Minyue is the pre Qin period--Western Han DynastyThe name of the tribe in the early period was formed by the integration of the seven Min and Yu Yue tribesBaiyueOne of[1-2], alsoFujian and VietnamThe predecessor of Fujian and Vietnam was founded in 334 BC.
In ancient times, people have lived inFujian。these ones herePrimitive human3000 years ago (equivalent to the Xia and Shang Dynasties in the Central Plains), it has created brilliant and uniquePrimitive culture——Fujian culture.here we areZhou Dynasty, forming seven major tribes, known as“Qimin”。Closer to the "Min Yue" tribe are the nearby Yuyue tribes in the north and the southwestSouth VietnamTribes are also occasionally connected.Today'sminnan [11], and formMinnan Culture[14], some Minyue people evolved intoDan Family。[12-13]ChaozhouIt is classified as "Ancient Fujian and Vietnam" (or "Seven Fujian").[16]
fromFujianIn terms of the economic life of primitive people, there are three main characteristics: first, fishing, hunting, gathering andagricultural economyCombine to form multimodaleconomic structure, which can provide abundantmaterial goods, promote human growth and development;The second is the close combination of agriculture and handicraft industry.According to archaeological findings, FujianPrimitive humanBesides agriculture, fishing and huntingHandicraft labor, mainly including ceramic industrytextile industryandshipbuilding industry。The combination of agriculture and handicraft industry has consolidated the self-sufficient primitive economy, which is not conducive toExchange economyDevelopment of;Third, hoeing agriculture has been highly developed, but it has never been transitioning to ploughing agriculture, andAnimal HusbandryalsounderdevelopedThe pace of social progress is slow.
historical background
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Pre Qin era
Fujian was called "Seven Fujian" in ancient times, which is not the fixed number of administrative divisions, but the number of countries served by the imperial court in Fujian in the ancient Zhou Dynasty.That is to say, all the seven kingdoms (tribes) established by the Fujian people at that time surrendered to the Zhou Dynasty, and Fujian was included in the territory of the Zhou Dynasty.In addition to Fujian and Taiwan today, the distribution of the seven Fujian provinces also includes southern Zhejiang (Wen, Taiwan and three prefectures in ancient times), eastern Jiangxi and Chaomei in Guangdong.[8][15]
In King YuePermissiveIn the era, some people from the Yuyue tribe enteredFujianSettle down.Such as a sword forging expertOu Yezi, was sent by the King of Yue to lead his assistant inNorthern Fujian(TodaySongxi County）Zhanlu MountainBuild a furnace to forge a high-quality sword.Yeshanhe in FuzhouOuyechiAccording to legend, it is also the place where Ou Yezi forged swords.Zhou XianwangIn the 35th year (334 BC),Vietnam(Formerly Yu Yue) The nobles and peaceful people of Yu Yue, who were destroyed by the State of Chu and unwilling to submit to Chu, migrated to Fujian.
Fujian and Vietnam
NothingAfter the restoration of the countryWuyi MountBuild a palace office that fully reflects the style of the Han Dynasty.Iron ware has been widely used, and its shape is consistent with that of Central PlainsHan Dynasty ironwareThe relics are similar.Agriculture andhandicraft industryDevelopment.Especially in handicraft production, the variety of products has increased, and the manufacturing is very exquisite, such as Tsuen Kuo, which has become a famous boutique for princes to enjoy.There have been commercial activities of a certain scale, and currency is widely used.In the Qing DynastyJianou、Chong'anWhen the mountain was opened, 23 pits of Han Dynasty copper coins were dug;AfterShao Wu, Fuzhou and northern Fujian also found Han coins.It can be seen that the social economy of Fujian and Vietnam in the Han Dynasty was initially prosperous.
Yu Yue LeaderNothingUnification“Qimin”, calling himself the King of Minyue.Qimin, a relatively backward province, has rapidly developed intoBaiyueA powerful branch of the various ministries.The seven Min and Yu Yue tribes merged to form the Min Yue tribe.
Late Qin and Early Han Dynasty
First Emperor of QinTwenty six years (221 BC), Qin Dynasty was unifiedthe area north of the Five RidgesThe central plains were divided into 36 counties, and then troops were sent south to Pingbaiyue (the rest of the Kyushu area).About the 33rd year of the First Emperor (214 BC)PingnanAfter Vietnam, Qin soldiers attackedFujian, cut offNothingWait for the king number, setMinzhong CountyFrom then on, Fujian was officially incorporated into the territory of the Qin Dynasty.
