Barite

[zhòng jīng shí]

Common minerals of barium

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This entry is made by Compilation and application of scientific encyclopedia entries of "Science Popularization China" to examine.

Barite is the most common mineral of barium, and its composition is barium sulfate 。 Produced from low-temperature hydrothermal solution Lode Medium, such as quartz barite vein, fluorite barite vein, etc galena 、 sphalerite 、 chalcopyrite , cinnabar, etc. Heavy metals produced in Hunan, Guangxi, Qinghai and Jiangxi Spar Most of the deposits are huge hydrothermal single mineral veins. Barite can also be produced in sedimentary rock Medium, appearing as nodules, mostly in sedimentary manganese deposits and shallow sea In muddy and sandy sedimentary rocks. In the residual clay overburden of weathered residual deposits, it is usually in the form of nodules and blocks.

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Chinese name: Barite
Foreign name: Barite
chemical composition: Mainly barium sulfate, possibly containing calcium and other impurities
Mohs hardness: 3～3.5

Specific gravity: 4.0～4.6
Crystal type: Rhombic crystal
Gloss: Glass luster, pearl luster on cleavage surface
Category: Sulfate mineral

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Structural properties

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Barite is composed of barium sulfate (BaSO four ）Mainly composed of Non metallic mineral products (Chemical composition: BaO: 65.7%, SO three ：34.3%。 Sr, Pb and Ca in the composition Isomorphism Substitution), the pure barite is white and shiny. Due to the influence of impurities and mixtures, it also often appears gray, light red, light yellow, etc. The barite with good crystallization can also appear as transparent crystal. Barite sulfuric acid Salt mine Things. Ingredient: BaSO four 。 The most widely distributed barium bearing mineral in nature. Barium can be completely replaced by strontium Isomorphism Substitute celestite ； Partially replaced by lead Northern rockfall (It is named after the hot spring produced in Beitou, Taiwan).

Barite is chemically stable, insoluble in water and hydrochloric acid, non-magnetic and toxic. The chemical composition of barite is BaSO four , the crystal belongs to orthorhombic (rhombic) crystal system Sulfate mineral 。 Usually thick plate or columnar crystal, mostly dense block, plate or granular Aggregate 。 It is colorless and transparent when it is pure, and dyed into various colors when it contains impurities, Streaks White, glassy, transparent to translucent. The three groups of cleavage are complete, and the included angle is equal to or close to 90 °. Mohs hardness 3 ～ 3.5, specific gravity 4.0 ～ 4.6. Identification characteristics: tabular crystal, low hardness, complete cleavage at nearly right angle, high density, no bubble when encountering hydrochloric acid, and similar calcite Is different. Barite is barium sulfate （BaSO four ）As a non-metallic mineral product with main components, pure barite is white and shiny. Due to the influence of impurities and mixed substances, it also often appears gray, light red, light yellow, etc. Barite with good crystallization can also appear as transparent crystal. Barite is a mixture.

The crystal of barite is in large tubular shape, and sometimes it can be formed when the crystals are gathered together rose The shape or forked crystal block is called crown hair barite. Pure barite is colorless and transparent, generally white and light yellow, with Glassy luster 。 Moreover, barite can be used as white pigment (commonly known as lithopone), as well as chemical industry, paper making and textile filler In glass production Flux And increase the brightness of the glass. But its main purpose is to Weighting agent It is used in drilling industry and refining barium.^[1]

Development and utilization

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Barite is a very important Nonmetallic mineral Raw materials, with a wide range of industrial uses.

1、 Drilling mud Weighting agent: in some oil well 、 gas well Generally used drilling mud clay The specific gravity is about 2.5, and the specific gravity of water is 1, so slurry The specific gravity is low, and sometimes the mud weight cannot match the underground oil and gas Pressure balance , causing blowout accident. In case of high underground pressure, it is necessary to increase the mud weight and add Barite powder It is an effective measure to increase the mud weight. Barite used for drilling mud is generally fineness To reach 325 mesh or more, if the barite fineness is not enough, it is easy to precipitate. Barite for drilling mud shall have a specific gravity greater than 4.2, BaSO four Content not less than 95%, soluble salt Less than 1%.

