Long March 11 (code: CZ-11/LM-11)China Aerospace Science and Technology CorporationBelonging toChina Academy of Launch Vehicle TechnologyA type of four stage all solid launch vehicle developed[1]。The rocket is mainly used for rapid and mobile launch of emergency satellites to meet the launch needs of microsatellites in emergencies such as natural disasters and emergencies[2]。
Long March 11 was initiated in October 2010;The first flight at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center was successful on September 25, 2015[3]；On June 5, 2019, the first sea launch sent seven satellites into the scheduled orbit in the form of "one arrow and seven stars"[4-5]。
As the first solid carrier rocket of China's Long March series, Long March 11 has the advantages of "fast, reliable, convenient and inexpensive", which indicates that China hasMicrosatelliteThe rapid networking capability is a milestone for the ability to quickly enter space, which has strongly promoted the large-scale development and application of China's small satellites[6]。
At 11:30 on April 30, 2022, China launched Jilin I High Score 03D (04~07)/04A satellite in the East China Sea using the Long March 11 Sea Launch Three Rocket, and the satellite successfully entered the scheduled orbit, and the launch mission was a complete success[46]。At 21:10 on October 7, the Long March 11 carrier rocket launched the micro inch space Beidou LEO navigation enhancement system S5/S6 test satellite in the coastal waters near Haiyang Port in the "one rocket and two satellites" mode, and the satellite was successfully launched into the scheduled orbit[51]。At 19:41 on March 15, 2023, China used the Long March 11 carrier rocket at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center to successfully launch the Test 19 satellite, and the satellite successfully entered the scheduled orbit. The launch mission was a complete success[54]。
At the beginning of the 21st century, facing the demand of space resources development and competitive commercial space launch, the world's space powers all have solid launch vehicle series.Although China has developed the Long March series of liquid launch vehicles, it is still a blank in the field of solid launch vehicles with fast response, high reliability and simple operation, and needs to break through[9]。
Small satellites, usually satellites under 500 kg.Among the rockets in service in China, there is still a lack of economical rockets for launching small satellites.In order to deal with emergency tasks such as sudden natural disasters, meet the needs of rapid response aerospace, and achieve 24-hour rapid launch, new rockets are required to be developed[10]。
Solid rocket motor needs
Bundling large solid boosters is a technical way for countries all over the world to build large launch vehicles and enrich the type spectrum of launch vehicles.China's development of large solid rockets can develop bundled solid boosters for liquid launch vehicles, benefiting the entire Long March series of launch vehicles[11]。
Development process
Long March 11 Computer Simulation Diagram
In October 2010,China Aerospace Science and Technology CorporationThe Long March 11 rocket was set up as an internal model.In the development process, instead of using new processes, new materials or even new components, other models of products with acceptable performance, environmental matching and high maturity have been rigorously demonstrated and reviewed according to actual needs and used on the Long March 11 rocket[12]。
At 9:41 on September 25, 2015, Long March 11 successfully took off from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center for the first time, carrying Pujiang 1 and three other microsatellites to successfully transport four satellites to the scheduled orbit[13]。
At 12:06 on June 5, 2019, the Long March 11 H sea launch vehicle was launched for the first time at sea in the Yellow Sea waters of China, successfully putting the technology test satellites, Fengzhou-1 A and B, and five commercial satellites into the scheduled orbit[4]。
Design team
Long March 11 remote three rocket docking with satellite
Chief Designer: Peng Kunya
Deputy Chief Designer: Wang Jianru, Head of Motivation Department.
Deputy chief designer: Guan Hongren, person in charge of the control department.
