Quantum computer is a kind ofquantum mechanicsRegularly carry out high-speed math andLogical operation, storage and processingQuantum informationPhysical device of.When a device processes and calculates quantum information and runs quantum algorithms, it is a quantum computer.[1]
The main characteristics of quantum computers arerunning speed Faster, disposalInformation capabilityStrongScope of applicationWider, etc.Compared with ordinary computers, the more information is processed, the more favorable it is for quantum computers to implement operations, and the more accurate it can be ensured.[2]quantum computerThe computational basis of quantum bit is quantum bit.[29]
In December 2023, a new type of quantum computer built by QuEra, a Boston based quantum computing startup in the United States, came out. It has the largest number of logical qubits up to 48.[31]
likeTraditional computerYesIntegrated circuitTo realize the distinction between 0 and 1. The basic unit isSilicon waferSimilarly, quantum computers have their ownBasic unit——Qubit.KunbitQuantum bitIt represents 0 or 1 through the quantum mechanical system of quantum two states.For example, the two orthogonal photonsPolarization direction, electronic in magnetic fieldSpin direction, orNuclear spinThe two directions of the atom, the two different energy levels of the quantum in the atom, or the spatial mode of any quantum system, etc.The principle of quantum computation is the evolution of quantum states in quantum mechanical systems.[1]
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Like many computers, quantum computers are composed of many hardware and software, including quantum algorithmsQuantum codingEtc., including quantum in hardwaretransistor、Quantum memory, quantum effector, etc.[4]
Quantum transistor is to break through the physical energy boundary through the high-speed movement of electrons, so as to realize the switching function of the transistor. This transistorControl switchIts speed is very fast. Compared with ordinary chips, transistorsComputing powerIt is much stronger, and has a good understanding of theenvironment conditionadaptabilityVery strong, so in the future development, transistors are an indispensable part of quantum computers.quantumStorageIt is a kind of storageInformation efficiencyHigh memory, which can assign any computing information in a very short time, is an indispensable part of quantum computer, and also one of the most important parts of quantum computer.The effector of quantum computer is a large control system, which can control the operation of various components.These components occupy a major position and play an important role in the development of quantum computers.[4]
principle
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Quantum computer is based onQuantum TheoryAnd the working computer.Tracing back to the source, it is the continuous exploration of the reversible machine that has promoted the development of quantum computers.The quantum computer device follows quantum computingfundamental theory, which is processed and calculatedQuantum information, running a quantum algorithm.1981, Aragon, USANational LaboratoryPaul Benioff first proposed the basic theory of quantum computing.[5]
Quantum bit
The basic unit of classical computer information is bit, which has two statesphysical system , represented by 0 and 1.In quantum computers, the basic unit of information is qubitquantum state│ 0>and │ 1>replace the classic bit states 0 and 1.Compared with bits, quantum bits have unique characteristicsSuperposition stateThe form of exists, which means that the corresponding quantum states of two states are 0 and 1.[5]Small disturbances in the surrounding environment, such as temperature, pressure or magnetic field changes, will damageQuantum bits.[29]
State superposition principle
Modern quantum computer modelcore technology IsState superposition principle, which belongs to a basic principle of quantum mechanics.In a system, every possible mode of motion is called a state.In microscopic systems, quantummotion state It can not be determined, which is statistical, contrary to the movement state determined by the macro system.A quantum state is a state of a microscopic system.[5]
Quantum Entanglement
Quantum Entanglement : When two particles are entangled with each other, the behavior of one particle will affect the state of the other. This phenomenon is independent of distance. Theoretically, even if the distance is far enough, quantum entanglement can still be detected.Therefore, when the state of one of the two particles changes, that is, when the particle is operated, the state of the other particle will also change accordingly.[5]
Quantum parallelism principle
Quantum parallel computingIt is the most striking thing that quantum computers can surpass classical computersadvanced technique。Quantum computers store numbers in exponential form. By increasing the number of qubits to 300 qubits, they can store more numbers than all atoms in the universe and perform operations at the same time.The function calculation does not pass the classical loop method, but can be directlyUnitary transformationGet, greatly reduce the working energy loss, and truly realizeReversible computation。[5]
