Jinhua pig is also calledJinhua Two headed BlackOr Yiwu Liangtou, which is one of the famous fine pig breeds in China.Jinhua pig is characterized by early maturity, good meat quality and high reproduction rate. The cured "Jinhua ham" is of good quality and taste, beautiful appearance, and is famous at home and abroad.
Jinhua pig originDongyangThe painting of water, lakes and streams, the Yiwu Pavilion,JinhuaXiaoshun, Lipu, Cao's residence, etc.The tail is long and straight. The hair on the head and tail is generally black, and the body is white.Because its hair on the head, neck, buttocks and tail is black, and the rest is white, it is also called "two heads of black", which is one of the national local fine breeds of pigs.
Since the 1960s, the breeding range has gradually expanded to inside and outside the province.Jinhua pig has thin skin and fine bone, delicious meat, high fat content in the meat, and its hind leg is the best raw material for curing ham.Jinhua pigs have a large litter size, good maternity, large milk yield, high feeding rate and good reproductive performance.The relevant departments began to take measures to preserve Jinhua pig breeds in the late 1970s. Jinhua Pig Farm, the Municipal Institute of Agricultural Sciences and the Agricultural Test Station, and Dongyang Breeding Farm carried out the breeding work in a planned way according to the three types of large, medium, and small pigs.
Chinese name
Jinhua pig
Alias
"Jinhua has two black heads"、"Yiwu has two black heads"
Jinhua pig is native to Jinhua, Zhejiang ProvinceDongyang CityHuashui and Huxi in Jinhua, Shangxi, Donghe and Xiayan in Yiwu, Xiaoshun, Caotai and Lipu in Jinhua, etc.It is mainly distributed in Dongyang, Pujiang, Yiwu, Jinhua, Yongkang, Wuyi and other places.According to the investigation in June 1980, there were more than 67000 sows and 436 boars in Jinhua area[1]。
Varietal formation
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Jinhua pig
The production area is located in Jinqu Basin, western Zhejiang Province. The annual average temperature is 17.4 ℃, the annual precipitation is 472.1 mm, and the frost free period is 263 days.systemSubtropical climate, suitable for agricultural production.The local land is poor, and agricultural production needs organic fertilizer very much. Most of them rely on pig breeding for fattening. The combination of agriculture and animal husbandry has a long history.There are abundant feedstuffs in the production area. There are many kinds of green feedstuffs, including green manure and barley in spring and corn and mud beans in autumn.Tomatoes, red and white radishes in winter, provide ample feed conditions for pigs.
The pig breeding in the production area has a long history. According to the analysis of pottery pigs and pottery pig pens unearthed in the Western Jin Dynasty (265-36 AD) in Jinhua, more than 1600 years ago, the local pig breeding was relatively developed.The production area is hilly, separated from the outside by mountains. In history, transportation is inconvenient. The transportation is mainly carried by shoulders. The live pigs and their fresh meat can only be sold locally. In addition, the climate is warm and humid, and the pork is easy to deteriorate, which affects the development of pig production.For this reason, the masses gradually created the method of meat processing and curing in practice.It is said that in the Northern Song Dynasty, in the second year of Jingkang (1127), when Zongze, a resident of Yiwu in Tokyo (today's Kaifeng), marched, he used the bacon brought by his hometown to comfort the natives, which is called "hometown meat". It is speculated that the local pork curing has a history of eight or nine hundred years.With the continuous improvement of curing technology, ham processing industry has also been developed.According to the Records of Pujiang County, as early as Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty (1522-1566), the county had the habit of making ham for tea, wine and food.The development of ham processing industry has set a high standard for the pig's size, especially the meat quality of the legs. It requires that the pig should have a moderate size, thin skin and thin feet, delicate meat, bright red color, and moderate fat and lean to produce high-quality ham.This has prompted farmers to conduct targeted breeding of pig breeds. In addition, the local area has always been fine in breeding, and is accustomed to raising pigs with high-quality feed such as barley, corn, mud beans, carrots, etc.The masses have the saying that "pig raising does not ask for black and white, but only black beans and barley".And according to the needs of agricultural manure, it is fed in houses.Over time, Jinhua pig gradually became a fine breed of pig with thin skin and fine bone, which was precocious and easy to fat, and had good meat quality and was suitable for curing ham.