Long March 11 is a four stage solid carrier rocket,The total length is 21 meters, the total weight is about 57.7 tons, the maximum diameter of the arrow body is 2.0 meters, and it has two kinds of fairing configurations of 1.6 meters and 2.0 meters in diameter[54]The takeoff thrust is 120 tons, the 700 km solar synchronous orbit carrying capacity can reach 350 kg, and the low orbit carrying capacity can reach 700 kg.It is mainly used to launch small spacecraft in solar synchronous orbit and low Earth orbit. The delivery capacity of 500 km solar synchronous orbit is 500 kg.[54]
Long March 11 carrier rocket can meet diversified launch requirements of different mission loads and different orbits[13]。
Arrow body structure
The Long March 11 full rocket is composed of the first, second, third, upper stage, satellite fairing and other rocket structures, as well as the propulsion system, control system, telemetry system and attitude control system on the rocket.
Thermal separation is used for the separation of the first and second stages and the second and third stages of Long March 11.
Long March 11 adopts the international universal satellite rocket interface, which can meet the diversified launch requirements of different mission loads and different orbits[3]。
dynamic system
Structural Diagram of Long March 11 Rocket[16]
Long March 11 launch vehicle is a mobile launch solid launch vehicle developed on the basis of breaking through the technology of 120t high thrust solid rocket motor, which can be tested and launched within 24 hours[16]。
The power system of Long March 11 is composed of solid launch vehicle and launch support system, and the first stage is the one with the largest thrust in ChinaSolid rocket motorIt has the characteristics of overall storage, simple operation, low launch cost, and launch cycle calculated in hours[17]。The charge in the combustion chamber of the rocket primary motor is the largest in China's solid motor;The flexible nozzle used is the largest engine nozzle in China[9]。
Group 03 has 5 satellites, including 1 video satellite and 4 hyperspectral satellites[39]
nine
Long March 11, Yao 8[22]
May 30, 2020
New technology test satellites G and H[40]
-
Xichang Satellite Launch Center
success
The first Xichang rocket launch;The 2m fairing is adopted for the first time, the internal support structure is designed, and the new information launch platform is adopted[22][41]
ten
Long March 11 H[8]
September 15, 2020
Jilin No.1 high resolution 03-1 group satellite (3 video imaging satellites, 6 push scan imaging mode satellites)[42]
-
Launch in the Yellow Sea[42]
success
One Arrow Nine Stars, Second Sea Launch[10][43]
eleven
Long March 11, Yaojiu
4:14 on December 10, 2020
Gravity Wave Burst High Energy Electromagnetic Counterpart All Sky Monitor Satellite
-
Xichang Satellite Launch Center
success
One Arrow Two Stars Launch Skill[7]
twelve
Long March 11 Haisheyao 3
11:30, April 30, 2022
Jilin No.1 Gaofen 03D (04 ～ 07)/04A satellite[47]
-
East China Sea
success
One arrow and multiple satellites launch[46]
thirteen
Long March 11
21:10 on October 7, 2022
S5/S6 test satellite of "Micro Centimeter Space LEO Satellite Navigation Enhancement System"
-
Shandong Haiyang Dongfang Space Port
success
One arrow and two stars[50]
fourteen
Long March 11
14:17, December 16, 2022
Test 21 satellite[52]
-
Xichang Satellite Launch Center
success
The satellite is mainly used to carry out in orbit verification tests of new space technologies.
fifteen
Long March 11
19:41, March 15, 2023
Test 19 satellite
-
Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center[53]
success
The satellite is mainly used for land survey, urban planning, disaster prevention and mitigation and other fields.
