governor's office

Local Administrative Organizations in the Tang Dynasty

The governor's office was a local administrative organization set up in important areas by the Tang Dynasty. Dudu originates from Eastern Han Dynasty Temporarily set in the early years of Guangwu Governor and Imperial Historian 。 The first year of Emperor Wen of the Cao Wei Dynasty Dudu Institutionalization of setting up, holding concurrent posts since the Jin Dynasty Assassin , later the Zhou Dynasty changed the governor to main The military region in the Sui Dynasty was also called the general manager.

In the early Tang Dynasty, the leader of the Sui Dynasty was Marching superintendent or Main manifold 。 to Wude Seven years (624), followed by Executive Office For the governor's office^[1] , the Chief Executive's Office is the Dadu's Office^[2] The general manager and general manager of the marching army remain unchanged. dadudu He was often led by Zong Wang Yao and replaced by a long history. Other governors are divided into upper, middle and lower levels. In the first year of Zhenguan (627), most of the inland prefectures were abolished. bright clouds of many colors In the second year (711), Ruizong planned to divide the whole country (except the capital and capital areas) into 24 prefectures, and ordered the prefectural prefects and the prefectural commissioners under the jurisdiction of the prefectural pickets to be good and evil officials, but did not implement it.

In the Tang Dynasty, the governor's power was light. Although he was given the title of "holding festivals", he did not really give festivals. In the second year of Jingyun's reign, He Tingyan was appointed governor of Liangzhou Hexi Festival Envoy The abstemious envoy actually gives praise. From then on, the provincial envoy replaced the governor and became the highest military officer in the region. Among them, 22 Jimi prefectures who are responsible for managing ethnic minority areas "set up a separate administrator" in the governor's office to deal with the ethnic affairs of Jimi prefectures under their jurisdiction.

Chinese name: governor's office
Dynasty: the tang dynasty
Type: Local administration

Time of origin: The 14th year of Zhenguan (640)
Leader: Dudu, governor
Official rank: From second grade

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one historical background
two Historical evolution

historical background

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After the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, in order to strengthen the local rule, not only the county was changed into a state, the local administrative divisions were adjusted, but also the government system was gradually established. The government system of the Tang Dynasty, according to its form and status, can be divided into three types: the government, the governor's government, and the governor's government.

The Sui system followed the Zhou system and the early Tang system, also known as the general manager. In the early Tang Dynasty, in order to strengthen the management of the local areas, we set up Executive Office 。 Wude In the seventh year, the old system was restored, and the general administration office was changed into the governor's office.

Dufu was a special administrative institution set up in the frontier ethnic areas in the Tang Dynasty. It can be divided into Dadu Mansion and Shangdu Mansion. Most protect from the second grade, and the upper grade protects from the third grade. The duty of the capital protection was to "comfort the vassals and collect foreign invaders", which was the objective need for the development of ethnic relations in the border areas in the early Tang Dynasty.

The third official record of the old Tang Dynasty: Jingzhao, Henan, Taiyuan Mu and the governor, the governor of the state, and the governor of the state. They examined the officials, announced moralization, pacified the Qi people, persuaded the peasants to teach, and applied the five religions. Every year, I visit the county, observe the customs, ask about hundreds of years, record prisoners, compensate widows and widows, read Ding Kou, and know the sufferings of the people.

In the new Tang Dynasty, there were hundreds of officials: the governor was in charge of the troops, horses, armour, city gods, garrisons, grain reports, and the chief judge of the government affairs.

Geography I of the New Tang Dynasty Book: Tang Xing, Gao Zu changed the county into a state, and the prefecture into a prefecture Assassin And the governor's office was set up to govern it.

In the new Tang Dynasty, there are four officials: one in the western capital, one in the eastern capital, and one in the northern capital; The officials of Xidu, Dongdu, Beidu, Fengxiang, Chengdu, Hezhong, Jiangling, Xingyuan, and Xingde are each one person, from three levels: Zhang Xuandehua, patrolling the county at the age of, observing customs, recording prisoners, and supporting widows and widows. When the prince is over years old, he will visit the county.

Volume 30 of the Six Canons of the Tang Dynasty, officials of the three prefectures, capitals, prefectures and counties: Jingzhao, Henan, Taiyuan, and the governor and governor of the capital, who were in charge of cleaning up the country's surrounding areas, assessing officials, announcing moralization, pacifying Qi people, advising agriculture and mulberry, and instructing the five religions. Visit the county every year, observe the customs, observe the customs, ask the people, record prisoners, compensate widows and widows, read Ding Kou, and know the sufferings of the people.