Second Emperor of the Qin dynastyThe peasant uprising broke out in the period,NothingHe Huan led the Fujian Vietnam Army to join the anti Qin team and acceptedused in place namesorderWu RuiLeadership of.Later assistLiu BangAttack Chu and show great courage.After Liu Bangdeng ascended the throne, he was successively granted the titles of Wu Zhu, Yao, Zhi, and 13 marquis.The participation of the people of Fujian and Vietnam in the struggle against the Qin Dynasty accelerated the process of Huaxia and feudalism in the society of Fujian and Vietnam.Han Ting YesBaiyueThe policy of "divide and rule" is implemented in different regionsdynastic title of Liu BangFive years ago (202 years ago)Central FujianThe land was granted to the Minyue King WuzhuEastern OuWang YaoNanhai KingWoven.[3]
Fujian and VietnamSociety is linked by clans, and clan power is the pillar of royal power.The throne is inherited and acquiredHan DynastyRecognition of.There are generals, marquis, household generals andTeam generalAnd other feudal officials.In the times of no existence, we paid attention to recuperate and develop the economy, so the national power became stronger and strongerSoutheast ChinaThe strongest one.To YingheYu ShanIn the era, people often "raise troops to invade the mausoleum"Baiyue, and also a neighboring country. "In today's FuzhouShao Wu、Jianyang、Wuyi Mount、PuchengArchitecturecities and towns, to compete with the Han court.
Emperor Wen of Han DynastyIn the early years, the South China Sea King, who belonged to the Minyue tribe, fought against the Han Dynasty, and the Han Huainan King Liu ChangpaiBuilding Ship GeneralDuring the crusade, the South China Sea "surrendered with its troops", and the whole country was moved to Shanggan, Jiangxi (Hanshu · Yan Zu Zhuan).The South China Sea was owned by the King of Minyue.Emperor Jing of Han DynastyIn the third year of the Yuan Dynasty (154 BC), the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion led by Wang Bi of Wu soon failed.King of WuEscape toEastern Ou, the Han court boughtKing of Eastern OuTrap and kill them.Prince Ju of Wu fled to Fujian and Vietnam, "blaming Dongou for killing his father, and often persuading Fujian and Vietnam to attack Dongou" (Records of the Historian, Biographies of Dongyue).Ying and Yu Shan, the kings of Minyue, finally betrayed the Han Dynasty in public because of their strength.Martial Emperorestablish the first month of the calendar year or of a new eraThree years ago (138 BC), Fujian and Vietnam raised troops to encircle Dongou, which was in urgent need of the Han court.Chinese doctor sent by Emperor WuStrict assistanceSolicitationKuaiji CountyThe sailors (in Suzhou) saved the Eastern Ou.Before the Han troops arrived, Ying, the king of Minyue, withdrew his troops automatically.The king of Eastern Ou, fearing that the Fujian and Vietnam armies would harass him again, asked the Han court to move more than 40000 people from all over the country toLujiang CountyDongou territory is included in Kuaiji County.In August of the sixth year of Jianyuan (135 BC), Ying, the king of Minyue, raised his troops in Yenan (today's Zhangzhou area) and invaded the border towns of South Vietnam.The King of South Vietnam wrote to the Han court that it was urgent.Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered a big tripWang HuiOutYu Zhang(TodayNanchang）、Big Si NongHan AnguoThey went out of Kuaiji (now Suzhou) to expropriate Fujian and Vietnam.The King of Fujian and Yue sent troops to prevent danger and fight against Han.Ying's younger brother Yu Shansui conspired with the clan to kill Ying and pleaded for immunity from war.Emperor Wu immediately ordered Wang Hui and Han Anguo to withdraw their troops and sealed those who were not involved in the conspiracyNothingSun Youjun became the King of Yue You.AftereffectYu ShanWith high prestige in the king's country, "most of the people belong to", the king of You cannot control.Emperor Wu was unwilling to launch another army, so he granted Yu ShanweiDongyue King"At the same time with the King of Yue You" (Records of the Historian, Biographies of East Vietnam).
