Titanium is typicalLithophile element, often occurs as oxide minerals.There are more than 80 kinds of minerals containing more than 1% TiO2 in the crust, and 15 kinds of minerals with industrial valueilmenite、rutileAnd titaniummagnetiteEtc. (Table 3.5.1).They have both primary (rock ore) and secondary (weathered residual deluvial deposit and sedimentationplacer）。
Properties of titanium
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Titanium ore
As the metallic titanium is silvery white, it has the characteristics of high melting point (1727 ℃), light specific gravity (4.5), high mechanical strength (5), low temperature resistance (resistivity is almost 0 at ultra-low temperature), abrasion resistance, good plasticity of linear titanium (can be thinned for use), not easy to oxidize, and strong reducibility;Titanium oxide——titania(Titanium white), with non-toxic, good physical and chemical stability (no melting in any acid or alkali after calcination at 1000 ℃), high refractive index (2.55~2.70), and strong whiteness, coloring power (1150~1650), hiding power (40~50g/m2), temperature resistance, resistance to pulverization and other characteristics, is called the "king of pigments".Therefore, titanium and its oxides and alloy products are important coatings, new structural materialsAnticorrosive materials, known as "the third metal in development after iron and aluminum" and "strategic metal", as well as "promising metal materials", which are widely used in aviation, aerospace, ships, military industry, metallurgy, chemical industry, machinery, power, desalination, transportation, light industry, environmental protection, medical equipment and other fields,It has created enormous economic and social benefits and plays an important role in the development of the national economy.
Economic indicators
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Titanium raw materials are mainly used to produce titanium white（titania）, metallic titanium (sponge titanium), titanium containing steel and electrode coating.Their proportion is slightly different between China and foreign countries.Titanium whiteChina accounts for 88%, and foreign countries account for 92.4%;Metal titanium (sponge titanium), 10% in China, 5.3% abroad;For titanium containing steel and welding rod coating, China accounts for 2.0%, while foreign countries account for 2.3%.
Titanium dioxide is not only a white pigment with excellent performance, but also an important chemical raw material.It is widely used in paint, ink, plastic, rubber, paper and chemical fiber industries.Titanium white paint, bright color, pure color;Titanium dioxide is the advanced filler of paper, which makes the paper thin and opaque, high whiteness, good gloss, strong and smooth.Titanium dioxide is used in the plastic industry and is opaqueColorant；It is used in the rubber industry to make white and light rubber have high strength, large elongation, aging resistance and resistance to fading.It is also the best chemical fiberextinctionThe transparent chemical fiber has permanent matting effect and can improve toughness.In addition, it is also used for enamel, electrical appliances, electronic raw materials and so on.
Titanium concentrate is smelted into sponge titanium and then cast into ingotsIndustrial pure titaniumAnd titanium alloy titanium materials.Titanium and titanium alloy titanium materials are mainly used in aviation and aerospace sectors.Compared with alloy steel, titanium alloy can reduce the weight of aircraft by 40%.For others, such as artificial satellite shells, spaceship skins, rocket engine shells, missiles, etc., titanium alloys can show their talents.The use of industrial pure titanium and titanium alloys by non aerospace departments mainly lies in the condenser of power station, seawater contact device, chemical device and some mechanical engineering.In particular, the use of titanium for seawater desalination heater is an epoch-making event in the development of titanium industry.The Ordnance Department mainly uses titanium for production of ships and weapons.
In addition to being mainly used to produce industrial pure titanium and titanium alloys, titanium is also used to produce ferrotitanium alloys and titanium containing steels for the iron and steel industry.As an additive element, titanium can change the properties of steel.Make the steel have higher strength and hardness under the same tempering temperature, or temper to a higher temperature under the same hardness requirements.There are high-strength low-alloy steel, structural steel, stainless steelheat-resisting alloy、Ultra high strength steelAnd magnetic steel series, which are widely used in automobiles, ships and oil drilling, have developed into the second largest steel series after manganese steel.
Main titanium bearing mineralsrutileIt is also an indispensable raw material for high-quality welding electrode coating.
A Brief History of Mining
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In 1789, Father William Gregor, an amateur British mineralogist, used black magnetic sandstone in the Manakin Valley in his parish of Gonawal（ilmenite）A new element (titanium) was found in, which was named Menaccanite at that time.
In 1795, German chemist M.H. Klaproth found a new type ofmetallic oxide, which is nowrutile(TiO2) also contains this new element. He took this new element as Titans, the son of heaven and earth in Greek mythology（TitanGod) is named Titanium."Titanium" is also what Gregor called "Monakinit".
Industrial development
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The content of titanium ore resources in ChinaGeological exploration, mainly from the 1950s to the 1960s after the founding of New China, and have been put into development.Deep processing and utilization of titanium ore resources in China (productionTitanium white, welding rod coating, sponge titanium, titanium metal, titanium materials, etc.), which was developed by the Beijing Research Institute of Non ferrous Metals in 1954. In 1958, Shenyang Nonferrous Metals Processing Plant built sponge titanium and titanium material processing workshops and put them into production. At the end of the 1960s, a titanium industry system (producing sponge titanium, titanium processing materials, etc.) was formed. By 1997,China's titanium industry has formed two interrelated and relatively complete systems of mining smelting processing and scientific research design production application.China is one of the world's exporters of titanium concentrates, forged and rolled titanium, titanium products, titanium oxides and anatase titanium white pigments.[1]
Distribution
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The proven titanium resources in China are distributed in 108 mining areas in 21 provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government), mainly in Panxi, Sichuan, Chengde, Hebei, Yunnan, Hainan, Guangxi and Guangdong, of which Sichuan has the largest reserves.
There are 45 primary ilmenites in China, mainly distributed in Panxi, Sichuan and Chengde, Hebei. In 2011, China's primary ilmenite reserves were 246 million tons, which is the most important titanium ore resource in China.
There are 85 ferrotitanium placer resources, mainly distributed in Hainan, Yunnan, Guangdong, Guangxi and other places, with a reserve of 5 million tons. It is also an important titanium ore resource in China.In contrast, rutile mineral resources are relatively small. There are 41 resource producing areas, mainly distributed in Henan, Hubei and Shanxi, with reserves of only 2 million tons.
