bank

[qián zhuāng]

A kind of financial organization appeared in the late feudal society of China

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The bank is a kind of financial organization that appeared in the late feudal society of China. The initial business is mainly Currency Exchange Later, deposit, loan and exchange businesses were gradually increased. To Qing Dynasty Qianlong During the period, the bank had a considerable scale. Most banks are located in Yangtze river basin and Jiangnan All major cities, but the center of the bank industry is in Shanghai. Shanghai banks can be divided into Huizhuan Village (Banks participating in the Money Industry Association), non remittance banks (yuan, heng, li, zhen banks not participating in the Money Industry Association). The bank has Sole proprietorship There are also Joint venture The implementation is unlimited responsibility system 。^[1]

Chinese name: bank
Alias: Bank account

Period: After the middle of the Ming Dynasty
Essence: Credit institutions
Distribution: Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou, Ningbo and other places

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brief introduction

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Simulated bank

The bank is a kind of bank in the early days of old China Credit institutions , mainly distributed in Shanghai, Nanjing, Hangzhou Ningbo 、 Fuzhou Etc. In Beijing, Tianjin Shenyang 、 Jinan , Guangzhou and other places are called silver banks, which have the same nature as banks. Other places, such as Hankou , Chongqing, Chengdu, Xuzhou, etc. Most of the early banks were sole proprietorships or partnerships. In addition to deposit and loan business, large banks can also issue bank notes Money ticket , exchange currency by voucher. Small banks are only engaged in exchange business.

In 1933, Monetary unit Scrap "two" into "yuan". At that time, due to the harmony of silver Silver dollar In addition, there must be a conversion rate. But the calculation is very complicated, and the conversion rate also fluctuates, just like foreign exchange Ups and downs Average. First, convert one silver dollar into "regular yuan". Guiyuan is also known as "Dou Guiyin" (used by bean traders when trading)“ 98 yuan ". The so-called" regular yuan "has no real silver and is only used for bookkeeping. It corresponds to the" Erqi Baoyin "cast in Shanghai. When" Erqi Baoyin "is used, it is" regular yuan ". Silver yuan is converted into Conventional The proportion of yuan is called“ Yangli For example, "foreign currency" is 7.225, that is, one silver dollar can be converted into compliance yuan Seven dollars and two cents Two and a half percent. The conversion rate of Yangli is announced by the Money Industry Association in the morning and noon every day. The rise and fall of the conversion rate varies with the supply and demand of silver dollars on the market that day.

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, banks gradually emerged to replace banks. After liberation, most banks were closed. The banks that have not closed down in Shanghai are closely related to private banks, trust company Together, implement Public private partnership , form a joint venture bank of the company.^[2]

origin

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stay Chinese feudal society And in semi colonial and semi feudal societies, the long existing diversified monetary system and the mixed circulation of multiple currencies Currency Exchange It existed in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The exchange business began to appear in the Western Han Dynasty and developed in the Tang and Song Dynasties Cabinet workshop And so on. In the Yuan Dynasty and the early Ming Dynasty, the government wanted to specialize bill , still used by folk silver ingot In parallel with copper coins, silver, money and banknotes, a variety of public and private institutions and businesses concurrently engage in exchange business.

Ming Yingzong During the Orthodox Period (1436-1449), Daming Notes Depreciation, the government relaxed the ban on the use of silver, and silver was circulated openly. In the following generations, due to the huge amount of private money, copper coins were different in weight and quality, standard copper coins The price comparison between private money, white money and private money is very different, with many changes, and the exchange industry is more developed. as Jiajing When the casting furnace was opened, there were many kinds of coin names. There were dozens of names such as gold back, spiral edge, etc. In this case, selling copper coins and privately casting and melting more are financial organizations that specialize in copper coin exchange. They are called money shops, also called money shops, money shops, money exchange shops, money shops, money tables or money stalls. Eight Years of Jiajing（ one thousand five hundred and twenty-nine ）The smuggling of copper coins was rampant, and the imperial court ordered that the trafficking of copper coins be prohibited. As a result, the money tables and money shops engaged in currency exchange business "made private agreements and closed the money markets, leading to high prices". Ming Wanli Five years (1577), Pang Shangpeng The establishment of the money shop by Zuozhuan was the beginning of the law of the money shop. The rich households in the town acted as their role. They bought money from the government according to the amount of their capital to facilitate transactions.