2、 Lithopone Pigment: Lithopone is a commonly used high-quality white pigment, which can be used as raw material for paints and painting pigments. Heat barium sulfate with reducing agent Can be restored to Barium sulfide (BaS), and then zinc sulfate （ZnSO four ）Barium sulfate and Zinc sulfide Mixture of (BaSO four 70%, ZnS 30%) Lithopone Pigment. Barite requirements for preparing lithopone BaSO four The content shall be more than 95%, and there shall be no visible colored sundries.

3. Various barium compounds: can be made from barite Barium oxide 、 barium carbonate 、 Barium chloride 、 Barium nitrate 、 Precipitated barium sulfate 、 Barium hydroxide And other chemical raw materials.

Chemically pure barium sulfate is measured Whiteness Standards; Barium carbonate is optical glass It introduces BaO into the glass, thus increasing the Refractive index And improve other optical properties; Used for preparation in ceramics glaze ； Barium chloride is an agricultural pesticide; Barium nitrate for Fireworks And glass industry; Barium permanganate It is a green pigment.

4. Barite for filler industry: Paint industry Barite filler can increase film thickness, strength and durability. Lithopone pigment It is also used to make white paint, which is more suitable for indoor use than Lead white 、 Magnesium white It has more advantages. Barite used in the paint industry shall have enough fineness And higher whiteness.

Barite is also used as filler in paper industry, rubber and plastic industry, which can improve the hardness Abrasion resistance And aging resistance.

General requirements of barite filler for rubber and paper making BaSO four More than 98%, CaO less than 0.36%, no magnesium oxide , lead, etc.

5. For cement industry Mineralizer : on cement Barite fluorite The effect of composite mineralizer on C three S formation activation C three S has obvious effect, clinker The quality has been improved. The early strength of cement can be increased by 20~25%, and the late strength can be increased by 10%. The burning temperature of clinker is reduced from 1450 ℃ to 1300 ± 50 ℃. When the barite content is 0.8~1.5%, the effect is the best. stay White cement In production, after using barite and fluorite composite mineralizer, Firing temperature From 1500 ℃ to 1400 ℃, the content of free CaO is low, and the strength and whiteness are improved. In the gangue Raw material raw meal A proper amount of barite is added to make the clinker with low saturation ratio Cement strength In particular, the early strength has been greatly improved, which provides a beneficial way for the comprehensive utilization of coal gangue and the production of low calcium, energy-saving, early strength and high strength cement.

6、 Radiation proof cement 、 mortar and concrete Barite is used to make barium cement Barite mortar and Barite concrete , instead of metal Lead plate shield nuclear reactor And building scientific research and hospital prevention X-ray Buildings.

Barium cement It takes barite and clay as the main raw materials and is sintered into Barium silicate It is the clinker composed of main minerals, added with appropriate amount of gypsum, and grinded together. Average specific gravity portland cement High, up to 4.7~5.2. The strength grade is 325~425. Due to the large ratio of barium cement Heavy aggregate (such as barite) to prepare uniform and dense anti X-ray concrete.

Barite mortar is a kind of Bulk density For larger mortar that can block X-ray, it is generally required to use Portland cement with low hydration heat, and commonly used cement: barite powder: barite sand: Coarse sand The mix ratio is 1 ∶ 0.25 ∶ 2.5 ∶ 1. Barite concrete It is a kind of concrete with large unit weight and shielding ability against X-ray, Cementitious material Portland cement with low hydration heat or High alumina cement , barium cement Strontium cement And other special cements. Portland cement is the most widely used. The common mix ratio of cement: barite gravel: barite sand: water is 1:4.54:3.4:0.5; 1∶5.44∶4.46∶0.6； 1 ∶ 5 ∶ 3.8 ∶ 0.2.