In the past, Jinhua pig breeding was in a laissez faire state, and progress was slow.In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the East China Agricultural Science Research InstituteDepartment of Agriculture of Zhejiang ProvinceAnd other units have organized many investigations.In the early 1960s, the Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute of Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences cooperated with Jinhua Breeding Pig Farm and other units to carry out the breeding of this breed, establish a core group, and prepare a number of breeding bases in rural areas.In 1975, Jinhua Pig Breeding Cooperation Group was established, and line breeding has been carried out since 1979.In this way, the production performance of Jinhua pigs has been continuously improved, and the excellent breeds have been brought into full play[1]。
Features and characteristics
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Somatotype and appearance
Jinhua pig
Medium to small in size.earMedium large, drooping no more thanSquabble, there are wrinkles on the forehead.The neck is thick and short.The back is slightly concave, the abdomen is large and slightly pendulous, and the buttocks are inclined.The limbs are thin and short,HoofSolid and jade colored.Thin skin, sparse hair and fine bone.The coat color is characterized by white in the middle and black at both ends, that is, the head, neck, buttocks and tail are black fur, the middle of the body is white fur, and there is a "halo" of black fur and white fur at the junction of black and white.Therefore, it is also called "two headed black".Or“Jinhua Two Black Pigs”However, a few pigs often have black spots on their backs.The number of nipples is mostly 15-17. According to the statistics of 975 pigs in Jinhua Breeding Pig Farm, the number of nipples is 16.05 and 0.03. The breasts are well developed, and the nipples are firm and elastic.
Jinhua pig can be divided into three types according to the head type: Shouzi head type, mouse head type and middle type. Now it is called large, small and medium-sized.Shouzi head type is slightly larger, with more and deeper wrinkles on the forehead and a slightly thicker structure. Historically, it is mainly distributed in Jinhua and Yiwu. The mouse head type is small, with a narrow and long mouth tube, a smooth forehead, a compact and delicate structure, a narrow and flat back, thin four squeaks, and slow growth. However, the meat quality is good, and it is mainly distributed in Dongyang City. The middle type is between the two, with moderate body size and moderate head length,There are a few shallow wrinkles on the forehead, the back is long and straight, and the limbs are strong. It is the most widely raised type in the production area at present.
Growth and development
According to the rural survey, six month old boars (213 pigs) weigh 30.98 kg and 0.35 kg respectively;Sows (934 heads) 34.15 kg and 0.20 kg.According to the determination of six month old breeding pigs by the state-owned farm, the male pigs (83 pigs) weigh 34.01 ± 0.43 kg, have a body length of 83.71 ± 0.48 cm, a chest circumference of 71.43 ± 0.19 cm, and a body height of 46.37 ± 0.12 cm;Sows (137 pigs):;41.16 soil 0.88 kg, 88.38 soil 0.94 cm, 76.02 soil 0.60 cm, 47.79 soil 0.30 cm.
In rural conditions, adult boars (20 pigs) weigh 111.879 ± 3.26 kg, body length 127.82 ± 0.75 cm, chest circumference 113.05 ± 1.40 cm, and body height 73.92 ± 0.61 cm;Adult sows (126 pigs): 97.13 × 0.72kg, 122.56 × 0.25cm, 106.27 × 0.42cm, 61.499:0.08cm.Compared with the results of the rural survey in 1954, the indicators of boars increased by 64.51%, 22.21%, milk by 0.06% and milk by 24.99% respectively;The sows were 24.53%, 15.18%, 12.95%, 10.83%.This is closely related to the changes in feed conditions caused by the change of the agricultural system from the old three crops to the new three crops of rice, rice and wheat since 1958, the changes in the requirements of the masses for pig breeds, and the improvement of feeding management and breeding progress.
reproductive performance
According to the measurement of Dongyang Breeding Farm, spermatozoa appeared in the testes of young boars at the age of 64 days and weight of 11 kg at the earliest, and semen could be collected at the age of 101 days, whose quality was similar to that of adult boars.The ovaries of sows have well developed follicles at the age of 60-75 days, and red bodies at the age of 110 days and weight of 28 kg, which proves thatSexual maturityGood morning!In rural areas, male and female pigs generally mate at about 5 months old and weigh 25-30 kg, but in recent years, the initial mating period has been postponed.
According to the statistics of state-owned breeding pig farms in recent years, the average litter size of sows with three or more litters is 13.78, the survival rate is 97.17%, the weight of the newborn litter is 8.93 kg, the weight of the newborn litter is 0.65 kg, the weight of the 20 day old litter is 32.49 kg, the weight of each litter when weaned at 60 days old is 11.68, the feeding rate is 87.23%, the weight of the weaned litter is 116.34 kg, and the weight of the weaned litter is 9.96 kg.Compared with the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, the birth weight, weaning weight or weaning litter weight increased significantly, and the number of births of the first and second babies also increased, but the number of births of three and more babies was basically the same.
Finishing performance
According to the survey of rural areas in the 1950s, finishing pigs generally weigh 70-75 kg, usually 50-60 kg, after 10 months of feedingslaughterThe hind legs can be made into 2-3 kgJinhua ham。According to the slaughter determination of 63.5kg average weight pigs (4 pigs),Slaughter rate68.11%，Slat oilIt weighs 3.13 kg, accounting for 7.24% of the carcass weight,FatIt is 3.87cm thick and 0.33cm thick.It indicates that the skin is thin and there is more suet,subcutaneous fat Less.
