Orhun River（mongolian：Орхон гол；English: Orkhon River) is located in the north of central MongoliaMongoliaThe longest river originates fromHouhangai ProvinceOfHang'ai Mountains(In ancient China, it was calledYanran Mountain）, passing 1124km northward and flowing into Mongolia Russia borderSelenge River。The main tributaries of Orhun River are Tula River and Tamir River.
The whole river is in Mongolia and originates fromHang'ai MountainsA wooded hillside.It flows out of the mountains to the east, and then turns north, passing through the ancient timesMongol Empire Capital ofHalahelin。A fault separates the Orhun River from the Selenge River.Both rivers flow to the northeast, in the south of the Russian borderTrade CentreSukhbaatar(Suhbaatar) Meet.Then the Serenge River continues to flow northward into Russia.In 1889, the 8th century tombstone was found near Halahelin, on which some of the oldest knownTurkiIt is called the Orhun Inscription.
The Orhun River has a total length of 1130km, and is only navigable in July and AugustdraftA shallow tug.Drainage areaAbout 132000 square kilometers.The main tributaries are Tuul, Haraa and Yoroo rivers, which all originate fromKent MountainsAnd they all flow into the Orhun River from the right side.Tula RiverOn the way to the Orhun River, it flows through the capital of MongoliaUlan Bator。Due to unstable rainfall and extremely cold winter, agriculture along the Orhun River can only maintain basic grain production.
The rivers in northern Mongolia,Selenge RiverMaximum tributary.Originated fromMongoliacentral sectionHang'ai MountainsAt the southern foot, it flows to the northeast, joins the Selenge River near the border, and flows intoRussiaDomesticLake Baikal。The total length is 1124 kilometers, and the drainage area is 138000 square kilometers.There are many tributaries, and the larger ones areTula River。The water is shallow and fluctuates greatly, including 4Monthly settlementIn freezing season, small boats can be used in summer.StreamingWood plays a big role.
Historical site
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Orhun River
Along the riverThere are several important historical sites: the first capital court of the Huihe EmpireDental account, the capital of the Mongol EmpireHalahelin。RussiaExplorers П\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\Hun Shan YuThe tomb of.
The Mongolian Golden Palace tent near the Orhun River and its tributary Tamir River valleyUighur Ya'an City、Wokuotai Summer PalaceAnd the HunsThree linked cities。Although it is a quick glance, it is worth remembering for a long time.
Passing Erhun River Bridge northwardHang AishanAt the west foot, we walked for about an hour and a half to the mouth of the valley where Khoton County is located, and then entered the valley westward.This place has left Hala and Lin'sQianhang'ai Province(Ouml; vouml; rkhangai Aimag, Ouml; vouml; r means "south"), enterHouhangai Province(Arkhangai Aimag, Ar means "north").Go west along this valley and enter the hinterland of Hangai Mountain.From the depths of the valleyFir forestThe river flowing from the mountain flows northward until the Wokuotai Summer Palace we are going to visit in the afternoon.In this valley full of horses, there is asite of an ancient city。NationalMongolian historyMuseum curatorMr. Ochir said that this is the site of an ancient Mongolian city, commonly known as the Golden Palace tent.The scale of the ancient city is not large, and the remains of the city wall are not obvious. There are dozens of eagles walking slowly on the grassland inside and outside the city, and people get close to them before they hover.These eagles are huge and their eyes are bleak.Two days ago, when camping on the grassland in Dashinchilen Sum, Bulgan Aimag, there was an eagle nest on the cliff next to the camp.The eagle nest is exposed on a towering rock cliff, whiteHawk dungLet the eagle nest and surrounding cliff stones look like they are covered in snow.Traditional Chinese medicine has the so-called "eagle feces white", which is used to treat the facescarIt's probably as white as snow.The eagle, who was disturbed by the unexpected visitors, roared and flew all the time, patrolling over our camp.Compared with the eagle in shock, the large group of eagles here are leisurely and arrogant.
