Zheng Xuan (127-200), styled Kangcheng, Eastern Han Dynasty, Beihai Gaomi (now Weifang Xiashan District)Zhenggong Street）People.[39]Confucian scholar and Confucian classics scholar in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.[36]
In his early years, Zheng Xuan entered the Imperial College, followed Zhang Gongzu and others, and finally followed Ma Rong to learn the ancient classics.After returning home from a study tour, he returned to Donglai and gathered disciples to teach. Thousands of disciples were poor and eager to learn. He eventually became a great Confucian.The cause of the imprisonment of the Party arose and was imprisoned. Du Men annotated and wrote with great concentration.In his later years, he was forced to join the army, and finally died in Yuancheng at the age of 74.[35]
Zheng Xuan's scholarly research mainly focuses on ancient classics, and also adopts modern classics.He paid attention to Confucian classics and spent his whole life sorting out the ancient cultural heritage.He has written more than one million words of books such as Astronomical Seven Political Comments and Zhonghou, and is known as "Zheng Xue" in the world. He is a master of Confucian classics in the Han Dynasty.During the Zhenguan period, Zheng Xuan was listed as one of the twenty-two "teachers" and enjoyed the Confucius Temple.[37]
When Zheng Xuan was born, the Zheng family was already in decline. His grandfather Zheng Ming and father Zheng Jin, both of whom did not become officials, only worked in the countryside and lived in poverty.He learned mathematics from an early age and became proficient in arithmetic at the age of eight or nine.At the age of 12 or 13, he can read and tell《poetry》《book》《easy》《The Book of Rites》《spring and autumn》The Confucianism“Five meridians”Has.At the same time, Zheng Xuan also liked to study astronomy and mastered“prognosticate from weather observations”、“Wind angle”、“Cryptology”Such as some alchemy that predicts good or bad luck based on changes in weather and wind direction.[1]
Head of Zheng Xuan
Zheng Xuan has devoted himself to learning since he was a teenager.No vanity, pragmatic nature, there is a small matter that can explain this problem.When he was eleven or twelve years old, he accompanied his mother to his grandfather's home. At that time, there were a lot of guests, and more than ten guests present were all dressed in gorgeous clothes, looking fresh and fresh,indulge in verbiage, which seems to have great status and style.Only Zheng Xuan sat quietly by the side, as if his identity and talent could not catch up with others.When the mother saw this, she felt that there was no light on her face, so she secretlyto urgeHe made a public appearance, showed some talent, and showed some generosity and air.Zheng Xuan did not agree, saying that these vulgar scenes were "not what I wanted, not what I wanted"（Citation see《Extensive Records Compiled in the Taiping Years》Volume 215 Quotes "Farewell Biography of Zheng Xuan"）。[4]
When Zheng Xuan was sixteen years old, he was not only proficient in Confucian classics and ancient classics, but also familiar with the science of divination and alchemyChild prodigy。[3]
Kink orientation
Zheng Xuan
Although Zheng Xuan is determined to study hardConfucian classicsHe has already acquired some knowledge of Confucian classics, but because of his poor family and poor life, he has no condition to continue to study specially. His parents and brothers are forced to make a living, and they will not allow him to study for many years without doing business.At the age of eighteen, he had to become an officialA country miserPosition.[8]
Zheng Xuan was not satisfied with the work of the local officials, and was unwilling to make a living for them. He longed for academic research.Therefore, while working as a township official, he also used all available opportunities to study hard. He did not go home on holidays, but went to school to ask his teacher about various academic issues.His father was extremely opposed to this, and repeatedly criticized and scolded him.But the opposition of his father and brother could not change his ambition. He still worked hard.By the age of 21, he had read extensively, had profound knowledge of classics, and was proficient in the study of counting, mapping and latitude, as well as in arithmetic.
At that timeCelebritiesDumiRen Taishan, Taishou, BeihaiGaomi CountyWhen I saw Zheng Xuan during the inspection, I thought he was a rare talent, so I promoted him to be an official in the county, which gave him the opportunity to study and further study.From then on, Zheng Xuan ended his career as a township official.here we areBeihai CountyBefore long, Zheng Xuan resigned from his official position and joined the Imperial College.His teacherFifth yuan first, was the surname of Jingzhao Pingling (now Chang'an, Shaanxi) at that time, was once the governor of Yanzhou, and was a learned doctor of classics.Zheng Xuan was the fifth teacher and learned《Jing Shi Yi》Spring and Autumn of Rams《Trinity calendar》《Chapter Nine Arithmetic》And so on.Among them, The Book of Changes of Jing Clan is the Western Han DynastyJingfangIt was written in the Warring States PeriodThe ram is tallIt was written at the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty. These two books areJinwen ClassicsImportant classics.The Santong Calendar is the Western Han DynastyLiu XinAccording to the legend of Nine Chapters of ArithmeticWestern Zhou DynastyDuke ZhouThese two books are important works of the science of calendar.The next ten years or so were all the time of Zheng Xuan's study.