The content of BaSO4 in barite used for anti ray mortar and concrete shall not be less than 80%, including gypsum Pyrite , sulfide and sulfate Such impurities shall not exceed 7%.

7. Road construction: rubber and barite containing about 10% Tar The mixture has been successfully used for Parking lot It is a durable paving material. The tires of heavy road construction equipment have been partially filled with barite to increase the weight and facilitate the compaction of the filling area.

8. Others: mixed barite and oil and coated on cloth base for manufacturing Oilcloth ； Barite powder is used for refining kerosene ； Do digestive tract in pharmaceutical industry contrast agent ； It can also produce pesticides, leather Fireworks Etc. In addition, barite is also used to extract barium metal, as well as for television and other vacuum tubes Getter 、 binder 。 Barium and other metals（ aluminum , magnesium, lead, calcium) for bearing manufacturing.^[1]

Purification technology

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With the depletion of high-quality and single type barite ore, most barite ores in China have low grade and are closely associated with other metal ores and non-metallic ores, which directly affects their industrial utilization value. Barite weighting agent used for drilling mud is generally required to be more than -0.056mm in fineness and more than 4.2g/cm in density three , grade>95%, soluble salt content 98%, CaO content<0.36%, and no harmful ingredients such as magnesium oxide and lead are allowed. Barite with different uses has different requirements for purity, whiteness and impurity content of barite.

1.1 Physical purification

The physical purification methods of barite mainly include: manual separation, gravity separation and magnetic separation. The main basis for manual selection is the difference in color and density between barite and associated ore. After rough crushing of raw ore, barite mineral and Gangue mineral It can be effectively dissociated, and massive barite can be selected by hand. For example, Pancun Mine in Xiangzhou, Guangxi can obtain BaSO with particle size of 30~150mm and four Rich ore with content>92%. The manual separation method is simple, convenient and easy to operate. It has low dependence on equipment and low cost, but it has high requirements for ores and low production efficiency, resulting in a great waste of resources. Gravity separation is based on the relationship between barite and Associated minerals And purified according to the density difference. The raw ore is crushed and grinded to a certain particle size, and then enters the gravity concentration equipment for separation to remove gangue. Barium sulfate content of Hengnan barite ore is more than 92% after gravity separation. Gravity concentrate with barium sulfate content of 84.50% can be obtained after gravity separation of tailings from manual separation. Magnetic separation is a method of separation under the action of magnetic force by making use of the magnetic differences between different ores. Magnetic separation is mainly used to remove some Magnetic iron oxide Similar minerals such as siderite are usually used in combination with gravity concentration to reduce the iron content in barite concentrate.

1.2 Chemical purification

1.2.1 Flotation purification

With the continuous development and utilization of high grade easy dressing barite ore, it is urgent to strengthen the development and research of low grade barite ore. Barite is often closely associated with fluorite, calcite, quartz and other minerals, with low grade, fine embedded particle size and complex composition. It is difficult to separate barite effectively by traditional gravity separation process. Flotation can adapt to various types of complex embedded barite, so it has become the main method for barite separation at this stage. Collector is the key to determine whether barite minerals can be effectively separated. Common collectors can be divided into three types according to the adsorption form: ① chemical adsorption Mainly anionic collector; ② with physical adsorption Main cationic collector; ③ Intermediate Amphoteric collector 。 According to the separation process of barite and fluorite, it can be divided into two types: one is to inhibit the flotation of fluorite from barite; The other is to inhibit fluorite flotation of barite.

1.2.2 Calcination purification

The mineral calcination process is characterized by thermal dissociation into a mineral with simpler composition or crystal transformation of the mineral itself, and the physical change process of pyrolysis from one solid phase to another solid phase and gas phase. Because barite minerals are mixed with Fe in the process of bed formation two O three 、TiO two , organic matter and other impurities, which will make barite gray, green and green, thus affecting the purity and whiteness of barite and seriously reducing the use value of barite. Calcination can volatilize organic matter. Calcination is mainly used to remove impurities that can be endothermically decomposed or volatilized at high temperatures.