According to the tests conducted in 1977 and 1981, under the nutritional condition that each kilogram of mixture contains about 3.0 megacalories of digestible energy, 110 grams of digestible crude protein, and the ratio of refined and green food is 1:1, the weight of 59 experimental pigs increased from 16.76 kilograms to 76.03 kilograms, with an average feeding time of 127.65 days. The daily gain was 464 ± 8 grams, and the consumption of refined and green food per kilogram of gain was 3.65 kilograms and 3.33 kilograms, equivalent to 12.28 megacalories of digestible energy,425g of digested crude protein.According to the slaughter determination from 1978 to 1980, the average pre slaughter weight of finishing pigs (40 heads) was 67.17 kg, the slaughter rate was 71.71%, the skin thickness was 0.37 cm, the eye muscle area was 19.06 square cm, the leg hip ratio was 30.94%, and the lean meat accounted for 43.36%, fat accounted for 39.96%, skin accounted for 8.54%, and bone accounted for 8.14% of the carcass.It can be seen that the individual is enlarged and the skin and fat are thickened.According to the determination of meat and fat quality of finishing pigs (12 pigs) with an average weight of 70kg, the longissimus dorsi muscle contains 27.0 ± 0.38% dry matter and 3.7 ± 0.43% crude fat;Iodine value of leg subcutaneous fat is 56.52 ± 0.74, total pigment of eye muscle is 0.045 ± 0.006 48 hours after slaughter[2]。
Hybrid utilization
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Breeding
In the 1960s and 1970s, Jinhua region successively introduced SubaiLandrace , Central York andYorkshireAnd other foreign pig breedsfemale parentBinary sum ofTernary hybridization。According to many experiments conducted by Zhejiang Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Research Institute, under higher feeding conditions, long X gold is better in binary hybrid combinations, and under lower feeding conditions, Su X gold and about X gold are better,Ternary hybridizationIn China, according to different feeding levels, ChangX (about X gold), ChangX (about X gold), SuX (about X gold), DaX (about X gold) are better. These combinations have been widely raised in rural areas and state-owned farms, and key areashybridPigs have accounted for about 9096 of the total number of finishing pigs.
In addition, according to the 1983 experiment conducted by the Animal Husbandry Bureau of Zhejiang Provincial Department of Agriculture and other units, the three groups of Changxijin, Duxijin and Hanxijin had 8 heads each, from the initial weight of 20 kg to the final weight of 90 kg;Daily weight gain: 539 soil 16, 588 soil 14, 589 soil 27 grams, and digestible energy consumption per kilogram of weight gain: 16.28, 11.47, 11.65 megacalories, 90 kgcarcassLean meat percentage51.62%, 49.02% and 51.99% respectively.The hybridization effect is remarkable, especially in the Hanxjin group[3]。
Note: X indicates hybridization.
Evaluation and prospect
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Jinhua pig has the advantages of early sexual maturity, high fecundity, thin skin and fine bone, good meat fat quality and suitable for curing high-quality ham.However, the newborn weight of piglets is small, and the growth of finishing pigs is slow at the later stage of finishing, and the feed utilization rate is low.In the future, this breed should be selected according to the Jinhua Pig Standard issued by the General Administration of National Standards, and attention should be paid to preserving and improving the advantages of this breed, especially the meat quality traits related to high-quality cured ham.At the same time, a cross breeding system should be established in the production areas, and better cross combinations should be promoted in a planned way to properly increase the lean meat rate of finishing pigs[3]。
Advantages and disadvantages
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advantage
Jinhua pig
The meat fat is of good quality, with bright red muscle color, strong water absorption, tender and juicy, rich in muscle fat.Thin skin and thin bone, small head and thin limbs, middle bodySkin and boneLow proportion, more edible parts.High fecundity, with an average of more than 14 litters per litter, long reproductive life, excellentSowThe high yield performance can last for 8 to 9 years, and the final production is about 20 babies,papillaNumerous, strong lactation, good maternal nature, high piglet feeding rate.Sexual maturityEarly, young sows start oestrus at the age of 70~80 days and reach sexual maturity at about 105 days.Generally, male and female pigs can be bred at about 5 months of age.It has good adaptability, strong cold and heat resistance, and rough forage resistance. It can adapt to the climate environment in most regions of China, and has been exported to Japan, France, Canada, Thailand and other countries for many times.
shortcoming
Small physique, small birth weight, slow growth, insufficient fullness of hind legs[4]。
Selection of breeding pigs
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Excellent breed is the prerequisite for efficient pig breeding. To maintain and improve its excellent characteristicsseed selectionandPure breedingTo achieve.The quality of breeding pigs directly affects the production level of the whole pig herd, so attention must be paid toBreeding pigSelection of.As a breeding pig, it requires strong physique, obvious gender characteristics and breeding value;Not fat or thin, 80%Fatness；No genetic disease;The conditions of male and female pigs are slightly different.At the same time, the breeding pigs that do not meet the requirements for breeding shall be continuously eliminated.