He is a teacherFifth yuan firstLater, fromDongjunZhang GongzuLearned《Zhou Guan》The Book of Rites《Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals》《HapVerse 》《Ancient Chinese Shangshu》Except the Book of Rites and Han ShiClassical Chinese ClassicsImportant classics.Zheng Xuan learned from the Fifth Yuan Xian and Zhang Gongzu the important classics of the two great schools of modern and ancient Chinese classics, but he was not satisfied with this, and thenChen QiuLearned《Decrees》。During this period, he also traveled to Youzhou, Bingzhou, Yanzhou, and Yuzhou for the purpose of learning Ming classics and expressing integrity, visited famous Confucian scholars, turned to many teachers, learned from them modestly, and discussed academic issues together.Reading thousands of books, traveling thousands of miles, painstakingly pursuing the Tao, Zheng Xuan's youth passed in such a hurry and full.By his thirties, Zheng Xuan had become a highly accomplished scholar of classics.His learning is in ShandongXiaoshanorHuashan MountainEdong) has been able to saycome first on the list、have no equalThat's it.[5]
Studying in Kansai
Zheng Xuan
Although Zheng Xuan has learned a lot, he is not satisfied at all.When he feels that Kantostrategic Qin-dynasty pass in Henan(Edom) Scholars pass through friends when no one can ask for advice anymoreLushiTo leave my hometown and travel to the westGuanzhong, worship Fufeng peopleauthor of many commentaries on the ClassicsAs a teacher, in order to further study.Ma Rong was the most famous master of Confucian classics at that time, and he was very knowledgeable.He paid attention to Confucian classicsClassical Chinese ClassicsIt has reached the stage of maturity.There are thousands of his disciples. There are more than 400 people who follow him all the year round, including more than 50 excellent ones.[5]
Ma Rong is arrogant and fastidious. Although there are many disciples, he only personally teaches a few of the top students, and the rest of the students are taught by these top students.After Zheng Xuan joined the school, Ma Rong didn't attach much importance to him for three years. He didn't even see him, so he had to listen to himbest pupilOur lectures.However, Zheng Xuan did not relax and study for this reason. He still studied and recited day and night without any tiredness.on one occasion,author of many commentaries on the ClassicsAnd some of his noble disciplesMuddy skyThe problem cannot be solved by itself when encountering difficulties.Some people said that Zheng Xuan was good at mathematics, so they called him to meet them.Zheng Xuan quickly solved the problem on the spot, which surprised Ma Rong and his disciples. Ma Rong said to Lu Zhi, "You and I are not as good as him!" Since then, Ma Rong has attached great importance to Zheng Xuan. Zheng Xuan asked Ma Rong for advice on the unsolved problems found in his usual study, and finally studied the mystery of the textGo further。
Zheng Xuan studied under Ma Rong for seven years. Because his parents were old and needed to be supported, he said goodbye to Ma Rong and returned to his hometown in Shandong.Ma Rong had already felt that Zheng Xuan was a great talent, even more than himself. He said to his disciples with deep emotion, "Zheng was born today,My way is east！”It means that the Confucian academic thought inherited by him must be spread by Zheng XuanKantocarry forward.[5]
Concealed sutra practice
fromauthor of many commentaries on the ClassicsAfter returning to his hometown, Zheng Xuan was more than forty years old. At that time, he had become a national master of modern and ancient Chinese classics, and he knew everything from a hundred schools of thought.So hundreds of people from far and near threw themselves under his door, worshipped him as a teacher and listened to his lectures.At that time, his family was still very poor, so he "farmed in Donglai" and taught his disciples.[2]
Emperor HanlingIn the first year of Jianning (168 A.D.), the imperial court issued an order to investigate the Dang people in all the countiesformer subordinate, father, son and brother who are now in official positions are all removed from their posts and imprisoned for the second time“The scourge of party imprisonment”。Zheng Xuan, a former official of Du Mi, was appreciated and promoted by Du Mi, so he was also regarded as a member of the Communist PartySun SongMore than 40 people were imprisoned.[2]
On the whole, Zheng Xuan tends to study ancient Chinese classics.However, Zheng Xuan did not follow the same rules of learning and family in the Confucian classics at that time, and he paid attention to them with his profound knowledgeAncient classicsThe note is not dedicated to the interpretation of ancient scholars, but also uses the interpretation of many modern scholars.That is to say, we should give priority to ancient prose, and adopt modern prose as well.
