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Lord Ruan

One of the four regimes during the Zheng Ruan dispute

Lord Ruan （ Vietnamese ： Chúa Nguyễn ）The regime is Vietnam? The second time Southern and Northern Dynasties (1533-1592) and Zheng Ruan Dispute Four of the periods regime (Ruan Zhu Lord Zheng 、 Protector 、 Gao Ping Mo ）One.

Chinese name: Lord Ruan
Foreign name: Chúa Nguyễn

Region: Vietnam?
Category: regime

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Nanruan Beizheng

Seize the present Vietnam? In the south Nguyen The family holds power by heredity, China and Japan 、 North Korea It is called Guangnan （ Vietnamese ： Quảng Nam Quốc ）, the West calls it Jiaozhi Zhina （ French ： Cochinchina Vietnamese: Nam Kỳ ）。

From the 17th century to the beginning of the 19th century (1600-1802), Vietnam was in a period of north-south disputes. From 1627 to 1672, there were many wars between the two sides Later Li Dynasty The emperor ordered the vassals to annex the southern Ruan family and restore the unity of the country, but they did not achieve the desired goal. On the contrary, the Ruan family strengthened its strength in the struggle with the Zheng family, and finally formed two confrontation Separatist regime 。 The boundary between the two sides is Lingjiang River: the north of the river is under the rule of the Zheng family, commonly known as Lord Zheng (Vietnamese: Chúa Trịnh ）； The south of the Yangtze River was ruled by the Ruan family Lord Ruan 。

Ruan Zhu's regime germination It was formed in the middle of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century. As a result of the long internal and external war, and the continuous construction, the people's financial resources were greatly consumed, and the local rebellion gradually rose. In 1771（ Li Xianzong Jingxing 32 years) Xishan Uprising Under the heavy blow, the Ruan regime finally perished.^[1]

historical background

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rise

Hengshan Southerly Hue 、 Guangnan The area is densely forested, Changshan Throughout the whole territory, rivers and valleys crisscross Vietnam The southernmost end of the boundary. 1558（ Daming Jiajing Thirty seven years; Li Yingzong Zhengzhi First year), Ruan Huang Bong Later Li Dynasty Right phase , Liang Guogong Zheng Jian It was ordered to go out of the town Shunguang (where everything is big or small, military and civilian rent and taxes, everything is entrusted) area, and stationed in Aizi Society (Today Guangzhi Province Dengchang County ）, marking the initial creation of the Ruan separatist regime. Ruan Huang relied on northern immigrants and prisoners to develop Guangnan and Shunhua. In just a few decades, Shunguang area has become "the market is priceless, people are not thieves Merchant ship Gather together.

1567（ Zhengzhi Ten years), Zheng Jian Recall Guangnan Commander Ruan Huang He also leads Guangnan and turns in 400 jin of silver and 500 pieces of silk every year Tribute fu 。

Zhengzhi In the 13th year (1570 AD), Zheng Jian surface Later Li Dynasty The Emperor's "Life End" County Duke (Ruan Huang) concurrently led the general of the general town in Shunhua and Guangnan, and led the soldiers to defend the people in the town like battleships. "This started the actual rule of Ruan Lord over Shunguang. Relying on its terrain that is easy to defend but difficult to attack and rich natural resources, during Ruan Huang's rule, "he followed the army and the people, recruited heroes, paid less taxes, and was popular." Immortal Master The prosperity of imperial industry is based on this ". In 1613, Ruan Huang died of illness. Before his death, Ruan Huang summoned his kinsman Lang Dang to his couch and earnestly told him: "Hengshan Mountain is located in the north of Shunguang Lingjiang River In the south, there is Haiyun Stele Mountain, which is a mountain product Gold and iron The sea produces fish and salt, which is a real place for heroes to use. If we can tame the people and fight against the Zheng family, we can Eternal undertaking 。” (See《 Record of Da Nan Volume I to II of the former edition)

Ruan Huangzi Ruan Fuyuan During his reign Zhengying , set Shechaji (in charge of litigation) General, officials and officials (in charge of money and food) Ling Shi Si (Palm sacrifice And disbursed to Zhengying Military pay ）Third Division, appointed by prefectures and counties prefect 、 Zhixian Administration civil administration 。 All bureaucratic appointments, removals and government affairs refused to be interfered by the northern court, and cut off Subordination 。 Another snare Tao Weici 、 Ruan Youjin The southern separatist forces gradually grew up as civil officials and military generals "consulted day and night and specifically resisted orders".