1.2.3 Extraction and purification

The leaching purification is mainly used to remove carbon and colored impurities from barite. Their existence affects the whiteness of barite concentrate and its application prospect. The main methods to remove these impurities include acid leaching, oxidation reduction and organic acid complexation. The acid leaching method uses the impurities in acid and mineral metals or metallic oxide Conduct reaction to generate compounds that are soluble in water or dilute acid. After washing and filtering, the soluble substances can be removed to achieve the purpose of purification. Lei Shaoming et al. leached a barite ore in Hubei Province with concentrated sulfuric acid, which can increase the whiteness of barite powder from 84.10% to 88.60%. The oxidation-reduction method first adds oxidants to dissolve the associated metal compounds in the minerals, and oxidizes the chromogenic organic matter in the barite, and then adds reducing agents to reduce Fe to Fe, so as to dissolve it, so as to achieve the purpose of impurity removal, whitening and improving the mineral grade. Organic acid complexation method is to add organic acids such as EDTA ascorbic acid , citric acid, oxalic acid, etc., which can be dissolved Iron oxide And form complex to achieve good iron removal effect.

Barite can meet the requirements of primary barium salt production after basic purification, but some fine and specialized products still cannot be produced and need to be imported. It is necessary to further explore the development of barite.^[2]

Main purpose

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Barite belongs to Non renewable resources It is one of China's export competitive mineral products, widely used in oil and gas drilling mud Weighting agent The consumption of barium chemicals and fillers is also increasing year by year. China is rich in barite resources, distributed in 21 provinces (regions) of the country, with a total reserve of 360 million tons of ores, ranking first in the world. In medical treatment, it can be used as contrast agent in digestive system.

Circulation mud weighting agent cooling in rotary drilling of oil and gas wells bit , take away the chippings, lubrication Drill pipe, closed Hole wall Control oil and gas pressure, prevent oil well from flowing out and chemical production barium carbonate , barium chloride, barium sulfate, lithopone, barium hydroxide, barium oxide and other barium compounds, which are widely used in reagents, catalysts, sugar refining, textiles, fire prevention, various fireworks synthetic rubber Coagulant, plastic, pesticide, surface quenching of steel Phosphor 、 Fluorescent lamp , welding flux, grease additive, etc. Glass deoxidizer, clarifier Flux Increase the optical stability, gloss and strength of glass, rubber, plastic, paint filler, brightener Weighting agent 、 Building concrete Aggregates and paving materials are used to press buried pipelines in marsh areas, replacing lead plates for nuclear facilities atomic energy The shielding of factories and X-ray laboratories can extend the life of roads.

Supply and demand situation

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The total annual supply of barite in China is 2.5~3 million tons, all of which come from domestic production. The annual consumption of barite in China is about 1.2~1.3 million tons, of which 700000~800000 tons are used for oil and gas exploration, accounting for 60% of the total consumption; It is used for 400000-500000 tons of barium chemical products, accounting for about 30%; Other costs are more than 100000 tons, accounting for about 10%.

China is the world's largest exporter of barite. In the 1990s, the annual export volume of barite and its products was generally 1.5~2 million tons. In 1996, the export volume of barite and barium salt was 2.058 million tons, with an export value of 121 million dollars, including 1.86 million tons of barite and 198000 tons of barium chemical products, which were mainly exported to the United States, the Netherlands, Japan and South Korea. China imports very little barite, only a small amount of barium chemical products.