From the bank to the bank, at the beginning, many banks did not just exchange money, but often ran other businesses. For example, the originator of Shanghai Bank is "Zhejiang" Shaoxing People ", legend“ Qianlong He was in Nanshi during Old Town Open charcoal stack and do money exchange business "; The founder of Ningbo Qianye, who was called "Fang Qi", was originally a shoemaker. Another example is Nanjing Jiujiang There are "lottery players" in the bank; Leping There are local "cloth shop operators"; Some banks in Nanchang and Shanghai are also called "Qian Mi Dian" because they also run rice business.

At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the bank has become an independent financial organization. It not only operates exchange, but also makes loans to facilitate the issuance and withdrawal of postings. The original joint exchange of membership tickets in two places has also become the bank's issuance of banknotes Credit circulation tools 。 In addition, a number of small-scale money shops and rice shops are quite active in rural areas. With the development and increase of the number of banks, there were many banks in various places in the Qing Dynasty guild Organization.^[2]

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Ancient Bank

There is usually no difference between a bank and a bank. Traditionally, North China and Northeast China are often called silver banks, while the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Southeast China have both bank and silver bank names. stay Lanzhou Regardless of the size, they are all called silver shops, and they can be divided into three types: retail silver shops, which are engaged in the exchange of silver and cash, and whose income is discounted; The bank stationed in the bank is the unit stationed in the foreign bank, and the deposit and remittance business is conducted through the local bank; Ordinary bank, operating deposit and exchange business, local basic team. Guangzhou's money industry is divided into three categories: bank, mainly lending; Xihao, mainly for exchange and storage of official funds; The "five heads" or "six heads" mainly dump silver ingots, equivalent to silver furnaces. Due to long-term business habits, there are many names and practices in various regions.

The bank built in the Ming Dynasty continued to the Qing Dynasty and Republic of China Continue to develop. In the Qing Dynasty, silver was mainly used to make money, and in the late period, silver dollars copper And paper currency, extended to the Republic of China, are more complex and changeable. There are various qualities, editions, discounts, appraisals, assessments, exchange quotations Regional price difference And so on. Therefore, during the early Qing Dynasty and the four dynasties, the bank business became more active. In addition to collecting money for exchange, it also did a lot of business such as deposit, remittance, custody and guarantee, and issued notes and other Tickets , became the main financial institution of the period, manipulated the exchange and banking power.

During the Jiadao period, the Qing government suffered from internal and external troubles, financial difficulties and market depression. Some banks are speculative, and most of them fail. During the Xianfeng period, banks in Beijing, Shanghai and other places went bankrupt, such as Xianfeng On February 15, three years ago, Beijing closed more than 200 banks because of the bank run. At the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, under the support of foreign banks and foreign banks, it flourished again, tended to be comprador, and became a tool for foreign bank forces to enter the mainland.

In the 1920s, in coastal areas, especially in Five Ports for Trade At one time, banks, foreign banks and domestic banks were in a tripartite confrontation: as banks gradually replaced their positions. Implemented in 1933 Change from waste to yuan Later, the bank had few advantages in silver, silver dollars and exchange business; Plus finance Monopoly capital The bank became more difficult due to the squeeze, and was dying by the time of the Anti Japanese War. After the victory of the Anti Japanese War in 1945, the money industry revived the hope of development.

On October 16, 1947, the money industry in Shanghai and Nanjing was launched in Nanjing Jie Shoutang The founding meeting of the "Association of Money Merchants Association of the Republic of China" was held, but soon, with the outbreak of the civil war, the bank went from bad to worse Small and medium-sized cities And rural areas Credit activities Outside, in big cities, we can only survive. After the liberation of Shanghai, Qian Ye was incorporated at the end of 1952 Public Private Bank 。^[2]

business

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summary

The businesses operated by bank banks in different periods were different. In the Republic of China, some were inherited from the previous dynasties, mainly including the following four items:

Private banks prevailed in ancient times

The banker's note has outstanding credit and is circulated in the market like cash. It is recognized by both Chinese and foreign trade parties and is called by foreign businessmen as "a very valuable Chinese financial document in trade"; The bank shall fill in and issue a deposit receipt according to the money (silver) deposited by the depositor, which can be circulated in the market without being registered and recognized by the person; Later, it evolved into printing and issuing fixed form bills, filling in the amount at any time and stamping the seal; Finally, the bank prints a certain amount of money with various check conditions or Banknote , collectively referred to as banker's tickets, can be used everywhere.