Zheng Xuan was imprisoned at the age of 45 and was pardoned at the age of 58 for 14 years.During this period, he broke the family tradition of Confucian classics, annotated and wrote books of "several million words", and founded“Zheng Xue”He has made unparalleled outstanding contributions to the development of Chinese Confucian classics.[5]Zheng School has gradually become the "world's religion" of Confucianism.For example, what Zheng Xuan notedAncient classicsTui's Yi is popular, butJinwen JingThe Book of Changes of Shi, Meng and Liangqiu was abolished;Zheng's annotation of the "Ancient Book of History" spread, but the Book of History of Ouyang, the big and small Xia Hou, the three families of the current text, disappeared;Zheng Xuan annotated Mao's Poems in the ancient classics, while the poems of Qi, Lu and Han in the modern classics are not obvious.The emergence of Zheng School has brought about important changes in the development of Confucian classics, which has brought Confucian classics into a "unified era"（Pi XiruiLanguage, see《History of Confucian Classics》）。[5]
Observance of integrity
Huangjin UprisingAfter the outbreak, the court was forced toamnestyParty members.After the lifting of the party ban, the people in power of the imperial court had already heard about Zheng Xuan's name, so they scrambled to hire him to hold an important post in the imperial court.However, Zheng Xuan sought fame rather than official status. He was ashamed to associate with the eunuch temple of foreign relatives and refused to set foot in the official careerappoint a commoner to public office, devoted to the academic work of writing books and lecturing.
In the second year of Zhongping (AD 185), the foreign relatives general who took charge of the imperial powerHe JinIn order to attract people, Zheng Xuan was first recruited as an official.Zheng Xuan had no choice but to go to the court to meet He Jin.He Jin showed his respect for Zheng Xuanli as a kind of honorable corporal. He set a few and a staff for him.Zheng Xuan refused to wear court clothes in order to protect the integrity of his celebrities. He only wore the casual clothes of ordinary Confucians to meet He Jin.Only one night later, he fled without waiting to be granted an official post.
Adrammelech ZhongpingFour years (AD 187),Sanfu（Taiwei、Sikong、Situ）Zheng Xuan was recruited twice, but he declined with an excuse.In the second year, Zheng XuanheXun Shuang、Shen Tupan、Xiang Kai、Han Rong、Chen JiAfter 14 people were recruited as doctors, he did not go because his father died.Rear GeneralYuan WeiList Zheng XuanweiWaiterHe still refused to become an official on the grounds of mourning.[6]
In the sixth year of Zhongping (AD 189), Emperor Ling died,ShaodiLiu BianSuccession, soonbrutal militarist who dictated policy in declining years of the Han dynastyEradicate the Young EmperorConsecrate the emperor, moved its capital to Chang'an.At this time, the ministers elected Zheng Xuan as King ZhaoLiu QianOfState MinisterHowever, he was still not called because of the impasse of the war.Zheng Xuan repeatedly refused to open up the country. In addition to avoiding chaos in Xuzhou, he mostly lived in seclusion in his hometown, gathered disciples to give lectures, concentrated on scriptures, and wrote books.His disciples are all over the world. Many people, such as Zhao ShangCui YanGongsunfangWang Ji、National abyss、Chi worryAnd so on.His students are often more than a thousand, and they are very popular.
In the second year of Emperor Xiandi's Chuping (AD 191),Huang JinjunWhen he captured Qingzhou, Zheng Xuan had to flee to Xuzhou to avoid chaos.Xuzhou MuTao QianZeng greatly broke the Yellow Scarf Army, and the territory was relatively stable. When he heard Zheng Xuan's arrival, he welcomed him very much and welcomed him with the courtesy of teachers and friends.Zheng Xuan settled himself in a stone house at the foot of Qiyan, a mountain in the south of the city. He rarely appeared, but still studied the Confucian classics day and night tirelessly《The Book of Filial Piety》。
Portrait of Zheng Xuan[7]
Zheng Xuan lived in Xuzhou for five or six yearskong rongAs the prime minister of Beihai, he paid special respect to Zheng Xuan. While repairing the courtyard of his former residence, he repeatedly sent people to urge Zheng Xuan to return to the county.
Jian'anIn the first year (AD 196), Zheng Xuan returned to Gaomi from Xuzhou.According to《Later Han Dynasty》According to this biography, Zheng Xuan encountered a large number of Yellow Scarf Army soldiers on his way back to Gaomi, but they respected Zheng Xuan very much: "Everyone worships Xuan when they see him, and they dare not enter the county by appointment".[8]Historical recordsHuang JinjunRespecting scholars is precisely because of this, Zheng Xuan can be rude and immovable in the wandering.According to《Late Han Dynasty·Presenting Ji: A county in Gaomi was not robbed by the yellow scarf.
After returning to Gaomi, Kong Rong treated him very kindly and told his subordinates to call him Zheng Jun instead of calling him by his name.[9]In this way, Zheng Xuan ended his exile life when he was 70 years old. He was still young and healthy. He still studied classics and learned six arts all day long, and often saw secretary weft reading.But in the same year, he suffered a great change in human relations and the pain of losing his son in old age.He has only one son namedZheng YienAt the age of 23, he was recruited by Beihai Xiangkong rongBe filial and honest.[3]
Between spring and summer this year,Yuan ShaoSon ofYuan TanHe led the Yellow Scarf to surrender his troops to attack the Beihai Sea, and surrounded Confucius and merged in Duchang (now Shandong ProvinceChangyiThe situation is extremely urgent.Zheng Yien was ordered by his father to lead his soldiers to rescue him, but he was surrounded and killed at the age of 27.After Zheng Yien died, he had a posthumous son, Zheng XuanhandprintSimilar to himself, he is named Xiao Tong.