The demand for barite in China is basically stable with slow growth. The output of barite has increased steadily, which can fully meet the demand. The export volume is adjusted according to the supply and demand situation. On the whole, the supply and demand of barite are basically balanced.^[3]

Mineral information

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Spatiotemporal distribution

Barite deposits in China have occurred in various geological times, mainly in Cambrian , Devonian, Ordovician and mesozoic In the stratum. Layered barite deposits are mainly concentrated in Cambrian , followed by Devonian 。 Vein deposits mostly occur in Ordovician, Devonian and Triassic. Layered barite deposits mainly occur in tectonic activities fold Belt (area) and platform area. Vein barite deposits mainly occur in carbonate rocks Platform area carbonate platform Medium.

The total scale of the middle and lower Cambrian layered barite deposits in China is very large. Layered deposit is the same as deposition The spatial relationship of active large faults is also obvious, indicating that the deposit is closely related to the structure. Vein barite ore is filled in medium and small fractures and fissures, obviously controlled by structures.

Baritic sedimentary basin It is closely related to mineralization. One is a deep reducing still water basin, with fine sediment particles, low carbonate content and high organic matter content, forming layered deposits. The other is shallow water, oxidized and turbulent basin clastic rock And shallow water carbonate deposits. This kind of basin formed a high barium bearing mineralized layer in the sedimentary period, but only in the later stage Geological process Only after reformation can vein deposits be enriched.

The ore bearing rock series of barite deposits also have their own characteristics. The ore bearing rocks of layered deposits are clastic rocks containing organic matter Siliceous rock , with Eyeball structure ； The wall rocks of vein barite deposits are often Flint Carbonate rock and clastic rock at the early stage of sedimentation Silicification Alteration. Layered and vein barite are mixed with SiO two There is close relationship.

The mineral composition of barite deposit is quite consistent, and the chemical composition is simple and stable. The mineral assemblage of layered barite deposit consists of barite quartz 、 clay mineral The main minerals in the mineral assemblage of vein barite deposits are barite, quartz and carbonate.

Deposit type

Barite deposits in China can be divided into four types: bedded, bedded, vein, reworked vein and accumulated. Layered barite deposits are affected by strata and lithofacies Most vein barite deposits are regionally related to the strata of a certain period. In some areas, layered barite deposits and vein barite deposits occur in the same age strata.

China is rich in barite resources, which are distributed in 26 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions of the country, mainly concentrated in the south. Guizhou Province accounts for one third of the total reserves of the country. Hunan and Guangxi rank second and third respectively in the country. China's barite is not only rich in reserves, but also high in grade four >92.8%。 The reserves of rich ores account for 99.4% of the total amount of rich ores in China, and the reserves of large and medium-sized ores account for 88.4% of the total amount of ores in China. By the end of 1995, China had proved 460 million tons of barite reserves.

（1） Layered barite deposit

Layered barite deposits occur in certain Geological age , strictly controlled by stratum and lithology, ore deposit It occurs in sedimentary strata in layered, stratoid and lenticular conformity, and the ore has obvious Sedimentary structure And structure.

The major large and super large layered barite deposits in China are mainly concentrated in the Cambrian System, followed by the Devonian System, and are concentrated in Qinling Mountains And South China. Layered barite deposit sedimentary basin can be the Qinling Mountains with strong crustal activity Fold zone And the southeast coastal fold belt with strong activity can also be relatively stable Jiangnan Ancient Land Platform type depressions on both sides, but both are deep and semi deep stagnant still water Reducibility Basin with high organic matter content.

The ore bearing stratum of layered barite is dominated by fine clastic rock, with eyeball like structure. The core is massive barite, with striped and banded barite on both sides, siliceous rock on the outside, and fine clastic rock on the outside.

Layered barite deposits are closely related to deep fault zones, such as Hunan Xinhuang Gongxi mining area is located near the active fault that controls the abrupt change of lithofacies. Some mining areas have obvious volcanic eruption and potential lava Pulse.