Silver split

These are two unique features of the bank Operation mode As a means of manipulating the financial market, it plays an important role in the development of banks.

The "price of mother of pearl" is also expressed in silver Silver dollar Market price. Commonly known as silver dollar Silver dollar Or mother of pearl, silver dollar Kuping Silver Seven and two cents or Cao Ping Silver Seven cents and three cents, which is the basis of the market price, rises and falls to the level of per cent in the accompanying market, so it is called Yangli or per cent.

The interest rate of interbank borrowing based on silver is called Silver dismantlement , which is calculated in silver dollars, is called foreign split. In the money industry, it is sometimes referred to as bank call or interest rate. This is the interest rate of inter-bank lending between banks, which is controlled by the bank association (or the bank and the bank association).

At the beginning of the Republic of China, the silver dollar market was gradually unified. Cancelled in 1915 Longyang In 1919, Yingyanghang City was cancelled to unify Yangli Market, and Yangli Market fell for a long time. After 1930, the per cent price fell sharply. In 1933, it was stipulated that the legal conversion rate was seven cents and five cents of regular yuan or one silver dollar, and the market was closed. All banks and banks Should be In silver dollars Reporting currency , Bank to Bank lending rate renamed, nationwide, known in history“ Change from waste to yuan ”。

business

The bank often absorbs merchants' deposits and collects bills on behalf; Some government funds are also deposited in bank accounts, which are current deposits. The loan operated by loan on credit 、 Mortgage loans , short-term interest rate, etc; The loan was mainly made to trade names, and a large amount of money was given to various industries for export in, which played a positive role in promoting the development of the national industry and commerce that was just emerging at that time.

In the early Republic of China, the bank giro The business expanded rapidly and went deep into the mainland. For example, Shanghai Bank has established a business contact network with banks in Wuhan, Zhenyang, Ningshao and other places, with a link number Agency relationship And infiltrate into the mainland through these areas. The port bank is in a foreign bank Yanghang Under the control, it supports mainland banks with funds, handles remittance according to contracts, and imports and exports up to tens of millions of taels every year, effectively controls mainland finance, and acts as a comprador for foreign investors to purchase dumped raw materials from China.

The bank also deals in raw gold and silver, identifying gold and silver, silver dollars and various Metal currency The quality, weight, authenticity, and price of the product shall be verified. Some banks with abundant capital are attached or controlled Silver furnace 、 Silver House , gold shop, casting and trading Gold and silver ware Decoration. The bank not only uses its left and right to exchange Special status , manipulating the market price of silver for a long time, and speculating in securities, bonds, gauze, etc.

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Hongxiang Bank

Most banks in Shanghai are Zhejiang and Jiangsu chaebol Controlled by, in Shanghai Financial circles Has great influence over the whole country financial market It has a significant impact. Its organization can be divided into two categories, according to its business nature and credit ability Huihua Village And general banks. Remittance banks call big peers as big banks. Their bills can offset each other. This Huihua Villa is powerful and has the power to control the market. General banks are called small peer banks or non resident banks, which are divided into four grades: Yuan, Heng, Li and Zhen. Yuan word bank is also called Tiaoda bank, that is, the transliteration of Tiaodan bank. It was named because it used to be delivered by people to make money. Hengzi Village is called "Close the door and pick and hit", and its daily collection and settlement are entrusted to Huihua Village or Yuanzi Village. Li Zi Village is also called Lending Bank. It does not do deposit money, but only exchange currency and buy and sell gold and silver in bulk. It also does volume exchange. Zhenzi Villa The smallest, namely, cigarette exchange shop, also known as cash exchange bank, retail bank cigarette paper The bank specializes in exchange business and also sells cigarette paper and daily necessities.

When did Shanghai Bank come into being? There have always been various explanations. About 200 years ago, a group of money stalls first appeared in Nanshi, which only engaged in exchange business. Since Nanshi had become a distribution center for urban and rural goods and had a variety of currencies in circulation at that time, the money stalls were gradually fixed as money shops. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom The army moves eastward Suzhou and Hangzhou When Shanghai Nanshi Commerce moved into the concession, Beishi Especially prosperous, many banks moved north. In the early years of Guangxu, Shanghai's banks had become their own industry, with 105 remittance shops, 42 in the south and 63 in the north. Its peers Guild Located in the "Inner Garden", it was the general office of the money bank in the southern and northern cities. Later, it was called the money industry association, standing side by side with the bank association, and lasted until the Republic of China.