In the second year of Jian'an (AD 197),Yuan ShaoAs a general, he also supervises Hebei, Qinghai, Youzhou and four prefectures.Zheng Xuan was invited to attend one of his banquet guests, and answered some of the so-called "Haojun" questions correctly at the banquet, which surprised all guests.Yuan Shaonai selected Zheng XuanweiMaocaiAnd invited Zheng XuanweiGeneral Zuo ZhonglangHowever, Zheng Xuan was unmoved and refused.[6]
In the third year of Jian'an (AD 198), Emperor Xian levied Zheng XuanweiBig Si Nong, rankthe nine great ministers of state, fora vehicle with passenger seats in itOne timeThe county magistrate and officials of the county passed by welcomed him.After bowing to him at home, Zheng Xuan took an ambulance to Xuchang, but immediately asked to return home on the pretext of illness.Although he did not take office, he had already accepted this order, so his ancestors called him Zheng Sinang(However, Zheng Xinong in the notes on Confucian classics mostly refers to scholars in the early Eastern Han DynastyZheng Zhong）。
wander
Jian'anIn five years (AD 200), Zheng Xuan was seventy-four years old. He had experienced many vicissitudes and often felt unwell.That spring, he dreamedConfuciusHe said to him, "Get up, get up, this year is the day, and the next year is the day."(The Book of the Later Han Dynasty)。This year is the year of Gengchen in the lunar calendar, that is, the year of the dragon, while the next year is the year of Xinsi, that is, the year of the snake. The old saying that the year of the dragon and the year of the snake is not good for sages.So when he woke up, he was very unhappy and thought he would die soon.This year,Yuan ShaoAndCao CaoThe army ofpublic ferry(Northeast of Zhongmou County, Henan Province today)Battle.Yuan Shao calledYuan TanWhen Zheng Xuan was forced to follow the army, he had no choice but to go sick.get toYuancheng(Now in Daming County, Hebei Province), his illness became worse and he could not go any more. He died in June of the same year in the county.He was still commenting when he was seriously ill and dying《Zhouyi》。
Zheng Xuan died at the time of the world war, so his funeral was simplified. However, more than 1000 officials and apprentices from the prefecture level and below also attended the funeral.Originally buried in the east of the drama(TodayShandongQingzhouDomestic)And later buried inGaomi CountyLi Fu at the foot of Liu Zong Mountain, fifty miles to the northwest.Today, there are still tombstones of the Tang Dynasty and temples of Zheng Xuan.Not far from here, it was Kong Rong who set up "Zheng Gongxiang" for him.
To commemorate their teacher's teachings, Zheng Xuan's students edited Zheng Xuanping's comments on the Five Classics as《Zheng Zhi》There are 8 articles in total.[3]
Zheng Xuanzeng Follows the Famous Classics Scholar of the Eastern Han Dynastyauthor of many commentaries on the ClassicsAfter studying the ancient classics, I went on a study tour for more than ten years to grasp the origin of the classics, analyze the academic background, and trace the origin. I spent a lot of energy sorting out the chapters, organizing the contents, and determining the layout.To this end, he searched for various theories, carefully examined the similarities and differences, summarized and judged, and did a lot of detailed work.There are Confucian classics such as Mao Shi, Zhou Yi and The Analects of Confucius.The family collected more than 10000 volumes of classics, most of which were Confucian classics.However, "The Book of the Later Han Dynasty · The Biography of Zheng Xuan" said that all the books he liked were corrupt.Zheng Xuan included the grand ceremony, integrated a hundred schools of thought, and annotated the group scriptures, breaking the boundaries between modern and ancient texts, achieving the integration and unification of Confucian classics.The scriptures annotated by Zheng Xuan represent the highest academic achievement of the Han Dynasty and are known as "Zheng Xue", which has had a profound impact on later generations' classics.[10]
Zheng Xuan annotated Confucian classics with all his life, and the ones that have been preserved intact are Zhou Li Zhu, Yi Li Zhu, and Li Ji Zhu, collectively called《Three Rites Note》, and《Mao Poetry Biography》。Some of those lost and partially preserved by later generations are《Notes to Zhouyi》Notes to Ancient Chinese History, Notes to the Filial Piety Classics, and Notes to the Analects of Confucius.In addition, he also noted that《Legend of Zuo Clan in Spring and Autumn Period》, failed, send to scholarObedience to godlinessTherefore, there was the Spring and Autumn Period Fu Shi Zhu.[11]
Zheng Xuan's extensive notes on Qun Jing are far more than that.According to Qing ConfuciansZheng ZhenAccording to textual research, there are about 60 kinds of works written by Zheng Xuan.Zheng Xuan is here《Ring Benefiting Book》Zhong said that he was committed to the study of Confucian classics in order to "explain the profound meaning of the sage and reflect on the diversity of the whole hundred schools".That is to say, his purpose is to elaborate Confucianism and make it carry forward.Zheng Xuan's achievements in sutra annotation are quite high, and he has fulfilled his wish.[11]
Annotation Three Rites