The ore minerals of layered barite deposits are mostly single barite. The types and contents of trace elements in barite rocks and siliceous rocks closely related to barite rocks are very few, while the trace elements in fine clastic rocks are rich, with fixed Element combination Such as P, V, Mo, U, etc. Barite and its surrounding rock have a high content of organic matter, which is mainly formed by low-grade plankton, indicating that depositional environment Deep, stagnant still water Reducibility Basin.

（2） Layered vein barite deposit

This kind of barite deposit refers to mineholdings There are not only layered barite deposits, but also vein barite deposits in the same era strata. Both deposits are of industrial significance, and have close genetic and spatial relations. They are different manifestations of the same metallogenic process in different environments. Such as Guangxi guest And Guangxi Xiangzhou barite ore field (deposit), etc.

In an ore field composed of several ore deposits within a mining area or the same sedimentary basin, the same Geological age Lamella of Barite ore And vein barite ore. In space, the layered ore bed is located above, and the vein ore bed is located below. The stratum range of vein ore distribution basically does not exceed the horizon of layered ore. Mineral composition Ore texture The structure has close genetic relationship and shows the trend of system evolution. The physical and chemical conditions of mineralization of layered ore and vein ore are consistent, and there is a regular evolution relationship in line with the geological environment. In short, layered ore and vein ore are unified Metallogenesis Different forms of expression.

（3） Reformed vein barite deposit

Transformed vein barite deposit refers to barite and Paragenetic mineral Along various structural fissures and non structural fissures, such as fracture zone, fracture and Bedding plane , irregular shaped deposits formed by filling and metasomatism.

The reformed vein barite deposits in China have occurred in various geological ages, and there are various ore bearing wall rocks, among which the vein barite deposits in sedimentary carbonate rocks and clastic rocks are more important. Reformed vein barite deposit Constant Group distribution, numerous veins and limited scale of single vein. Because it is easy to find and identify, easy to mine and select, and convenient for rural collective mining, it is still the main mining object in China, and its output is very considerable, but Degree of geological research Lower.

From the Mesoproterozoic and Neoproterozoic to the Triassic in China, carbonate rocks are very developed, forming a large area of extremely thick carbonate formation. Many provinces (regions) have barite deposits in carbonate rocks, of which the Ordovician Qiandongnan Cambrian Ordovician, Ordovician in Southeast Sichuan, Devonian in Guangdong Carboniferous system Barite deposits in Triassic in Sichuan and Guizhou.

（4） Accumulative barite deposits and barite deposits associated with other minerals

Accumulative barite deposits refer to those occurring in unconsolidated loose sediments. Many barite deposits in China, especially those with carbonate rocks and clastic rocks as ore bearing wall rocks, have different accumulation type barite deposits in the loose sediments nearby. This kind of deposit is Bedrock The ore deposit has been Weathering Formed in situ or by short haul. Representative deposits include Gulanling, Huochaling and Shangshan ore blocks in Sicun, Xiangzhou, Guangxi.

In many metals and Nonmetallic deposit Barite is often associated with the medium. Some barites are relatively rich, and can even form a separate ore body. Generally speaking, these barite minerals scattered in the main ore or can encircle the barite ore body. Most of them are not worth mining alone, but they can be comprehensively recycled when mining the main ore. Representative deposits such as Gansu Jingtieshan Iron Mine Bed association Barite ore 。^[4]

Main origin

1 Guangxi

Guangxi is the largest barite production base in China, and barite production is widely distributed in Xiangzhou, Wu Xuan Sanjiang, Eifuku , Fusui, abatis And more than 20 counties and regions. Autonomous Region Barite ore The annual output is more than 1 million tons Xiangzhou County The output is the highest, reaching 450000 tons, followed by Yongfu, with 140000 tons. The output of Fusui Sitong barite ore is 36000 tons. Guangxi barite ore has high output and good quality. It enjoys high popularity in the domestic and foreign markets. Its export and domestic sales volume rank first in the country. The deposit belongs to vein type barite deposit, Hydrogeological conditions of mining area Simple, the surrounding rock of the ore body is silicified argillaceous siltstone with clear boundary, stable surrounding rock and simple mining conditions.