Selection and elimination standards of boars
1. The selection of boars includes the selection of reserve boars and breeding boars in two stages.The reserve boar refers to the boar from the end of piglet breeding to the stage before the first mating.The breeding boar is a boar that has started breeding with sows.The quality of boars has a great impact on pig herds.In the case of inbreeding, one boar can breed 500~600 offspring in one yearartificial inseminationOne boar can breed more than 3000 piglets in one year.It can be seen that boars play a very important role in reproduction.Therefore, special attention should be paid to the selection of breeding boars.
(1) The shape identification requires that the head and neck of the breeding boar are light and thin, accounting for a small proportion of the body, the chest is wide and deep, the back is wide and flat or slightly arched, the abdomen is tight, not loose and sagging, the body is long, the abdomen is straight, the hindquarters and buttocks are developed, the muscles are plump, the bones are thick, and the limbs are powerful.Strong physique.Meet the basic characteristics of this variety
(2) Reproductive function requires normal development of reproductive organs, well developed testes, clear outline, consistent size from left to right, no single testes, cryptorchidism or scrotal hernia allowed, no less than 12 nipples or the minimum number of nipples specified for each species, arranged neatly and evenly.The quality of boar semen was checked. The semen quality was good, the libido was good, and the breeding ability was strong.
(3) The selection criteria for three main traits of growth and finishing and carcass performance growth rate, feed utilization rate and backfat thickness vary from variety to variety, but should at least meet the standards of this variety.These three traits can also be used to form a selection index, which can be selected according to the index value.Backfat thickness, growth rate and feed utilization rate are medium or high heritability.Reserve stage boars should detect these traits and compare them with standard weight (90 kg or 100 kg) to select those boars with the highest performance index and strong body.Generally, boars are required to grow fast. The average daily weight gain of general lean type boars in the 20~90kg stage is required to be more than 700g, saving material consumption. The material consumption per kg of weight gain is less than 3kg, and the backfat is thin. When measuring the 90kg weight, the average fat thickness at the shoulder, chest waist joint and waist joint is less than 20mm.
Elimination criteria for boars
The service life of breeding boars in general pig farms is usually 2-3 years, and the annual elimination rate of breeding boars is 33%~50%.Breeding boars with the following defects shall be eliminated.
First, boars with low libido, poor semen quality and poor breeding ability.
Second, boars with low delivery rate and small litter size of mating sows.
Third, boars with foot and limb disease or other diseases that cannot be mated for a long time, or boars with too large size.
Fourth, boars attacking staff[5]。
Chronicle of Events
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In April 2013, "Jinhua Two Black Pigs" was identified by the Ministry of Agriculture as a product of geographical indication of agricultural products, and the development of Jinhua two black pigs industry entered a new era.
In September 2013, the cartoon image of "Jinhua Two Black Pigs" was identified as the mascot of the second sports conference in Zhejiang Province.
In April 2014, the municipal government issued the Action Plan for the Transformation and Upgrading of Jinhua's Two Black Pigs Industry, marking the full launch of the revitalization of Jinhua's two black pigs industry.
In September 2014, Jinhua Two Black Pigs Industrial Transformation and Upgrading Project was approved as a major agricultural project in Zhejiang Province.
In October 2015, "Jinhua Two Black Pigs" stood out from more than 1700 agricultural products of geographical indication in China, and was awarded the "first batch of national agricultural products of geographical indication demonstration model".
In June 2016, "Jinhua Two Black Pigs" was recognized as a geographical indication certification trademark by the State Administration for Industry and Commerce.
In September 2016, "Jinhua Two Black Pigs" was selected as the special food for the G20 Hangzhou Summit dinner.
In May 2017, "Jinhua Two Black Pigs" was identified as "the first batch of mutual recognition products of geographical indications of agricultural products between China and Europe".
In September 2017, "Jinhua Two Black Pigs" was identified as "2017 Top 100 Regional Public Brands of Agricultural Products in China".
In November 2018, "Jinhua Two Black Pigs" was rated as one of the ten most influential regional public brands of outstanding agricultural products in Zhejiang Province.
In December 2018, China Regional Agricultural Brand Research Center released the ranking of China's regional agricultural brand influence, and "Jinhua Two Black Pigs" ranked seventh in "Regional Agricultural Image Brand · Animal Husbandry".
In July 2020, in the officially signed China EU Agreement on Geographical Indications, "Jinhua two black pigs" were the only selected pork breeds.[6]