Zheng Xuan's greatest merit is that he edited and annotated the "Three Rites".The Book of Rites in the Han Dynasty was only taught by teachers without annotations, and Ma Rong only noted the Sutra and biography of Funeral Clothes. Although Ma Rong and Lu Zhi proposed the name of "Three Rites", it was from Zheng Xuan as follows:《Zhou Rites》"Yili" and "The Book of Rites" were not determined until they were annotated.The 49 part anthology of The Book of Rites was written independently from Zheng Xuan.The "Three Rites" are the source of ancient Chinese laws and regulations, and are very valuable historical documents. But many of them are difficult for us to understand directly from the original text, so Zheng's notes are indispensable.Zheng Zhu's contribution to helping us understand the contents of the "Three Rites" and to correcting the errors in the scriptures is indelible.Moreover, when Zheng Xuan explained the scriptures, he added many materials beyond the scriptures, which greatly enriched the content of the literature.At that time, these materials must have been based on literature or teacher's theory, but now most of them have been lost, and some of them have to be preserved depending on Zheng's notes, which is also a great contribution of Zheng's notes.And because Zheng Xuan's works are comprehensive, extensive and refined, and also adopts different theories, if we can analyze them in detail and clarify their origins, it will also be of great benefit to future generations to study the academic history of the Han Dynasty.Zheng Xuan's elucidation of propriety and righteousness also contributes to the study of the political and ideological history of the Han Dynasty.Another example is the study of ancient philology, phonologyExegesisLearning and so on are inseparable from Zheng Zhu.In particular, Zheng Xuan's《Three Rites Note》It is also an important document that must be relied on.On the whole, Zheng Xuan paid much attention to Qun Jing, but he exerted the most effort on the "Three Rites" and achieved the highest achievement.His "Three Rites Note" was then followed by later scholars who managed rites,Kong YingdaIt is even said that "ceremony is the learning of Zheng", which is the essence and backbone of Zheng's learning.Since ancient times, there have been a vast number of books on the study of Zheng Xuanli, which can be divided into two schools: "Zhongzheng" and "refuting Zheng", which shows the irreplaceable historical position of Zheng Xuanli.[12]
Existing《Mao Shijian》It is also a masterpiece in Zheng's notes.Note is different from annotation. Note is a family theory and an extended invention.Zheng JianWith《An Introduction to Mao's Poems》Mainly, the brief points mentioned in Mao's Poems will be supplemented, and if there are different opinions, they will be marked additionally, that is, "if there are differences, we will follow our own ideas" (Zheng Xuanyu). In fact, it is also a combination of modern and ancient classicsThree PoetsSay.The Book of Songs is a very important classic in history and literature, but because of its long history, many of its contents are difficult to understand today.If you want to really understand it, you must use the notes of predecessors, and Zheng Jian is the bestAncient annotationBen is the first milestone in the study of the Book of Songs.Zheng Jian's achievements are manifold. In short, first, his understanding of the meaning of "Shi" is more profound and consistent with the original meaning;Second, Hua Dali points out the symbolic characteristics of poetry, highlighting the literary meaning of poetry;Third, he has made considerable achievements in writing, phonology, exegesis and natural history.There are many poems handed down by Han people.Lu, Han and Mao, but the first three poems were lost one after another. Mao's Poems prevailed after the Wei and Jin dynasties, and Zheng Xuan's notes played a decisive role.After a long period of spread, Zheng Xuan's notes on the Group Classics, which are now preserved in the Notes to the Thirteen Classics, still have four, namely, Mao Shijian and Sanli Zhu.In the Thirteen Classics Annotations, these four annotations are the most profound and detailed, obviously superior to other schools.Liu Kezhuang, a native of the Song Dynasty, praised Mao Shijian in his One Hundred Miscellaneous Songs · Zheng Xinong, saying: "New notes are passed on to later scholars, and ancient poems precede Confucianism. They don't pretend to be crazy young and scold old slaves in front of the lamp." There are not many people in the Song Dynasty who respect Zheng Xuan, but the achievements of Mao Shijian can't be erased by anyone.[12]
Zheng Xuan's Note《easy》It uses the ancient Fei's script. He combines the image, the image and the scripture together, and adds the words "Xiang Yue" and "Xiang Yue" in front of them to distinguish them from the scripture.Zheng's Yi ology adopts both the theory of righteousness and principle and the theory of image and number.stayElephant mathematicsIn addition to mutual divination, news and other methodsFive ElementsGeneration theory and Jiaochen theory.In the aspect of justice, we should adopt the view of "Three Rites". According to the Rites, we can prove that there are many ways to changeofficial intercourse among feudal princes during the epoch of Warring StatesAll the notes are consistent with what is said in the Book of Rites, and this feature is similar to that of the Yili School of Yi ology later.The ancient text of Fei's Yi, written by Zheng Xuan, is popular,Jinwen JingThe Book of Changes of Shi, Meng and Liangqiu was abolishedWang Bi、Han KangboNote: Zheng Xuan's version and Kong Yingda's version are used in Yi《Five Classics Justice》That is to say, Wang and Han's notes have been adopted and have been used up to now.[12]
The Shangshu annotated by Zheng Xuan uses ancient prose, but unlike Ma Rong, it also uses modern prose.The "Ancient Book of History" annotated by Zheng became popular, and the "Book of History" of Ouyang and the three families of Xiahou and Xiaohou in the modern book disappeared.As for the Spring and Autumn Annals, Zheng Xuan's version "wanted to annotate the Spring and Autumn Annals", but later it failed because of the same views with Fu Qian. However, his works refuted the Gongyang family He Xiu's "Fa<Moshou>", "Needle<Paste Blind>" and "Qi<Abolish Disease>", indicating his attitude of promoting Zuo's to suppress the Gongyang.Zheng learning was highly valued in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.This is also the future《Master Zuo's Spring and Autumn Annals》One reason for the great prosperity.