Tang dynasty In general, the governor concurrently served as the governor of the prefecture, and there was a phenomenon that the governor and the governor were combined. In this case, there are two forms of the relationship between the governor's office and the state government: one is the relationship between the governor's office and the state government. The merger of the two sets of bureaucracy; The other form is that there are two assistant systems of officials in the governor's office and state officials in the governor's office and the prefecture. Although the two systems have a governor, they are not jointly operated, but relatively independent and not subordinate to each other. The relationship between the governor's office and its subordinate states is subordinate, which is embodied in the administrative relationship between the superior and the subordinate, and the relationship between the governor's office and its subordinate states supervision Functions and military management functions.

"Tang Huiyao, Volume 68": made on June 28, the second year of Jingyun. It was decreed that the world should be divided into 24 prefectures, with Yang Yi and Jing as the prefectures.

The 24 prefectures are: Bianzhou 、 Qizhou 、 Yanzhou 、 Weizhou , Jizhou Bingzhou Puzhou, Fuzhou, Jingzhou, Qinzhou, Yizhou, Mianzhou, Suizhou, Jingzhou, Kuizhou Tongzhou , Liangzhou, Xiangzhou, Yangzhou, Anzhou, Runzhou, Yuezhou, Hongzhou and Tanzhou.

Historical evolution

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In the 14th year of Zhenguan Period (640), after the Tang Dynasty pacified Gaochang, Tang Taizong The Anxi Capital Protectorate is set up to govern Jiaohe in Xizhou (the ancient city site of Xijiaohe in today's Turpan, Xinjiang), and govern the old land of Gaochang. South of Tianshan, formerly West Turkic The subordinate countries successively belonged to the Tang Dynasty, and the Tang Dynasty set up four military towns in Qiuci (today's Kuqa, Xinjiang), Shule (today's Kashgar, Xinjiang), Khotan (today's Hotan, Xinjiang), and Yanqi (today's Yanqi, Xinjiang), which were subordinate to the Anxi Capital Protectorate. In the second year of Xianqing (657), he pacified Helu and set Jimi in the old place of West Turks Mongchidu Mansion Guard and Kunling Prefecture Guard , a number of prefectures and prefectures under the leadership of each leader; next year, Anxidu Residence Guard It was upgraded to the Grand Protectorate, moved to Qiuci, and set up Tingzhou (now Jimsar, Xinjiang) to the north of Tianshan Mountain. To manage the West Turkic The former place was set up during the reign of Xianqing in the Tang Dynasty Jinshan City Residence Guard , the administrative office is located in Tingzhou, governing the north of Tianshan Mountain Balkhash Lake The vast areas to the south, west of Jinshan and east of the two river basins are under the jurisdiction of Anxi Prefecture.

Long Shuo In the first year (661), all 16 countries in the Western Regions west of Khotan and east of Persia, which were originally under the Western Turkic military service, also set up prefectures to manage 80 states, 110 counties, 120 military offices, and Anxi prefectures Commander 。 Not equivalent to—— Fubing system is a kind of system that began to appear in the Western Wei Dynasty military service The system continued to be used in the Sui and Tang dynasties. until tang xunzong Cancel when, and implement instead Conscription system 。 Fubing system Its characteristics can be simply summarized as: serving the people in peacetime and serving as soldiers in wartime; Combine the army with agriculture, and combine the army with agriculture. both farmer and soldier The registered permanent residence of Commander And jurisdiction.

The leader of the Dudu Mansion is the Dudu and the Governor, both of which are hereditary. Although most of them are not registered in the Ministry of Household, they are all received by the governors and guardians of the border states.

Prepared on June 28, 2002 by Jingyun. The imperial edict divided the whole country into 24 prefectures. Order the officials under the prefectural governor and picket to be good and evil.

Bianzhou, Guan Song, Cai, Cao, Hua, Xu, Chen, Ying and other seven states.

Qizhou, Guanqing, Zizi, Jiji, Pu, Deng and Lai.

Yanzhou, Guan Xu, Bo, Yi, Mi, Hai, Si, Yun and other seven states.

Weizhou, Guan Wei, Xiang, Ming, De, Bei, Bo, and Yu.

Jizhou, Guan Heng, Xing, Zhao, Ding, Cang, Ying, Mao, Yi and other eight states.

Bingzhou, Guanze, Lu, Fen, Yi, Lan, Xin, Dai, Shuo, Wei and other nine states.

Puzhou , governing Jin, Jiang, Ci, Xi, Qin and other five states.

Carnival, Guanfang, Yan, Sui, Dan, Silver and other five states.

Jingzhou, Guanlong, Ning, Qing, Yan, Yuan and Hui.

Qinzhou, including Guan Cheng, Wu, He, Wei, Min, Lan, Tao, Fu, Wen, Dang, and Die.

Yizhou, Guan Peng, Shu, Han, Jian, Mei, Qiong, Jia, Ya, Ling and other nine states.

Mianzhou, Guanzi, Long, Shi, Guo and Long.