From the valley where the golden palace tent site is located, continue to travel northward at the western edge of the gentle and vast Orhun River valley grassland, passing through the highsplendid achnatherumLow-lying areas.Less than half an hour later, the bus suddenly turned east and saw the ancient city wall protruding from the grassland in the east in the distance. That was the famousUighur Khar Balgas,MongolianIt means "Black Tiger City").Aoqier led everyone to some big stones scattered on the ground.When you see that piecePanlongHeadstoneAt that time, someone shouted: "Nine surname Khan Monument!" Yes, these broken and scattered granite stones are part of the famous Uighur nine surname Khan Three body Monument that has been broken for thousands of years.The so-called three style writing means that the stele is written in ChineseTurkicLuniandSogdian Write as.Inscriptions on steles in Chinese“Uighurs with nine surnamesThere is no honey in Aiden LiluoBilge Qaghan Shengwen Shenwu SteleTang XianzongIn the ninth year of Yuanhe (814), it was a celebrationBaoyi KhanBrilliant deeds.
Stele of Khan with Nine Surnames
The monument of the Khan of the Nine Surnames and the site of the Uighur Yatent near it were discovered by the Finnish H. Heikel in 1890.The stele body was broken into eight pieces at that time, and later it was damaged more seriously.In 1892, RickerHelsinkiFinno Ougrinne Society published his amazing discovery under the title of Inscriptions de L'Orkhon.At that timeTurkicNeither the Sogdian nor the Sogdian has been interpreted yet. To understand the meaning of the inscription, only the Chinese part can be used.In this regard, Chinese scholars have played their part.Russian scholarRadlovIn 1892, the Mongolian Archaeological Atlas was compiled and collected the Erhun steles. In 1893, the Russian envoy to China took this book toPrime Minister's Yamen for International AffairsRequest help,Qing governmentsendShen ZengzhiCome out, in the bookQue Secret Service Stele、Pilgakhan SteleandStele of Uighur Khan with Nine SurnamesThe Chinese part of is studied.laterLi WentianPreparation《Helin Gold and Stone Record》It also includes and interprets the Chinese part of the monument of nine Uighur khans.Wang GuoweiHe wrote the Postscript of the Nine Surname Uighur Khan Tablet, and used Chinese historical records to study the Uighur history reflected in the inscription, which pushed this study to a new height.With the successful interpretation of Turkic and Sogde texts, the rich content of the Khan Tablet has been fully displayed, and the research has also been more and more in-depth, although the long-term damage has made the preservation of the inscription quite bad.
When introducing this monument, a domestic Uighur history expert said that it was located "on the bank of the Qaidam River". In fact, it was in the south of the Uighur Yatent on the west bank of the Orhun River. There was a large-scale architectural site at the place where the monument was erected. Some scholars thought it should be a Mani Temple.The Khan Monument is located at the east end of the temple.1996 and 1997, Osaka University, JapanHeifu MoriThe investigation team led by the professor (interestingly, the Mongolian partner at that time was also Professor Aoqier) visited the Uighur Yazhan City twice, and the monument of nine Uighur khans was the focus of the investigation.They made a detailed and comprehensive study of the existing steles, historical records and rubbings of inscriptions in various countries.According to their research, there should be 34 lines in Chinese, 45 lines in Sogd, and 116 lines in Turkic Luni in the original tablet's three character script.Rubbings of inscriptions are respectively collected in the Asia Museum in St. Petersburg, the Asia Society in Paris, and the KyotoThe Kyoto University Museum AndRitsumeikan University Ministry of LiteratureOsakaOfOsaka UniversityMinistry of Literature, UlaanbaatarMongoliaInstitute of History, Chinese Academy of Sciences;There are two libraries in China that collect rubbings of this monument, one is the National Library, the other isCentral University for Nationalities Library。For a long time, there have been many versions of paraphrasing and translation of the damaged Sumerian and Turkic inscriptions. The latest paraphrasing and translation were completed by Japanese professors Takeo Mori (Turkic) and Yoshida Feng (Sumerian).