Research process
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In the early 1980s, Benioff first proposedQuantum computingHe designed an executable quantum Turing machine with classical analogy, the prototype of quantum computer.[6]
In 1982, Feynman developed Benioff's idea that quantum computers can simulate other quantum systems.in order toanalogue simulationquantum mechanicsFeynman proposed the concept of working computer according to the law of quantum mechanics, which is considered as the earliest idea of quantum computer.[6]
Principles of Quantum Computer
In 1985,OxfordDavid Deutsch ofphysical process In principle, they can be well quantizedcomputer simulation, and put forward a proposal based onquantum interference Computer simulation of“Quantum logic gate”It also points out that quantum computers can be generalized, and quantum computing errors can be generated and corrected.Zurek made in-depth analysis and research.However, in the mid-1980s, this research field was neglected for several reasons.First of all, because all quantum computer models at that time regarded quantum computer as a non interaction with the external environmentIsolated systemInstead of the actual model.Secondly, there are many constraints that are not conducive to the realization of quantum computers, such as the decoherencethermal noisewait.In addition, quantum computers may be error prone and difficult to correct.Finally, it is not clear whether quantum computers can solve mathematical problems faster than classical calculations.[6]
In 1994,AT&TDr. Perer Shor of the company found thatFactorizationEffective quantum algorithm.In 1996, S. Loyd proved Feynman's conjecture and pointed out that simulating the evolution of quantum systems would become an important use of quantum computers, which could be built onQuantum Turing machine On the basis of.Since then, withcomputer scienceThe rapid development of interdisciplinary research between quantum computing theory and physicsexperimental study Vigorous development.The development of quantum computers has entered a new era. Governments and major companies have also formulated a series of research on quantum computersDevelopment plan。[6]
Europe in quantum computing andQuantum encryptionThey also made positive effortsResearch and development。The fifth framework plan has completed the research on the dispersion and entanglement of different quantum systems (such as atoms, ions and harmonics), as well as the research on quantum algorithms and information processing.At the same time, in the sixth framework plan, we focus on studying quantum algorithms andEncryption technologyIt is predicted that the highly reliable and long-distance quantum will be successfully developed by 2008Data encryption technology。[6]
Japan started a five-year quantum computing and information program in October 2000, focusing on quantum computing andQuantum communication, design new quantum algorithms, develop robustQuantum circuitFind out the useful characteristics of quantum self-control and develop quantumComputing simulator。[6]
In 2007,CanadaDWave has successfully developed a set of 16 kunBit"Orion" quantum computer, and on February 13, 2008 and February 15, 2008 in California and Canada, respectivelyVancouverShow off their quantum computers.[7]
November 15, 2009, United Statesnational standardThe Institute of Technology has developed a quantum computer capable of processing two qubit data.[7]
D-Wave, the world's first quantum computing company, announced on June 22, 2015 that it had broken through the 1000 qubit barrier and developed a new processor. Its qubit is about twice that of the previous generation D-Wave processor, and far exceeds that of DWave or any other peer developed product.[8]
On March 6, 2017,IBMAnnounced that IBM, the world's first commercial "universal" quantum computing service, will be launched within the year.IBM said that this service is equipped withInternet accessAbility in drug development and variousscientific researchIt has played a revolutionary role in promoting and has begun to solicit consumer users.In addition to IBM, other companiesIntel、Googleas well asMicrosoftHe also explored in the field of practical quantum computers.[9]
On May 3, 2017, the Chinese Academy of SciencesPan JianweiTeam builtLight quantaComputer ExperimentprototypeComputing powerHas surpassed earlier computers.In addition, the Chinese scientific research team has completed 10 superconductorsQuantum bitIt successfully broke the record of entanglement and complete measurement of the largest number of superconducting quantum bits in the world at that time.[9]
On June 18, 2020, the Chinese Academy of Sciences announced that,University of Science and Technology of ChinaPan JianweiYuan ZhenshengWait atUltracold atomImportant progress has been made in quantum computing and simulation research - 1250 pairs of atoms have been realized in optical lattices for the first time on the basis of a new mechanism of deep atomic cooling proposed in theory and realized experimentallyHigh fidelityEntangled stateThe synchronous preparation of is the basis for large-scale quantum computation and simulation based on ultracold atomic optical lattices.This achievement was published online on the 19th in the academic journal Science[10]。