Zheng Xuan also annotated laws and decrees of the Han Dynasty.《Jinshu · Criminal Law Annals》It is recorded that there are more than ten Confucian chapters and sentences in the old laws of the Qin and Han Dynasties. The Emperor Wei Ming once issued an edict to use the Zheng's chapters and sentences, but not the rest.Zheng Xuan also noted the "Book of Filial Piety" and "The Analects of Confucius", which have a great impact.As for his annotation of Weishu and its interpretation, he has contributed to Weishu itself, as well as to modern literature, ancient literature and exegetics.
In a word, Zheng Xuan founded "Zheng Xue" with his rich writings, broke the family law of the past, present and ancient classics, preliminarily unified the modern and ancient classics, made the classics enter the era of unification, and made great contributions to the development of classics.[12]
On the whole, Zheng Xuan annotated Confucian classics with his lifelong energy, and was an unprecedented master of Confucian classics.Since the Tang Dynasty, his "Poems" and "Three Rites" have been regarded as the standard annotations of Confucian classicsNine meridians。In the Song Dynasty, it was also included in the Thirteen Classics Annotations, which has been the official textbook for a long time and is the authoritative annotation of ancient classics.[13]
education
On teaching principles
Portrait of Zheng Xuan
Zheng Xuan followed the consistent thought in the Confucian classics and advocated respecting teachers.He pointed out that respecting teachers to teach people, while governing politics is not too bad (Book of Rites and Justice, Vol. 22).Poetry · Zhounan · Geqin: Yan tells Shi Shi and Yan tells Yan Gui.Mao Chuan: Yes, I am.Zheng Xuanjian: Those who taunt me respect teachers and teachers (Volume I of Mao's Poems on Justice).[14]
Zheng Xuan linked respecting teachers with valuing morality, which is the embodiment of his personal thought.For example:《Learning notes》Although the ceremony of university is called to the north of the Emperor, it respects teachers.Zheng Xuan's Note: How to respect the teacher and respect the way（《The Book of Rites Justice》Volume XXXVI).Qu Li: When you ask for jobs, you will start; when you ask for benefits, you will start.Zheng Xuan's note: Respect teachers and respect morality (Book of Rites and Justice, Volume II).[14]
《Qu Li》: Learn from what you hear, teach from what you don't.This was a ceremony of respecting teachers, which Zheng Xuan also summarized as respecting Taoism.(The Book of Rites and Justice, Volume I).It can be seen from this that, in Zheng Xuan's view, the essence of respecting teachers lies in emphasizing morality.This is because teachers are moral and academic representatives.Ma Rong once said that a teacher should teach people to explain all virtues with things (Volume 53 of the Tongdian). Zheng Xuan inherited this teacher's theory.It also points out that the teacher, who teaches people to be known as a Taoist (Chapter 9 of the Commentary on Zhou Rites), is much more positive than the attitude of simply comparing teacher with heaven, earth, monarch and relatives.[14]
Zheng Xuan believes that teachers play a leading and dominant role in the teaching process.He pointed out that if the teacher said something clearly, the disciple would like to say it, and if the teacher said something wrong, the scholar would fail to ask questions (Book of Rites and Justice, Volume 36). This not only reflects the great authority of the Confucian classics teachers in the Han Dynasty, but also conforms to the general law of teaching to a large extent.
Since teachers have such an important position and role, Zheng Xuan said that good teachers are good.He regards the morality, knowledge and teaching attitude of teachers as the key to the success of education.Zheng Xuan made high demands on teachers.[15]
First, teachers must act with integrity, which is particularly important in children's education.Zheng Xuan said: "I don't know anything about it, but I often show that I am upright in things, orthodox in teaching, and not deceitful (Book of Rites and Justice, Volume I). This orthodox proposition is not only an educational principle, but also contains strict requirements for teachers themselves.".