2 Guizhou

Guizhou is rich in barite resources, accounting for about 60% of the national barite reserves, and is the second largest production base of barite in China. Mainly distributed in Tianzhu , Majiang, Huang Ping, Kerry , Shibing 5 cities, including Tianzhu County Dahebian barite mining area is a super large deposit, which has been proved Class D reserves 108810400 t, Majiang County The proved Class D reserves in the territory are 16 million tons, and the proved Class D reserves in Huangping, Kaili and Shibing counties and cities are about 10 million tons. Guizhou Barite ore The quality is good, of which 70% are rich ores with more than 85% BaS content, and the grade fully meets the requirements of industrial production. Guizhou has the first barite reserves in China, but its mining volume and exports are lower than those of Guangxi. There are more than 80 barite mines in the province. If normal mining is carried out, the annual mining volume can reach more than 10 million tons. exploitation Raw ore There are more and fewer deep processing enterprises, only 1 million tons.

3 Hunan

Barite mining areas in Hunan Province are mainly distributed in Hengnan , Xinhuang, Liuyang, etc. Barite mining is extremely developed in Hunan Huaihua The annual output of barite in the region is 800000 tons, including 280 million tons of barite in Xinhuang Dong Autonomous County, Hunan Province, which is a super large high-quality deposit in China. The Tanzishan barite deposit in Hengnan, Hunan Province occurs in the upper part Cretaceous Uniform red Continental deposit Medium and large deposit scale. The single ore body is 100~700m long, 30~135m wide and 5~65m thick. The ore body barite Ore content 7.75%～20.43%. Ore grade It is generally about 85%. The mine mainly adopts slope open mining Reselect And manual beneficiation.

4 Hubei

Hubei Province is rich in barite mineral resources , widely distributed in Suizhou Matsuzi , Zhicheng , Wufeng Mountain and other areas. Suizhou, Hubei Willow forest It is a super large barite deposit. The mining area includes Tianjiachong Xiejiadian, Liuhewan and Jinqiaoling ore blocks.

5 Shaanxi

Barite ore in Shaanxi Province is mainly concentrated in Ankang area, bordering Hubei Province in the east and Sichuan Province in the south Bashan , near the Han River, and the ancient Qinling geosyncline has created barite, Pyrite Mainly rich Non-metallic mineral resources 。 There are large barite deposits in the territory. The ore belt is located in the ancient Qinling geosyncline Fold zone Inside, Proterozoic Sinian Metavolcaniclastic Tuff It forms the basement structure of the mining area, and the Cambrian Ordovician carbonaceous siliceous rock formation forms the upper Tectonism , period is Angular unconformity Contact, barite ore body is affected by Paleogeographic environment Controlled, mainly deposited in Weak alkalinity Oxidation medium condition shallow sea In the lower Cambrian Ordovician lithologic section at the edge, there is a single barite orebody. The proven barite reserve is 24 million tons. The main component of the ore body is barite, followed by quartz, and a small amount of dust like carbon can be seen. The ore structure is mainly closely inlaid, dense massive, followed by layered structure Industrial type Both are barite type. The grade of barium sulfate is 90%~98%, the average grade is 94%, the highest is 99.33%, the density is more than 4.2g/cm3, and the maximum is 4.5. With the advantages of large reserves, high grade, and easy exploitation, it is a reliable base for barite export and processing barite powder.

6 Fujian

Proved barite reserves are mainly concentrated in Fujian Yong'an City The deposit in Lifang mining area is of sedimentary type. The area includes four ore blocks, with an annual production capacity of 400000 tons and an annual export of 200000 tons.^[4]

Geological exploration

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Mineral exploration The geological exploration of barite ore, like other minerals, can be divided into three stages: general survey, detailed survey and exploration.