On December 4, 2020, the University of Science and Technology of China announced that Pan Jianwei and others of the university had successfully constructed 76 photons of quantum computingprototype"Nine chapters", solving mathematical algorithmGaussian Bose samplingIt only takes 200 seconds, while the world's fastestSupercomputerIt will take 600 million years.This breakthrough has made China the second country in the world to realize "quantum superiority".On December 4,International academic journalsScience published the achievement, and the reviewers evaluated it as "a most advanced experiment" and "a major achievement"[11]。
On July 27, 2021, the University of Tokyo and IBM announced that the commercial quantum computer has been put into use, which is the first time in Japan.[13]
November 15, 2021, according to the United Kingdom《New scientist》According to the magazine website, IBM announced that it has developed a quantum computer "Eagle" capable of running 127 qubits, which is the world's largest superconducting quantum computer so far[14]。
In January 2022,Ulrich Research Center, Germany(Forschungszentrum J ü lich) launched more than 5000Quantum bitQuantum computer[15]Is an important milestone in the development of quantum computers in Europe.The super quantum computer is manufactured by D-Wave, a Canadian supplier of quantum computing systems.[16]
In fiscal year 2022 (up to March 2023), the Japanese government plans to invest in the development of domestic quantum computers to participate in the global quantum computing competition.[17]
On June 9, 2022 local time,British Ministry of DefenceIt is said to have obtained the government's first quantum computer.The British Ministry of Defence said that it would cooperate with Orca Computing, a British quantum computer developer, to explore the application of quantum technology in the field of national defense.[18]
August 9, 2022, according toKyodoIt is reported that the team of the Japanese Institute of Molecular Sciences has achieved the world's fastest speed in the "double qubit gate" of quantum computer, which is higher than Google's previousworld recordMore than one time faster, 6.5nanosecond(The nanosecond is one billionth of a second).[20]
November 2022, fromFinlandAnd scientists from European quantum computing company IQM have developed a new superconducting quantum bit "unicorn"ConfidenceThe "unicorn" is used to realize the quantum logic gate.This is a major milestone in building a commercial quantum computer, and the latest research is expected to promote the application of quantum computers.[24]In November,IBM's quantum computer runs the largest quantum program ever.[25]November, ChinaQuantum computer "Wukong" is coming out soon[26]。
On December 4, 2023 local time, IBM posted an article on its official blog, showing the hardware and software required for "Quantum Utility", including new quantum processor chips and quantum computing systems.[30]
In December 2023, a new type of quantum computer built by QuEra, a Boston based quantum computing startup in the United States, came out. It has the largest number of logical qubits up to 48.[31]
difficulty
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Quantum decoherence
Quantum computingcoherenceIt is the essence of quantum parallel operation, but in reality, quantum bits will be affected by the external environment, resulting in quantum entanglement.Quantum coherenceExtremely vulnerable to interference of quantum entanglement, resulting in the reduction of quantum coherence, which is calledDecoherencePhenomenon.In practical applications, it is impossible to avoid the contact between quantum bits and the outside world, so it is difficult to maintain the quantum coherence.So,Quantum decoherenceThe problem is one of the important problems that need to be solved at present, and its solution will, to a certain extent, affect the future development of quantum computers.[12]
Quantum Entanglement
Quantum, as the smallest particle, obeysQuantum Entanglement law.Even though in space, quanta may be separated, the interaction between quanta is unavoidable.For this reason, quantum entanglement technology is associated with the field of quantum information transmission.In a sense, the fast communication speed between quantum can be used to realize the transmission of information.[12]
Quantum parallel computing
Unique to quantum computersParallel computingIt is an important point that classical computers can not compare with.It is also an n-bitstorage, ClassicComputer storageThere is only one result of.But the result of quantum computer storage can reach 2n.Its parallel computing is not onlystorage capacity It is far superior to the latter, and the reading speed is fast. Multiple reads and calculations can be carried out at the same time.Just because of the importance of quantum parallel computing, its effective application has also become one of the keys to the development of quantum computers.[12]