Second, teachers must be proficient in their studies.Zheng Xuan criticized those teachers who did not know the meaning of the scriptures, but recited what they thought was simple, which was difficult to ask (Book of Rites, Justice, Volume 36). Such people seemed to have poor teaching methods. The reason was that they did not really understand the scriptures, so how could they teach others well?Therefore, Xue Ji said that the learning of record is not enough to be a teacher.Zheng Xuan's note: This is not necessary for teachers to understand, or scholars can not ask (Book of Rites and Justice Volume 36).In a word, teachers who only know the propaganda and recite the scriptures without their own research achievements cannot be said to be competent.[15]
Third, teachers must actively teach.Although teachers have the commandment of not teaching and not telling again, Zheng Xuan believes that this is not to reduce teachers' educational responsibilities.First of all, in terms of educational objects, Zheng Xuan believes that people who are empty and self purified should enter with them (Volume IV of Zheng Yishu Analects of Confucius Notes).Those who are modest in their studydesire to advanceIt should be promoted rather than rejected because of side issues.Secondly, in the process of teaching, although Zheng Xuan opposed the forced feeding of ducks, he also believed that it was extremely important for scholars to open their minds and then ask questions again (Book of Rites, Justice, Volume 36), and opposed the practice of teachers' shoulder concealment (Book of Rites, Justice, Volume 36). It can be seen that Zheng Xuan did not deny teachers' active teaching.However, this kind of teaching should be carried out in a way that inspires students to think actively when students are motivated and curious.[15]
Fourth, teachers should continue to study.According to Zheng Xuan, it is to be able to see what one has not achieved through educational activities (Book of Rites, Justice, Volume 36).Although it is to teach others, we should be able to achieve self reflection through educational activities, that is, to seek our own goals;Although it is to promote the improvement of others, we should also be able to improve ourselves, that is, we should not be tired of studying.In other words, teachers should be both educators and educatees.In short, only teachers with the above aspects of character and style can be worthy of the lofty position and important responsibilities.
Zheng Xuan devoted his whole life to the research and teaching of Confucian classics.He broke down the barriers between the masters and the schools, and collected the achievements of the Han Dynasty's Confucian classics. His annotations on Confucian classics are an important part of the textbooks for future generations.He made a lot of incisive elucidations on the educational settings and views recorded in the Confucian classics, which covered more areas than the monographs of ordinary thinkers.In particular, Zheng Xuan's educational thought mostly appeared in the form of Confucian classics. Although it was attached to the Confucian classics and lost its weakness of separation, it had an impact beyond the common scholars' discussion in the ancient times when the Confucian classics were regarded as the way of sages.[16]
Educate students
The Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Biography of Zheng Xuan, said that "Xuan had traveled to study for more than ten years and returned to his hometown. His family was poor, and he farmed in Donglai, with hundreds of thousands of apprentices".[8]It is also remembered that when he was 60 years old, "thousands of disciples such as Zhao Shang in Hanoi came from afar".[8]It can be seen that Zheng Xuan's private lectures at that time were very popular.[16]
His disciples are numerous, and they have been all over the country for several timesHistorical BiographyThe famous ones are Zhao Shang in Hanoi, Cui Yan in Qinghe, and QingheWang Jing, Le'anNational abyss, Le'anRen Gu, BeihaiZhang Yi, State of LuLiu Yan, RunanCheng Bing, BeihaiSun Qian, ShanyangChi worryNanyangXu Ciwait.Some of his students have become high-ranking officials, and some have become famous scholars. According to the legend in the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, "his disciple Shan YangChi worrytoimperial censorWang Ji of Donglai and Cui Yan of Qinghe are famous in the world.In addition, Le'an Guoyuan and Ren Gu were both children and children. Xuan called Yuan a national instrument, and Gu had morality. The rest of them learned from it, as they said. "Zheng Xuan had the ability to know people. He hoped that scholars would come all the way to his door and get something.[16]
I'm afraid it's not a false statement to call Zheng Xuan "full of books and tens of thousands of students" ("History of Confucian Classics"). His total number of disciples should not be less than ten thousand.According to posteritycollection of scattered writingsAccording to Zheng Zhi and Zheng Ji, Zheng Xuan paid attention to the way of asking questions and enlightening in his teaching. His teachers and disciples persevered, learned from each other, and had a rigorous attitude towards learning.[16]