Census stage : The purpose and task are based on the discovered Mineral occurrences Carry out general survey with geological, geophysical and geochemical anomalies, find out whether there is value for further work, and submit Census report Generally, D+E reserves are explored to provide basis for detailed survey.

Detailed survey stage: the purpose and task is to evaluate whether the deposit proved to be of further work value by the work of the general survey stage is of industrial value, submit a detailed survey report, and generally explore C+D reserves, of which Class C reserves , generally 20%~50% of non-metallic ore, whether to proceed or not Exploration stage The work provides basis, and can provide overall mine planning and use as mine project proposal.

Exploration stage: the purpose and task is to explore the deposits that have been proved to be of industrial value by detailed investigation and are proposed to be exploited and utilized in the near future Mineral Reserves Committee Relevant specifications formulated to explore reserves at all levels and submit exploration reports as the basis for feasibility study and design of mine construction. The general requirements are:

1) Find out the geological and structural conditions in the exploration area in detail

2) The shape, occurrence and spatial location The control and research degree of ore grade, structure and industrial type, grade type and proportion, etc Reserves level And mine construction design

3) Study the mineral processing, beneficiation and metallurgy performance, and evaluate whether it is available for industrial construction design

4) Detailed exploration of hydrogeology engineering geology And other mining technical conditions

5) Detailed information on the deposit Technical and economic evaluation 。

prospecting type according to State Bureau of Technical Supervision Barite Witherite Geological exploration specification, barite Exploration type of deposit It is divided into four categories:

Type I: The ore body is large in scale, simple in shape and simple in structure. Such as Shaanxi Ankang Quartz barite deposit.

Type II: The ore body is large to medium in scale, medium in shape complexity, simple to medium in structure and vein development, such as Pancun barite deposit in Xiangzhou, Guangxi.

Type III: ore deposit The scale is mainly medium-sized, Ore body shape Complex, with complex structure and dike development. Such as Fujian Yong'an The third ore block of Lifang barite deposit and Liuhewan ore block of Liulin, Suizhou, Hubei.

Type IV: small in scale, complex in shape and structure. Bingling eluvial deluvial barite deposit in Danxian County, southern Shandong.

Exploration means The exploration of barite deposit mostly adopts such projects as trench, shallow shaft and vertical shaft core Drilling. When the terrain is suitable, adit shall be used for exploration. For eluvial deluvial barite placer Shallow wells can be used for exploration.

Exploration engineering The layout shall be determined according to the occurrence of ore body and other factors. The barite ore body is generally layered and vein shaped, which can be Prospecting line In order to obtain the profile data of the deposit and delineate the ore body in the horizontal and vertical directions.

During core drilling, the core recovery rate shall not be less than 70%. For deeper boreholes, systematic inclinometry shall be conducted every 100m.

In the tunnel, barite ore sampling is generally used Grooving method , for dense massive ore The cross section of the sample tank can be 10cm × 3cm or 5cm × 10cm. Sample length The layered ore is 0.5~2m, and the vein ore is 0.25~1m. Available for loose ores Delamination method Sampling, specification: 50~100cm × 20~50cm. The core splitting method is generally used for drilling core sampling. The sample spacing in the vein tunnel is generally 10~20m. The sample layout shall make the sample length consistent with the thickness direction of the ore body. Each ore type shall be sampled separately.

mineral chemical analysis The basic items of are BaO, SO three And CO two , other components such as Fe two O three 、Al two O three 、SiO two And soluble salts Composite sample Analysis and determination. When studying comprehensive ores, the content of PbO, ZnO, MnO, Au, Ag and F must also be determined. In the case that the ore contains sulfide, the combined sample should be spectral Full analysis And chemical analysis to identify the associated elements in the ore.

Technical processing sampling is generally adopted Full roadway method Or delamination method. The quality and rate of recovery At the same time, design data of reasonable beneficiation process are also obtained.

Ore weight It should be determined according to different types. For loose ores, the humidity should also be determined. As paint filler The color of barite used shall be determined by spectrophotometry.^[5]

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