sixteen
Long March 11
At 6:39 on December 26, 2023
Test 24C satellite
Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center
success
[55]
Launch mission
At 4:14 on December 10, 2020, China used the Long March 11 Yaojiu solid carrier rocket to launch the gravitational wave storm high-energy electromagnetic counterpart all-weather monitor satellite at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center. The satellite successfully entered the scheduled orbit and the launch mission was successful[7]。
At 11:30 on April 30, 2022, China launched Jilin 1 High Score 03D (04~07)/04A satellite in the East China Sea using the Long March 11 sea launched three rockets. The satellite successfully entered the scheduled orbit and the launch mission was successful.The satellite mainly provides commercial remote sensing services for land and resources survey, urban planning, disaster monitoring and other industries[46]。
At 21:10 on October 7, 2022, the Long March 11 solid carrier rocket ignited in the Dongfang Space Port, Haiyang City, Shandong Province, and sent the S5/S6 test satellite of the "Micro Centimeter Space LEO Satellite Navigation Enhancement System" into the predetermined orbit in the way of "one arrow and two satellites". The launch mission was a complete success.[50]
At 19:41 on March 15, 2023, Beijing time, ChinaJiuquan Satellite Launch CenterUsing the Long March 11 carrier rocket, the Test 19 satellite was successfully launched, and the satellite successfully entered the scheduled orbit, and the launch mission was a complete success.The rocket of this launch mission adopts the status of 2.0m diameter fairing.
Since its first flight, the Long 11 rocket has successfully launched 12 land launches and 4 sea launches in a row. The rocket technology is mature and has the production capacity of 10 rockets per year.[54]
At 6:39 on December 26, 2023 (Beijing time), China Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center successfully launched the 24th C satellite in the sea area near Yangjiang, Guangdong, using the Long March 11 carrier rocket. Samsung successfully entered the scheduled orbit, and the launch mission was a complete success.This mission is the 503rd flight of the Long March series carrier rocket.[55]
Series model
Announce
edit
Long March 11 H
Long March 11 H ready for launch
The Long March 11 H sea launch vehicle is a new type of rocket developed by China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation on the basis of Long March 11 to meet the needs of sea launch[8]。
In 2019, the sea launch technology test of Long March 11 H rocket was officially approved by the State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense[21]。
Long March 11H explored the management mode of maritime launch and verified the capability of maritime launch with civil ships as the launch platform.The launch vehicle at sea has the characteristics of strong flexibility, good mission adaptability, and excellent launch economy. It can meet the launch requirements of various orbital payloads by flexibly selecting launch points and landing areas[4]。
On June 5, 2019, Long March 11 H was successfully launched for the first time in the Yellow Sea waters of China[4]。
The first sea launch of Long March 11H
Long March No. 11 A
2m fairing of Long March 11 Yao-8 rocket[22]
Long March 11A carrier rocket is a new type of rocket developed by China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation on the basis of Long March 11A.The Long March 11th Class A solid carrier rocket has a low orbit carrying capacity of 2 tons and a takeoff thrust of 200 tons, greatly improving its cost performance.The successful development of the Long March 11th Class A solid launch vehicle will further improve the delivery capacity echelon of the new generation of Long March series launch vehicles, drive China's solid power technology innovation, and promote the development of commercial aerospace[8][23]。
Business type I
Business type I
Long March 11 Commercial Type I changed the material of rocket primary housing from steel tocarbon fibreAnd set the sea level of the primary engineSpecific impulseFrom 248 seconds to 252 seconds, the rocket performance was further improved, and the 700 km SSO delivery capacity was increased to 500 kg.Rocket can be usedLand-basedorSea baseIt has a variety of cold and hot compatible transmission modes.The rocket made its first flight in 2018.
Commercial type II
Commercial type II
Long March 11 Commercial Type II is China's first type of rocket designed, produced and operated according to cost objectives.On the basis of commercial type I, the development unit expanded the diameter of the first stage of the rocket to 2.5 meters, increasing theCharge quantity, the combustion time of the first stage is prolonged.At the same time, the integration of electric appliances on the arrow is realized through single machine integration.This type of rocket can cover the launch requirements of most LEO satellites.The takeoff mass of the rocket is 115 tons. The fairing has three diameters of 2.4/2.7/2.9 meters to choose from. The 700 km SSO carrying capacity of the rocket is increased to 1.5 tons. The rocket uses a simple platformThermal emissionThe mode of emission.The rocket will fly for the first time in 2019[24]。
Long March 11 did not use the metal frame and metal stringer fairing of conventional rockets, butAerospace Materials and Technology Research InstituteAll carbon fiber reinforcedcompound materialFairing, new fairing not only has high rigidity and strength, but also has light weight.The new fairing is produced in two half covers, which is a cone cylinder integrated structure and can withstand various complex external forces. Compared with the combination of liquid rocket segments, the production accuracy is twice as high.