Martial EmperorYuan DingFive years (112BC), South VietnameseLv JiaAgainst the Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu launched an army to destroy South Vietnam.Soon,Yu ShanIn the autumn of the sixth year of Yuanding (111 BC), he raised an army against the Han Dynasty and established himself as Emperor Wu.Martial EmperorSend forth four armies into Fujian.reachYuanfengWinter of the first year (111 years ago)[4]，General HenghaiHan saidThe water army ofDongyeHe was captured by Yu Shan and sent to Youwang Jugu and Jiancheng Hou Ao on the front line in northern Fujian. They conspired to kill Yu Shan and surrender to the Han Army.Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered all the people in Fujian and Vietnam to move to the city on the grounds that "the East Vietnam is narrow and obstructed, Fujian is fierce and repeated", and "the future generations will suffer"Yangtze and Huai riversIntermittent placement.
social customs and habits
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Minyue people live in coastal and riverside areas. They are used to living on water and are good at fishing in rivers and seas by boat.Like living“Nesting”[5]。
The Min people use snakes as their totem.Before the Qin and Han Dynasties, the Minyue people lived between deep mountains, canyons, rivers and lakes. They had been dealing with water for years. They were a people who were familiar with water and good at handling boats.However, most poisonous snakes breed in mountains and wild valleys, posing a great threat to people's survival.In the minds of Fujian people, the snake is a mysterious animal.It comes and goes without a trace, peels and metamorphoses, amphibious, without feet and wings, and can leap. Especially when it gets angry, it can not only hurt weak people and animals, but also poison or even devour fierce beasts.Therefore, Minyue people have a great fear of snakes. They believe that snakes have some supernatural power, and they worship because of fear.[7]
Popular in Quanzhou, FujianClapping chest danceIt is the custom of totem worship and exorcism dance of ancient Fujian and Yue people and snakes.The chest slapping dancer wears a straw hoop on his head, stretching out a short section in front of his forehead and tilting forward, which looks like a snake coiled on his head, while the red silk strip at the end of the straw hoop just emerges in the middle of the snake's head, which looks like a snake's spitting message.In folk beliefs, there are more such evidences.For example, Minhou in Fujian still has three temples dedicated to the snake king, Yangli, Qingzhu and Jiaofu, and even the Snake King Temple in Pinshiyan in Jiangjiang also worships the snake king, the "Master of Mangtian Cave".In addition, the Fuqing Hall in Zhanghuban Town, Nanping City mainly worships the three snake kings "Lian", "Xiao" and "Zhang".In the custom of worship of Zhanghu Snake God, the local people hold a snake welcoming contest every Qixi[9]。The descendants of the Minyue nationality, Dan people, still faithfully inherit the ancient ancestor's legacy of worshiping snakes, and regard them as the water god in addition to ancestor worship.[10]
Historical origin
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The Min nationality should be a branch of the ancient Southern Barbarians.In the Book of Rites of Zhou, Xia Officials, and Zhifang Clan, Zheng Xuan of the Eastern Han Dynasty wrote, "Fujian is different from barbarians." The index of Records of the Historian, Wu Taibo Aristocratic Family said, "barbarians are the names of Fujian and Nanyi." It shows that Fujian and barbarians are of the same race, and they are the same sound.According to Shi Bo in the Guoyu · Zheng Yu, "Min, Mi Man," the Min nationality is a branch of the Chu Man surnamed Mi.He also said, "Uncle Xiong fled to Pu and became a barbarian." Jia Gongyan pointed out in his notes that "Uncle Xiong lived as a barbarian in Pu, and his descendants were divided into seven categories, so they were called seven Min people." He believed that Fujian and barbarian were of the same family, "originally they were one".In the Warring States Period, the Min nationality and the Yu Yue nationality merged and became a branch of Baiyue.According to Zan, an official quoted in the History of the Han Dynasty Geography Annals, "From Jiaozhi to Kuaiji, there are seven or eight thousand miles, and there are different castes in different places." Fujian and Vietnam are distributed in Fujian;Ouyue (Eastern Ou) is distributed in southern Zhejiang;South Vietnam is in today's Guangdong and other places.