Due to the different native places of investors and managers Regional Bang Bie, there are Shaoxing Bang Ningbo Gang , Suzhou (Dongting Mountain) Gang Songjiang There are nine gangs, namely, the Gang, Zhejiang Nanxun Gang, Zhenyang Gang, Anhui Gang and our own (Shanghai Gang) Gang. Among them, Shaoxing and Ningbo Gang are the most powerful. According to statistics in 1932: in today's Shanghai Huangpu District Among the 64 domestic banks, the Shaoxing Gang accounted for 51.4%, and the Ningbo Gang accounted for 22.2%. Especially Shaoxing Gang, when the north Ticket No When it is popular, its power can prevent the northern ticket office forces from crossing Yangtze River 。

Currency Exchange

During the period of the Republic of China, Shanghai was already the financial and commercial center of the country, giro , conversion, foreign exchange, bank split, ticket application and other business items are all dominant, which enables Shanghai banks to use complex and unpredictable exchange content to extract profits from the middle market, thus monopolizing the exchange market.

Shanghai

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Bank Horn Seal

Shanghai banks are among foreign and Chinese businessmen, and operate with bank tickets Import and export trade As the bond of the Bank, the banker's note, like cash, was the only Chinese note recognized by foreign banks in the early days. Loan regulation and support in foreign banks and compradors of foreign banks Stringing Next, he served as a comprador and became a tool for foreign banks to penetrate into the mainland of China.

business community

The bank has a close relationship with merchants. Through deposit, release, remittance, issuance of bank tickets and exchange business Financing funds , adjusting positions, clearing accounts, enabling flexible turnover and continuous operation financial relation It is particularly close to business, so the bank has become an important factor controlling the business community in Shanghai.

During the war and currency In the process of instability, speculation and profiteering continued, which often led to a wave of bad debts when banks at home and abroad were shrinking their loans and tightening their money supply. Businesses owed huge sums of money to banks that could not be repaid, resulting in a large number of bad debts Bad debts , thus affecting the bankruptcy of some banks. This situation continues to occur and has a great impact, such as Ticket pasting 、 Rubber craze , the letter (trust) exchange (exchange) trend in the ten years of the Republic of China, the financial trend in the twenty-four years of the Republic of China, and so on. It shocked the whole country, affected all sectors of industry and commerce, and made many people cheated and suffered heavy losses.

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With the "world Orphan ”Qian Zhuangpian, known as Shanghai in the Qing Dynasty Yu Garden The folk collection exhibition "Gathering Treasures from the Tibetan Sea" held by the Shanghai Municipal People's Government unexpectedly appeared, which attracted the attention of many collectors in Shanghai.

Shandong Longkou Yichun Dongji Ticket No. Zhuanpiao

Famous Coin Expert Yu Liuliang This time, a group of rare coins, such as Shanghai Qing Dynasty bank tickets, which are a world orphan, were presented for the Chinese and foreign audiences to enjoy. Shanghai is the earliest international trading port opened in China. During the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty, the number of banks in Shanghai ranked among the best in China. However, the negotiable physical bills issued by the banks were recycled and cancelled by the banks after circulation, leaving only a few of them. There is no record of Qian Zhuangpian in Shanghai in the Qing Dynasty in the National Museum and the authoritative national documents. The promissory notes on display were produced in 1899 (Qing Dynasty Guangxu reign period Twenty five years ago), the Qing Dynasty period is printed on the back of the bank notes Shanghai Concession Map. With a face value of one thousand wen, the bill is the only precious object in the world. Many modern monetary history works published in Shanghai are quoted in Physical data At that time, the "Spring Hengmao" 1000 Wen Zhuangziao was selected as the only physical demonstration basis.

In addition, The Fourth Young Master in the Late Ming Dynasty one of Chen Zhenhui Puddle Duan inkstone , Road clearing bamboo reed A series of precious folk collections, such as vases, Qing Guangxu book albums and plaques, also appeared in the same collection exhibition, demonstrating the collection culture with strong Shanghai regional characteristics.

Collected by Shanghai Federation of Industry and Commerce club President Liu Chao said here that as the first boutique exhibition, the club hopes to improve Shanghai by holding such a high-grade collection exhibition Folk collection It shows Shanghai's style of "half of the country's collections".

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