The thermal environment of the Long March 11 rocket is more severe, and the requirements for comprehensive environmental adaptability are higher. The use of heat resistant coatings that take into account the environmental adaptability of heat, force, medium, construction, etc., has realized the continuous automatic spraying and uniformity control of the fairing coating with variable thickness on a large area. The coating weight is reduced by 20%, and the structural weight is further reduced on the basis of ensuring the thermal protection efficiency,Increase the launch capability of the rocket by 20%[19]。
In addition to completing the launch preparations within 24 hours, Long March 11 also has the ability to launch around the clock and without support. It does not need special facilities such as a rocket launch site, service tower, umbilical cord tower and diversion chute, and does not even need a launch pad. It can only be launched on a flat ground.In order to be able to launch without support, Long March 11 uses a launch platform that can move independently and complete test preparation.
Sea launch
There is a strong international demand for near equatorial and low inclination satellites. When launching such satellites, the closer to the equator, the smaller the loss of carrying capacity and the lower the launch cost.Therefore, launching rockets on the sea near the equator has become a launching mode that many space powers are competing to develop.In response to the needs of international commercial users, China will launch a low angle launch service at sea in 2019 using Long March 11.Sea launch puts forward higher requirements for the performance of rockets: the replenishment capacity in the ocean is limited, and the rocket test and launch work should be as simple as possible;When launching, it is also necessary to face the problems such as the shaking of the sea surface and the guidance of high temperature heat flow. It is necessary for the carrier rocket to adopt appropriate control and launching methods.[20]
The First Academy of Aerospace Science and Technology Group transformed 10000 ton ordinary cargo ships into offshore launch platforms.In the conventional launch mission, the rocket control and monitoring signals are transmitted through the wired communication system, while in the sea launch mission, they can only be achieved through wireless transmission. The Long March 11 (CZ-11 WEY) is China's first rocket launched using wireless measurement, launch and control technology.In the past, the flight safety control of rockets required ground personnel to monitor and control, while the Long March 11 was self judged in real time by the rockets themselves according to the flight conditions, and China's rockets achieved autonomous safety control for the first time.
The Long March 11 rocket was launched at sea. For the first time, it was delivered as a whole in the form of Arrow Star combination. It was transported to the port by railway and road from the general assembly plant. After arriving at the port, it only took 2 or 3 days to test and prepare to board the ship immediately. After sailing to the designated sea area, it can be launched at any time[21]。
The successful development of Long March 11 signifies that China has made a major breakthrough in key technologies in the field of solid launch vehicles, and is of great significance in improving the model spectrum of China's launch vehicles and enhancing their ability to enter space.The rocket can meet the diverse launch needs of different mission loads and different orbits, which has effectively promoted China'sSmall satelliteLarge-scale development and application.
Long March 11 has broken through the key technologies such as large solid rocket motor (120 ton), rapid test launch (within 24 hours from preparation to launch), and satellite environmental comprehensive support. It is the first time to realize the overall storage of carrier rocket, rapid docking of satellite and rocket, environment independent support, efficient and rapid launch, and has the ability to complete the launch within 24 hours a day.As the first type of solid carrier rocket in China's Long March series rocket family, Long March 11 has the advantages of "fast, reliable, convenient and inexpensive", which can meet the launch needs of microsatellites in emergencies such as natural disasters and emergencies[6]。Because of the use of standard satellite rocket interface, the rocket can adapt to the task requirements of different satellites and reduce the workload of satellite rocket interface matching[44]。