Quantum non cloning
Quantum impossibilityClonalityIt means that there is no copying process for any unknown quantum state. Since we want to keep the quantum state unchanged, there is no quantum measurement, and copying cannot be realized.For quantum computers, it is impossible to realize the error correction applications and replication functions of classical computers.[12]
advantage
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Quantum computers have powerfulQuantum informationProcessing ability, for massive information, can extract effective information from it to process and make it become new and useful information.The processing of quantum information requires the storage and processing of the quantum computer first, and then the quantum analysis of the given information.This method can be used to accurately predict weather conditionsAccuracy75%, but the accuracy rate can be further improved by using quantum computer to predict, which is more convenient for people to travel.[2]
Traditional computers are usually subject toVirusesThe attack of, directly lead to computer paralysis, and also lead to personal information being stolen, but because quantum computers have non cloning quantum principles, these problems will not exist, and users can safely access the Internet when using quantum computers, without fearPersonal information disclosure。On the other hand, quantum computers have powerful computing power and can analyze a large number of different data at the same time, so they can accurately analyze financial trends in the financial sector and avoidfinancial crisisHas played a great role;staybiochemistryThe research of can also play a great role in simulating the composition of new drugs and developing drugs and chemicals more accurately, so as to ensure the cost of drugs and drug properties.[4]
application prospect
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Quantum computers theoretically have the ability to simulate arbitraryNatural systemAt the same time, it is also the key to the development of artificial intelligence.Because of its powerful ability in parallel computing, quantum computers have the ability to quickly complete calculations that classical computers cannot.This advantage has a huge application in the fields of encryption and decryption.[1]
weather forecast
If we use a quantum computerOne timeAnalyze all the information and get the results, then we can know the exact direction of the weather change, so as to avoid a lot of economic losses.[1]
Drug development
Quantum computers also have great advantages in developing new drugs. Quantum computers can describe trillions of molecular compositions and select the most likely method, which will improve the speed of people's invention of new drugs and enable more personalized pharmacological analysis.[1]
Traffic control
Quantum computer can predict traffic conditions based on existing traffic conditions, complete in-depth analysis, and conduct traffic scheduling and optimization.[1]
Confidential communication
Not only for the similar aspects of our lives, but also for the encrypted communicationPrinciple of non cloning, will make it impossible for intruders to decode and eavesdrop without being found, which is determined by the nature of quantum computers.[1]
On June 9, 2022 local time,British Ministry of DefenceAnnounced to obtain the government's first quantum computer.[19]
Latest progress
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On August 25, 2022, at the Quantum Developers Conference "See the Future in Quantity", Baidu officially released its first industrial superconducting quantum computer -“Qianshi”, integrating quantum hardware, quantum software and quantum applications, and providing a full platform use mode including mobile terminal, PC terminal and cloud terminal.[21]
In October 2022, the first quantum scalable algorithm will be launched.The research revealed thatStrong correlationElectronic systemIs expected to lead to more efficientSolar cell。[23]
On February 12, 2023, four "Made in China" quantum computers of Benyuan Quantum appeared in Hefei, Anhui Province, and for the first time presented to Chinese citizensFreevisit[27]。
In January 2024, Anhui Province Quantum Computing Engineering Research Center and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Quantum Computing Chips learned that China's third-generation autonomous superconducting quantum computer "Origin Wukong" todayGo live.[32]
safety protection
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On April 10, 2024, Anhui Quantum Computing Engineering Research Center reported that China's third-generation autonomous superconducting quantum computer, "Benyuan Wukong", successfully equipped the first PQC "anti quantum attack shield" in China - the PQC (Post Quantum Cryptography, post quantum cryptography) hybrid encryption method.This will enable "Primitive Wukong" to better resist attacks from other quantum computers and ensure the security of running data.[33]