The inscriptions on the nine surname Uighur Khan stele involve many aspects of Uighur historyMajor issues, such as the belief of UighursManichaeismThe academic circle has always attached importance to the materials of.Tang SuzongUighur in the first year of Baoying (762)Mou Yu KhanassistTang JunPingdingAn Shi RebellionThe next year, when he returned from Luoyang to the north, he carried four Manichaeismic monks, which was the beginning of the introduction of Manichaeism into the Uighurs.According to the Chinese part of the Khan stele, "Aidengli Luoguru has no honey, Shijie Dudengmi Shihe all records Bijia Khan" (it should be Mouyu Khan, the 18 characters in front of the Khan are Khan's names). When returning from the east capital (Luoyang) to the north, "the four divisions, including Ruixi, entered the country, expounded the Second Sacrifice, and penetrated the three times... so they can start orthodox religion in the Uighurs", resulting in the Uighurs "regretting the past and wishing to be orthodox",And it abandoned the traditional shaman, so that Manichaeism gained the exclusive status in the Uighur regionCandidaThe disciples, the east and the west circulate, and go back and forth to educate ".According to the transcription and translation of Professor Mori An, there are also words directly related to Manichaeism in the Turkic part.
It is different from the tablet of Vijakhan,Uighur The Khan Monument is not only broken, but also incomplete.It is said that at the end of the 19th century, the Russians transported two large stones back to St. Petersburg.Even if these two pieces are still there, it is difficult to piece together the appearance of the original stele.Perhaps it is because of this that the remaining pieces are scattered on the grass.When the wind blows, the grasshoppersthick growth of grassHe jumped up and landed on the head of the Khan Monument, making a clear sound.
Not far to the north is the Uighur Yating City.We walked through the slightly undulating grassland, passed the columns of tower shaped rammed earth piles arranged in the east and west, and went down to the grassycity moatFrom the moat, climb up the rammed earth city wall more than seven meters high to the city wall of Ya tent.Now you can see the whole city.Of the more than ten ancient cities seen in Mongolia, the Uighur Yatent City is undoubtedly the most impressiveImpressiveIt is the highest, the most magnificent and reminiscent of theTongwan City。The Uighur Yazhan City is located in Khoton County, Houhangai Province, just north of the provincial boundary of Qianhangai ProvinceLongitude and latitudeYes: N47ordm;33.837acute;E102ordm;39.490acute;，Of course, the data will be slightly different for different measurements.have a chance toYes, you can rely onGPSFind it directly in the Orhun River Valley. Even if the data is slightly wrong, the tall and straight city wall will call you when you are far away.North of the Gobi desertUighur KhanateIt was built in 751. Later, as the capital of the Uighurs, it became the political and cultural center of Mobei until 840XiegasPeople destroyed the Uighur khanate in Mobei.
The whole city is irregular square, and has always been measuredDataVery inconsistent.According to the measurement of Professor Sen An Xiaofu and others in 1997, the north wall is 424 meters long, the west wall is 335 meters long, the south wall is 413 meters long, and the east wall is 337 meters long.There are moats outside the south, west and north city walls. Because of the low-lying, the grass in the moats grows very well, and is lush, forming dark green strips.On the inside of the well preserved north moat, there is another row of short walls, which seems to be some kind ofmilitary installation。There is a gate in the east and west of the city, and there is a big gate in the westBarbican CityThere seems to be a low wall outside the urn.There are obvious ruins of square walls in the city, which shows that there is a regular block planning in the city.Soviet UnionScholars have excavated in the city, and it is said that they found something with Tang styleLotus pattern tile。In the southeast corner of the city, there is a high platform that is about four or five meters higher than the foundation in the city. Its scale should be equivalent to a large building.Judging from the fragments of bricks and tiles on the ground, there were indeed buildings here.Overlooking the whole city from this high platform, the situation is superiorKim Yong chengQuite similar.Guess here should beKhan PalaceAccount location.Outside the east city wall, there are obvious street relics, and the pattern of the square wall is similar to that in the city.This may be the living area of ordinary people. In case of foreign enemies, they can withdraw from the east gate into the city.Seen from the southern city wall, there are also traces of ridges or low walls in a considerable range.Some scholars believe that this may beIrrigated agricultureMarks.