Faced with the expansion of Ruan's power in the south, Zheng had no reason to sit back and watch it grow. 1627 AD (Ming Dynasty Apocalypse Seven years; Later Gold Tiancong First year; Li Shenzong Yongzuo In the ninth year of the reign of Emperor Li, the Zheng family ordered the Ruan family to "change the past and abide by the law, Gui Hai Before, because a bad crop Exemption; And from Jia Zi For the year to date, full payment shall be made according to the preceding example; We should also order our troops, pay homage to Beijing in person, or replace them with sons... If we fail to prevaricate, we will disobey the order of the imperial court, and we will be guilty! ", Attempt to deprive Lord Nguyen of his autonomy. The Zheng family gave an excuse to pay tribute the ming dynasty , requirements Nguyen pay tribute elephant He also asked Lord Ruan to send his son to serve the court as a pledge.

The Second Southern and Northern Dynasties in Vietnam

Lord Ruan, of course, was unwilling to yield, and the two sides began to fight each other. In the 45 year period from 1627 to 1672, there were seven wars between the North and the South, of which Lord Ruan went deep into the north only once, and the rest were led by Lord Zheng to the south. The two sides have faced each other for decades, and each side has its own victory or defeat annex other party. Finally, we should divide the river and govern by ourselves it ends in a draw Closing. The Zheng family in the north actually acquiesced to the existence of the Ruan regime.

In the struggle with the north, Lord Ruan took a series of measures to consolidate his political, economic, cultural and other forces, and gradually formed a veritable separatist kingdom. Although Nam Nguyen is still nominally Li Dynasty However, Lord Ruan said that Emperor Li had been coerced by the Zheng family and would no longer obey the orders of the later Li court. Lord Ruan constantly accused Zheng of being an autocratic minister Grasping the emperor to order princes , with manifest Nanruan independent regime rationality 。 In fact, Nanruan's politics, economy, military affairs and diplomacy were all independent of the northern court. (See《 First edition of Da Nan's factual record 》Volume I to Volume II, Volume III to Volume VI)

After basically consolidating his rule, Lord Ruan moved southward on a large scale. Zhan Po (Champa pura) Kingdom because of its wealth and geographical position And finally became the victim of Ruan Zhu's external expansion. After the annexation of Champa, the spearhead of expansion was directed at the neighbor Cambodia (Cambodia) and merge water chenla （ Vietnamese ： Thủy Châ n Lạp ）, captured Cambodia Half of the country. It has basically established the territory of southern Vietnam today.

The Ruan regime has developed from a local separatist force with a small population in the south of the Yangtze River Indochina Peninsula A powerful regime. The Nguyen regime ruled in southern Vietnam for two centuries Ruan Shizu Jialong Emperor Ruan Fuying Unifying Vietnam has laid the ideological and cultural foundation. (See Tao Weiying 《 The territory of Vietnam in previous dynasties 》、 Guo Zhenduo Zhang Xiaomei Editor in Chief《 General History of Vietnam 》）

Operating in the South

South Ruan and North Zheng Confronted

In nearly half a century of fierce fighting between the north and the south, the North Zheng mobilized up to 100000 troops, while the sparsely populated South Ruan had only about 20000 standing troops. With limited human and material resources, South Ruan had more than enough self preservation in the seven Zheng Ruan wars and even was able to take the initiative in the Northern Expedition Vietnam? Deep development and construction in the south are inseparable.

Ruan Shi in Guangnan At the beginning of its establishment, there were "monkeys chirping and storks chirping" around it, and there were many wild grass fields. In the middle and late 17th century, a large number of Ming Dynasty legacies and refugees set foot in Vietnam. In order to survive, the Ruan regime urgently needs human resources overseas Chinese Chinese Welcome the arrival of. These overseas Chinese cut through the thorns and toiled hard, together with the people under Nguyen Nam, they developed and built the southern part of Vietnam, and developed the wild land into granaries, cities, and businesses, providing a strong material foundation for the development of the Nguyen regime.

After new immigrants and aborigines As a result of land reclamation, the local area has been transformed from a sparsely populated wasteland into a land of fertile fields and prosperous towns. Today, the southern provinces are still Vietnam? Developed areas.