The Min Yue ethnic group is composed of several ethnic families.First, the indigenous Min nationality, namely the "Seven Min" tribe or tribal alliance since the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, has a large proportion of population;The second is the royal clan and its members who moved southward;Third, some Chu people entered Fujian.Archaeologists have successively excavated nine tombs from the late Warring States Period to the early Han Dynasty at the Zhuangbianshan site in Minhou County. Their shapes and funerary objects, such as imitation bronze pottery ritual vessels and colored glass walls, are quite consistent with those unearthed from the Chu tombs in the late Warring States Period in Changsha. It is inferred that they are family tombs of Chu people, reflecting the history of Chu immigrants entering Fujian and Vietnam.In addition, there may be a few Han immigrants from the Central Plains, but the dominant ones should be descendants of the Yue royal family.[6]
Fujian and Vietnam
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overview
Fujian and VietnamIts predecessor was the Min Yue tribe.The "Min" of Fujian and Yue originated from totem worship, and the Fujian and Yue tribes regarded snakes as tribalTotems。Snakes are also calledLongworm, meaning insects, called Min.
Fujian and Vietnam are located in today's Fujian Province of ChinaChinese historyThe Yue people who were destroyed by the Chu State during the Upper Warring States Period, and the localaboriginesA country jointly established by tribes lived roughly from 334 BC to 111 BC.In particular, between 60 and 70 years after 202 BC, the national strength reached its peak. It was the most powerful country in Southeast China at that time, the King of Fujian and VietnamNothingstayChengcun(Today's Fujian ProvinceWuyi MountSouth of the cityXingtian Town）The King City built was also the largest city in the southeast at that time.
Background
In the middle of the Warring States Period (475-221 BC) in Chinese history, King YueGou JianRecovered and located todayZhejiangprovinceShaoxingThe country of Yue along the belt was once again destroyed.In 334 BC, the seventh grandson of Goujian, the King of Yue, had a close relationship withKing Wei of ChuIn the war, he was killed in defeat, and the State of Yue was destroyed by the State of Chu.The royal family of Yue then sailed into Fujian, and the citizens of Yue then migrated to the mountains (today's Fujian ProvinceChangle County）。
More than 2000 years ago, Fujian was still far away from the Yellow River basin in the Central Plains. There were many poisonous snakes.People revere snakes and regard them as tribalTotems。Snakes are also called long worms in the ancient language, which means insects. They call this place Min.
Minyue Site
According to the textual research of Taiwan scholar Wu Shouli: Han DynastyXu ShenWorks《Analytical Dictionary of Characters》When he explained that the word "Min" was "Southeast Vietnamese snake species".Look at the composition of the word "Min", from "door" to "worm";"Gate" is a note, "worm" isSemaphore。In my opinion, this symbol "worm" may be the origin of Xu Shen's explanation of "snake species", that is, Xu's explanation based on the shape.Now it seems that we can usefolkloreAnd interprets "Min" as:serpentineThe shape of“Totems”(Totem) tribe is not "snake" into "human", which is more reasonable.
After the Vietnamese who lost their homes settled down in northern Fujian, they gradually merged with the local aborigines to become the Minyue people and established theFujian and Vietnam。Fujian later evolved into the abbreviation of Fujian Province.
Geography and population
Fujian and VietnamIt has jurisdiction in the south of Nanhai and the north of Nanhai (today's FujianJiulong RiverOne belt), from Wuyi Mountain in the west to Wuyi Mountain in the northEastern OuGuonan.There are springs in the territory
Minzhong County
In 221 BC, after unifying the six countries, Qin sent troops to Fujian.In the second year, people from Fujian and VietnamLocaleHas“Minzhong County”。at that timeQin DynastyIt is believed that central Fujian is far away from the Central Plains and is a "country of barren clothes". It is remote, high mountains and dangerous roads. Moreover, it is difficult to rule because of the fierce Yue people.Therefore, although "Minzhong County" was one of the forty counties of the Qin Dynasty, its organizational system was different. Qin did not send the commander of the guard to Minzhong, but abolished the throne of the Minyue King and changed the name of "monarch" to let him continue to rule the place.Therefore, Qin only established the Minzhong Prefecture in name, but did not rule in Minzhong actually.However, in order to strengthen the control of central Fujian, the Qin Dynasty, on the one hand, moved a large number of Minyue tribes to the Yangtze River andHuaihe RiverOn the other hand, they exiled criminals from the Central Plains to central Fujian.On the one hand, this policy resulted in the integration of different tribes, on the other hand, it also resulted in the originalaboriginal culture HezhongyuanChinese cultureTo communicate with each other.
