn from two schools." Most of these students tend to reconcile the two schools' theories. Most of the students who only learned from Zhan or Wang did not stick to the teacher's theory, but played their own roles.

Lv Huai (1493-1573), with the word Ruyu and the name Jinshi, Jiangxi province Yongfeng County People, official to Nanjing Maid Shaoqing 。 Lv Huai's Theory Keynote Changing temperament He is the author of 30 volumes of Kerchief and Stone Manuscripts.

He Qian (1501-1574), Yizhi, Jiyang, De'an (Present Hubei Anlu ）People, official to Nanjing assistant minister of ministry of punishments 。 He Qian's theory focuses on knowledge.

Tang Shu (1497-1574), with the word "Weizhong" and the title "Ziyi", he was called Mr. Yi'an, Gui'an (Today Zhejiang province Huzhou ）People, officials to the head of the Ministry of Punishment. Tang Shu's theory focuses on "sincerity", and has written《 Wooden Clock Set 》。

Hongyuan, with the word Junzhi, No Jueshan , Jiangxi Province Wuyuan County People, officials Wenzhou Mansion prefect. Hong Yuan advocated reconciling the theories of the Zhan and Wang families, and wrote books such as "The History of Jueshan", "The Book of Changes", and "The Essential Record of Neo Confucianism".

Zeng Rutan , formerly known as Tan, with the word Weixin, is known as Mr. Kuzhai for generations, and its name is Ningbizi, Fujian province Zhangping People live in harmony in the county. Zeng Rutan is one of Zhan Ruoshui's students who most believe in his theory. His theory is based on "fear and caution" and is the author of "Heart Source Debate".

Cojo (1497-1554), Anhui province Qingyang County People, officials to patrol Haikou Deputy Envoy 。 He led the military and civilian resistance along the coast from Zhejiang to Fujian when he was deputy envoy to patrol the sea Portugal Colonist Aggression. Ke Qiao is the author of two volumes of Jiuhua Mountain Poems. (From Baisha Ganquan: Group Images of Neo Confucianism in the Song and Ming Dynasties)

Japanese Psychology

The school of mind appeared as an "anti tradition" attitude at that time. It had a great impact after the middle of the Ming Dynasty, spread abroad, and especially had a great impact on the Japanese academic community. The founder of Japanese psychology, Kongjiang (today's Shiga County ）People Toju Nakae (1608-1648 AD), also known as "the sage near the river". After the creation of Nakagawa Tengshu, the Japanese School of Mind can be roughly divided into two schools: one is the German school with a strong introspective character (one is the school of conservation and cultivation), and the other is the school of practice Transform the world A meritorious school for its own duty.

In Japan Meiji Restoration front Tokugawa Shogunate During more than 200 years of rule Official school The dominant position is Zhu Zixue And the mind learning is used as a subordinate warrior and Citizen class Of ideology But in a repressed and excluded position. However, at the end of the shogunate, the study of mind became a philosophy widely believed by the reformers, and therefore Reform movement It has created a group of thinkers and leaders who are all powerful and flying in the temple. They used the theory of mind as a weapon to emancipate the mind and proposed“ Toyo Such propositions as morality, western art, excellence and coarseness, and both exterior and interior "broke Zhu Sub science The solitary and crude habit of sticking to Confucianism has opened up the absorption of the West scientific culture The new trend of Inversion movement We have made full preparations in ideology and public opinion. Thus, Japanese society opened the way to Modernization The Meiji Founding Fathers under the influence of psychology ito hirobumi 、 Saigo Takamori Is directly advocated civil rights , democracy Abolish vassals and establish counties , for Japan capitalism Laid the foundation. Famous scholar in modern China Liang Qichao Also said:“ Japanese Reform The rule of mind is the use of mind learning ". This is indeed a chapter worthy of a book and further study in the history of Sino Japanese ideological and cultural exchanges.

In 1988, Vice President of the National Association of Chinese Character Education and Research, Japan Guoshiguan University Professor Yilang Shiga made a special trip to Xintang to visit and investigate the information and relics about Zhan Ruoshui. After returning to Japan Field investigation report 《 sunny Investigation of the Former Sites of Zhan Ganquan and Chen Baisha and Zhan Ganquan. Dr. Yilang Shiga has spent most of his life studying Zhan Ruoshui's life and theory, and has published five monographs, including Wang Yangming and Zhan Ganquan, Research on Zhan Ganquan, Theory of Zhan Ganquan, Relationship between Zhan Ganquan and Wang Yangming, and Education of Zhan Ganquan. In addition to Japan, South Korea, the United States Canada Scholars from other countries have conducted in-depth research on his thoughts.

ishida baigan Created“ Shimen Psychology ”As "Machi people's philosophy" or "practical knowledge of moral practice" in the Tokugawa era History of Economic Thought It is of great significance. The theory of mind is related to Confucianism, so it has Chinese and Japanese thoughts comparative study The value of; Psychological interpretation Professional ethics Profitable with businessmen rationality Etc., and History of Chinese Economic Thought And become the comparison of economic thoughts between the two countries East Asia The important content of the study of the history of economic thought; Empowerment of mind science economic ethics In religious sense, it is called similar to max weber (Max Weber)“ Protestant ethics ”, which has a special significance different from the western modernization model Modernization theory The value of research.

Korean Psychology

The development of Yangmingxue in South Korea can be divided into initial transmission period, foundation period Practical school The six stages of ingestion, establishment, Jianghua and modern revival are not only very clear about the origin of the school before and after, but also form their own local school. Among them, Zheng Xiagu devoted himself to the study of Confucian classics. After Zhu Zi transferred to the study of Yangming, he made a lot of contributions to the development of the system of mind. His ideas of qi, li qi non dual view, and sheng dao, all of which can form the backbone of his theory. They are not only the inheritance and development of China's Yangming study, but also show his own views or opinions on the wisdom of life. Therefore, the establishment of the Korean Yangming School should actually start from Xiagu.

Industrial Psychology

It is important to learn modern science and technology and apply the theory of body, mind and spirit to gain enlightenment, improve life concentration and solve various difficulties in work and life The landing of mind learning in industry^[11] 。^[10]

Novice on the road

Growth task Getting Started with Editing Edit Rule Edit by myself

I have questions

Content query Online Service Official post bar Feedback

Complaints and suggestions

Report bad information Failed to appeal through entries Complaint of infringement information Blocking query and unblocking

Jinggong Network Anbei No. 1100000200001