Xibo belongs to Manchu-Tungusic languages-Manchu branch.Mainly distributed in Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture, Xinjiang, ChinaChabuchar Xibo Autonomous County, Huocheng, Gongliu, Tacheng, Urumqi and Yining.The population is about 27000 (1982).No dialect difference.In the middle of the 18th century, part of the Xibo nationality moved from the northeast to Xinjiang, and gradually developed into an independent language.International Standards Organization(ISO) believes that Xibo language is an independent language with ISO 639-3 language code.
Chinese name
the Xibo language
Foreign name
Sibe or Xibe (English);Japanese
Linguistic family
Manchu branch of the Manchu Tungusic language family
Xibo language is a language that developed on the basis of moving from northeast to Xinjiang in the middle of the 18th century.Distribution inXinjiang Uygur Autonomous RegionQapqal Sibo Autonomous County of Ili Kazak Autonomous Prefecture and Huocheng, Gongliu, Tacheng, etc.The population is about 30000.No dialect difference.In 1947, it was formed with slight changes on the basis of.
In pronunciation, there are 8 vowels: a, i, o, u, y, etc;There are 17 plural sounds such as ai and i;There are 29 consonants: b, p, m, w, f, v, d, t, s, n, l, r, j, g, k, x, q and other palatalized consonants, as well as nj, lj and other palatalized consonants. Compared with Manchu, the labialized consonants such as fw, dw and other consonants in Xibo have weakened and pre changed vowels.The unstressed syllable a of Manchu weakens into vowels a and o in Xibo language, which is affected by the subsequent syllable vowel i in Xibo language.yesvowel harmony, but the law is more complex.Grammatically, nouns can be followed by plural, case, personal ownership and other additional elements.Only the third person often uses grammatical categories such as verb modality, aspect and form. The sentence word order is the subject in front of the predicate and the subordinate element in front of the central element.In terms of vocabulary, the main way to form new words is to use root words followed by various additional word building elements.After moving westward, Xibo nationality absorbed some loanwords from Uygur, Kazak and local Chinese dialects.
sibe
The Xibo language is very similar to the Manchu language.Before 1947, the Xibo nationality mainly used Manchu.After 1947, Xibo people and language workers established the "Xibo Soren Cultural Association" (hereinafter referred to as "Sibo Association") in Yining City.During this period, the form of individual letters in Manchu was changed, and the necessary spelling forms of chapters were added.
Phonetic Features
Announce
edit
① There are 8 monophonic sounds such as a/e/i/o/u/ɛ/ø/y, and 18 polyphonic sounds such as ai/i.There are three vowels: ɛ/ø/y, which are not found in written language.In some words, it evolved from the plural sound of written language, such as ram "cherish" hairambi [airampi], tmblim "wobble" tiyambelzhembi [thiamphaljimpi].Some are due to the influence of the subsequent syllable vowel i on a and o, for example, aelim "accepts" alimbi [alimpi], oemim "drinks" omimbi [omimpi].Vowels appearing before the consonant n are pronounced nasalized vowels.Appearing before the consonant l, it is pronounced as a rolling tongue vowel.Compared with written language, some vowels of unstressed syllables are weakened in spoken language, such as "adambi [atampi]";Some fall off, such as bait "things" baita [paita].
the Xibo language
② There are 29 consonants such as b, p, m, w, f, v, d, t, s, n, l, r, j, k, x, q, 29 palatalized consonants, lj, nj, rj, xj, and dw, w, kw, and w labialized consonants.Palatization consonant and labialization consonant are mostly produced because the consonant retains the function of palatalization or rounded lip after the unstressed syllable vowel of written language falls off, such as jalj "meat" yali [jali], otw "medicine" okto [oqhto].The voiceless fricative appears between vowels or between the consonants m, l, n, r and vowels, and is pronounced as the corresponding voiced fricative, such as husun "strength" as [huzn], usin "field" as [uzin], hergen "word" as [xerhn], halhun "heat" as [halhun].R does not appear at the beginning of a word, and p mostly appears in adverbs or loanwords.
① Add different additional elements after the stem to express different grammatical meanings.
② Nouns can be added with plural, case, possessive and other additional elements.The plural additive - s ～ - s can be added not only to the words denoting people, but also to a few words denoting creatures, such as mori (n) s "many horses".Nouns have seven cases, of which the additional component - maq of the construction union case is not available in Manchu.For example, suomaq sam "chop with an axe".Nouns have possessive forms, which are not found in other languages of Manchu.Its characteristic is that there is only personal ownership, and there is no reflexive ownership.The third person possessive additional elements are used more than the first and second person possessive additional elements.For example, inj mahelinj "your hat", terj hehe ni "his sister".
③ Verbs have forms, aspects, tense, forms and other categories, and there is no personal form.There are five time forms in the verb statement to distinguish the familiar mood from the non familiar mood.Some are expressed by adding different additional elements after the verb stem;Some are expressed by different grammatical forms of the same auxiliary verb.For example, ter, moerinb, oemlm, genehei, na?"Has he gone to drink the horse?" (not personally);Ter moerinb oemlm gene heng.
④ The order of sentence elements is relatively fixed in the sentence.Generally, the subject is in front of the predicate, and the attribute and adverbial are in front of the head, such as sun ticlim "sunrise", fulgian ilha "red flower", hodun fehim "run". ⑤The subordinate clause usually precedes the main sentence.In clauses, most of them are predicated by adverbial verbs and adverbial verbs.
Lexical characteristics
Announce
edit
① There are many words in common with the same language family, such as muku "water", narhun "thin", ju "two", si "you", donjim "listen".Some words are the same as Manchu but different from other languages of the same language family, such as alin "mountain" (ar), yali "meat" (lya).Some words are different from the Manchu language, such as nan "ren" (the Manchu language is niyalma [nialma], and nan).
Xibo women
②derivative methodAnd composition is the main means of word formation.For example, the verb root banji "sheng" can derive banjin "life" banjitai temperament ", banjinem" reincarnation ", banjitan" nature ", banjibusi" editor, writer "and other words.The noun ang "kou" can be used to synthesize ang dam "butt in" ang tamsim "quarrel", ang alim "agree", ang uvarm "slip up", ang nim "picky eater, harmful" and other words.
③ To some extent, the composition of words reflects the characteristics of semantic relations within the language, such as fan (liver) abu (big) "bold", het (horizontal) fielen (article) "short story".
④ After the Xibo people moved westward, they absorbedKazakhstan, Uygur, Russian, Chinese and other languages.Such as poi "braggart", bai "horse racing", pial (indam) "chat" (pian "chat").
⑤ A number of new words and terms have been created by using the morphemes of the family, such as veilin hethe "industry", bajasu "wealth" (bajan "rich").Some new words are borrowed from Chinese or other languages, such as jusi "chairman", shehuijuyi "socialism" (borrowed from Chinese), bolshiwik“bolshevik”Mashina "machine, sewing machine" (borrowed from Russian).