Minyue King City
In 209 BC,Chen Sheng、Wu GuangThe peasant uprising led by the leadership broke out, and people all over the country responded in succession.NothingHe led the Minyue soldiers from central Fujian to the north, responded to the peasant uprisings in the Central Plains, and attacked the Qin regime.In 206 BC, Qin Dynasty was destroyed,battle between Chu and HanOutbreak, no one goes north to the Central Plains again to helpLiu BangDefeatedNape featherAnd contributed to the establishment of the Han Dynasty.In 202 BC, Liu Bang defeated Xiang Yu for lack of help,Liu BangWuzhu was granted the title of King of Minyue, ruling central Fujian,XianyouThe belt belongs to itSphere of influenceInside.Also in this year, Wuzhu began to build in urban villagesMinyue King City。
Fujian and Vietnam
Minyue King CityIt covers an area of 480000 square meters and has four city gates.There is a 10 meter wide road between the east and west city gatescobblestonePave.To the north of the avenue is the palace area covering 20000 square meters, and the main hall alone has more than 900 square meters.At that timeFujian and VietnamIt was the most powerful country in the southeast during the Han Dynasty, and the king city of the city and village was also the largest city in the southeast.In the development of nearly a century, the people of Fujian and Vietnam, on the one hand, maintained the ancient FujianBaiyueThe customs, religious concepts, culture, art, etc. in the culture are also influenced to some extent by the Chinese culture in terms of politics and economy, thus creating a splendid ancient culture of Fujian and Vietnam.
NothingAfter his death, his descendants fought against each other and provoked wars frequently.Once marched northEastern OuThe people of Baiyue surrendered when they attacked South Vietnam in the southLiu All countries flatter with their treasuresFujian and Vietnam, Fujian and Vietnam have becomeWestern Han DynastyA powerful force in the south of the dynasty.Yu Shan, a descendant of Minyue King Wuzhu, finally developed into a "Emperor Wu" seal, established himself as emperor, and fought against the Han Dynasty.At that time, the Western Han Dynasty, after nearly a hundred years of recuperation, became prosperous and the people were strong. Especially during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty entered its heyday, and he could not tolerate the growing power in remote areas.
Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty is defeating the northHunAfter the northern border invasion was lifted, four routes of troops were dispatched, totaling hundreds of thousands of people, to besiege Fujian and Vietnam.At the same time, the Han Dynasty took the means of disintegration of the interior of Fujian and Vietnam, and won the share of the King of Fujian and Vietnam and the killing of some noblesYu ShanLater, we will surrender to the Han Dynasty.In order to completely eliminate the future troubles, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty ordered the army to move the whole country from Fujian to VietnamYangtze and Huai riversInland, the city palaces of Fujian and Vietnam were burned down in the war.The ancient city and its palace were destroyed by the army sent by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty in 110 BC.
Ancient City Relics
In 1958, the ruins of the ancient city of Fujian and Vietnam were officially discovered, and trial excavation was carried out, and a large number of cultural relics were unearthed.The ancient city is rectangular in plan, 860 meters long from north to south, 550 meters wide, and has a total area of 480000 square meters.In the excavated Gaohuping, a large palace complex was unearthed. The layout is rigorous, the structure is complete, and the smoothdrainage system。Several residential sites andIron smelting siteA large number of ironware, pottery, building materials and bronzes were unearthed.The pottery, whether in shape orGrain systemAre completely different from the "Han style" pottery in the Central PlainsLocal style。
In 2000, inSite of Minyue King CityAn ancient tomb was found 3 kilometers southeast.In October 2002, researchers began exploratory excavation. After investigation, they found that this was an ancient tomb of nobles during the reign of the King of Fujian and Vietnam.
Fuzhou Metro site excavated more than 2000 years agoMinyue King CityPalace Site
seven
The lineage of the Minyue King is unknown here.According to the records in Hanshu · Yan Zu Zhuan, Fujian and VietnamWang YinginvasionEastern Ou StateWhen,Huainan Wang Liu AnHe once told the Han court that there was a sentence in it: "After hearing the words of the road, the younger brother of the King of Fujian and Yue killed himkillTheir people have no affiliation. "It can be seen that there may have been a Minyue King named Jia during this period.