While developing the land, Lord Ruan actively traded with the West, Japan and China, and commercial ships from all countries came in one after another. At this time, Nanruan began to buy European advanced cannons from the Portuguese, and learned the design methods of European ships, which were later Zheng Ruan Dispute He gave Ruan great help.

As time goes by, Huian Port has become the southwest the pacific ocean In order to trade with foreigners, Nguyen has actively developed the sugar industry. At this time, because of the Sea ban Policy, many Japanese businessmen came Vietnam? , in order to obtain the much-needed China silk And pottery, also attended the meeting Angang As a result of trade, the southern region has gradually formed an international commercial city, and then all Vietnam has become rich. overseas trade It provided material support for maintaining the political power of the South Ruan, which was short of material resources, so that the South Ruan could not only compete with the North Zheng, but even spare no effort to expand new territory to the south.^[2]

perish

Stepping in eighteenth century In the second half of the period, the southern Ruan leader's politics was corrupted. 1771 (Li Jingxing Thirty two years Ruan Fuchun Seven years), Guiren Occurrence of Xishanyi Ruan Yue 、 Ruan Hui 、 Ruan couple Brothers rise (historical title Xishan Uprising ）, strike the Ruan regime. Xishan Ruan Union Lord Zheng In 1776 (the 37th year of Li Jingxing and the 12th year of Ruan Fuchun), he defeated Fuchun (i.e., Shunhua), and the next year (1777, the 38th year of Jingxing), he killed the Supreme Lord Ruan Ruan Fuchun , New Deal Wang Ruan Fuyang , overthrowing the power of the Ruan leader. Ruan Ruan became emperor in 1778 (the 39th year of Li Jingxing, the first year of Xishan Taide), leaving the power of the Ruan leader Ruan Fuying Continue to resist.^[1]

Ruan Dynasty

In 1782, Ruan Fuying was defeated by the Xishan Army and went into exile Wells Fargo Island , and then fled into Siam 。 In 1784, Ruan Fuying fought with the Siamese Allied Army Western Mountain Dynasty However, it was defeated by the Xishan Army again and forced to go into exile again.

In 1789, Ruan Fuying took advantage of the internal division of the Xishan Dynasty to return home, captured Jiading, and then gradually pacified the country Annan country Environment. In 1802, Ruan Fuying became emperor and changed the yuan Jialong , establish Ruan Dynasty , the new country number is“ South Vietnam ”, and sent envoys to the Qing Dynasty of China to request for canonization. In 1803, Emperor Jiaqing Seal Ruan Fu as“ King of Vietnam ”。^[1]

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In the period of North South disputes cheng's He seized the Emperor Li and maintained the harmony between Ming Dynasty and Ming Dynasty Qing government Of Sino Vietnamese suzerain vassal relationship , self appointed orthodox 。 The Ruan family established its rule in Guangnan, and its regime was faced with many uncertainties and threats. For his own survival and development, Lord Ruan repeatedly intended to develop the vassal relationship with the Qing Dynasty.

1702（ Qing Dynasty Kangxi 41 years), Lord Ruan Ruan Fuxuan Send envoys to carry National credentials and tribute （ Qi Nan Five jin four liang, generate metal One jin is thirteen twenty-five yuan, ivory Two, Flower vine 50) to Qing Dynasty Begging for tribute and asking him to be crowned king, Emperor Kangxi The "Shixiu" of the Li Dynasty in Vietnam tributes paid by a vassal state ”, refuse. Ruan Fuxuan made it privately when he failed to win the seal“ The Treasure of Ruan Fuyong Town in the Great Yue State ”, claiming“ sovereign ”。

The Treasure of Ruan Fuyong Town in the Great Yue State

1744（ Li Xianzong Jingxing Five years), Lord Ruan Ruan Fukuo Further referred to as“ king ”At the same time, the division of administrative regions within the territory was changed, and the whole territory was divided into regular business Fuchun 、 Old Camp beloved son 、 Guangping 、 Wushe 、 Bureaucracy 、 Guangnan 、 Fu'an 、 Pingkang 、 Smoothness 、 Town border 、 Vassal town 、 Longhu Lake Twelve Battalions, Guiren 、 generalized Two prefectures, and equivalent special administrative region Of Hexian Town 。 In 1757, Ruan Fukuo, who enjoyed great success, built in Fuchun Jinhua Hall 、 Guanghua Hall 、 Chaoyang Pavilion Wait for the palace, set up Officialdom Military camp, build Fuchun into“ capital ”。^[3]

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