Mongolian pagoda
There is one line on the north and south sides of the city, about 50 meters away from the trenchrammed earthTower building.This is similar to Hala and Lin'sErdeni CallThe white pagodas around are somewhat similar.In the west of the city, there is a huge tower.What are the tower buildings inside and outside the city?Mongolian scholars believe it is a pagoda.From a very early time, many European scholars, such as Radlov, also believed that it was a pagoda. Of course, other scholars believed that it was a tower used as a military lookout.General travel guides (such as the famous Lonely Planet series) also say that they are pagodas.However, the Uighurs believe in Manichaeism. How could there be a pagoda?It is obviously not in line with the actual religious life of the Uighur khanate to say that it is a pagoda.Minorsky of the Soviet Union and Koio Mori of Japan do not agree with this interpretation.About the attributes of the tower in the city, XinjiangJimsarOfBeiting Ancient CityThere is also such a pagoda inside, so many scholars tend to interpret it as a military facility (think about HebeiDingzhouThere is also an extremely highNorthern Song DynastyLiaodi Tower）。What are the two columns of tower shaped rammed earth buildings on the north and south sides outside the city?It is obviously difficult to give a convincing explanation.
Manichaeism forbids killing and eating meat, which is called "eating vegetables is evil".The nine surname Uighur Khan stele also says UighurkhanateAfter the Manichaeism, "the blood is smoked and the customs are changed into the land of vegetables and rice; the state is slaughtered and turned into a country of persuasion".This is a huge change to the way of life of the Uighur society under the nomadic economy.Of course, not all the people of the Khanate completely abandoned their traditional life and strictly adhered to the Manichaeism.But even if the core group changes slightly, it also needs sufficient economic support.Settling down in cities, irrigating agriculture, concentrating craftsmen, etc. are probably social changes that complement each other.The Uighurs had a very close relationship with the Tang regime, especially the huge gifts given to the Uighurs every year by the Tang Dynasty after the An Shi Rebellion, as well as the "harmony market" of horse and horse horse trading every year（Bai JuyiIt is said in the poem that "fifty horses will be changed into one horse, and there will be no day when they are lifted to Malaysia"), which was given to the Uighur khanateRuling classMaintaining its lifestyle away from the traditional nomadic economy provides the basis.In the Uighur Ya tent city, seeing the regular square wall blocks inside and outside the city and the large-scale ridge pattern, people also feel vaguely that they are in the agricultural area, rather than in the Mobei grassland under the blue sky.
Wokuotai Summer Palace
Wokuotai Summer Palace（Doytyn Balgas）。There arePeacock blueGlazed wall tiles, this kind of blue is rarely seen in China.Many members of the investigation team picked up some pieces and claimed to take them back as souvenirs.In fact, we were collecting all kinds of brick and tile fragments along the way. Every time we left a camp, we would see discarded collections.To the north of the Summer Palace is a nearly dried up small lake, Doytyn Tsagaan, and the surrounding grassland is seriously salinized.It was probably a fertile pasture in those days.fromogodei Drive northward for 1 hour and 40 minutes to the Summer Palace, and arrive at Tamir River at about 5 p.m.Tamir River has a large amount of water, and the river valley is lush with grass,BirchChenglin.
Three linked cities
Hudgiyn Denj is a parallel distribution of three large ancient cities from east to west. Aoqier said that it is generally believed that it was in the Hun era.