Zheng Zhu of the Analects of Confucius in Shijiutang Series wrote down such a story: The Analects of Confucius commented on the Book of Songs“Joy without lust, sorrow without sorrow”Zheng Xuan said, "To be happy with a lady is to think that a gentleman's love and hatred is not for lust. To sleep and think about it is a way to mourn a couple of generations. To avoid this person is not to hurt his love." However, Zheng Xuan gave the preface to Mao to“《Close a fault》She is happy to be a lady to match a gentleman. She loves to be a gentleman, and does not lust. She is sad, slim, and thoughtfulparagon of virtue and talentWhen writing a note, he said: "The mistake of lamenting the words should be regarded as' heart '. The heart means forgiveness, and the heart without hurting the good is a good match."Liu YanSuspicion: The Analects of Confucius explained it as "sorrow", and the Mao Preface explained it as "heart". Why is it inconsistent?Zheng Xuan appreciated Liu Yan's thoughtful thinking and replied:“《Commentary on the Analects of Confucius》The world has been walking for a long time, and the righteousness may be appropriate. Therefore, it is not determined again, and it is said that the future will be left behind. "That is to say, we should adopt a realistic attitude, and we should not draw conclusions if we are uncertain, so as not to harm future generations.He is knowledgeable, suspicious, and cautious about the rest. Zheng Xuan not only studies like this, but also teaches students to do so.[15]
The Shijiu Hall Series - Zheng Zhi records a dialogue between Zheng Xuan and his disciple Zhao Shang·Commercial ode·Long hair》Caused by the preface of.The Preface to Mao said, "Long Hair is a great sacrifice to heaven." Zheng Xuanjian said, "Great sacrifice to heaven..." This involves a very complicated ritual issue. Zhao Shang quoted ancient books and disagreed with Zheng Xuan's explanation. Zheng Xuan criticized his disciples after some explanation, saying, "It's too much to explore. It's not false!"In another conversation with Zhao Shang, he also said: "What's going on in the world, if it doesn't agree with what's going on in the past, how can you know what's going on? That's why it's not true if you know what's going on, and it's not true if you don't believe it." From the casual conversation between these masters and disciples, we can see that Zheng Xuan pays much attention to questioning, enlightening and teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, which is the inheritance and further development of the tradition of Confucius.His outstanding achievements in education also promoted the spread of his theory, and eventually achieved great success in the world.[13]
thought
Zheng Xuan's existential theology thought that there is a personified deity, which is the creator and supreme master of all things in the universe.As said in the Commentary on the Five Elements of the Book of History: BornFive materialsAnd be used by the people.Its political way is God's anger, and God's anger is material loss, not for civilian use.All other variations belong to Zhen, which is also God Anger. For those who are God Anger, the five stars of the sun and the moon are suitable for heaven.If something is lost, it will go against people's heart. People's hearts and minds will complain. Wood, gold, water, fire and earth will hurt them. If they hurt them, they will win and take advantage of them. Then God's anger and people's resentment will become chaos.Therefore, the five elements have changed in advance to warn people[13]
suchHeaven man interactionThe admonition of the emperor is nothing more than to publicize the divine right of the monarch and deify the monarch.He further believed that if the monarch's behavior conformed to the will of the gods, all kinds of Jiarui and Furui would be sent down from heaven to show prosperity;On the contrary, if the monarch is negligent, heaven will send down all kinds of disasters as a warning.From this, it can be further inferred that human life and death, rank and file, wealth and fortune are all determined by fate, so we should obey the fate and feudal rule.On the other hand, he also deified yin and yang and the five elements, explaining the changes of things with the rise and fall of yin and yang qi. The gentleman belongs to yang, and the villain belongs to yin. The reason for the chaos of society is that the excess of yin qi is the result of the villain in power.All these are systematic, not accidental mention.Of course, these thoughts did not go beyond the scope of the idealistic thought of "harmony between man and nature" in the Han Dynasty, and there were few personal inventions by Zheng Xuan.However, he paid attention to the group scriptures, integrated these thoughts into the interpretation of scriptures, and carried out some systematic work among them, which further carried forward the idealistic theology philosophy.In general, Zheng Xuan's philosophy is not progressive, but it also has positive significance, because on the other hand, it also emphasizes people's subjective initiative and confidence in their own destiny. As long as they act according to the will of God - in fact, it is an objective law - they may lead to good results.[13]
Zheng Xuan's political thought.In connection with his theological philosophy, Zheng Xuan is conservative and orthodox in politics. He believes that the feudal system is reasonable, eternal and consistent with the will of heaven, so he actively maintains the centralized system of feudal rule and opposes local separatist forces.From this point of view, he vigorously advocated the idea of loyalty to the monarch, emphasizing that the local government should obey the central government, and the local government should serve the monarch by "following the way".He believed that people and officials who died for the monarch were loyal and had both righteousness and courage;And integrity, hardness and softness are three virtues that must be possessed by a minister.It should be said that Zheng Xuan was loyal to the Han Dynastycarving up of a country by warlordsSadly, he always deified the monarch when commenting on Qun Jing, requiring local princes to obey the monarch and contribute the wealth of the feudal state to the Son of Heaven.In his notes on Zhouyi and Zhouli, he often expressed his political ideal of being loyal to a worthy monarch. In his notes on Mao's Poems, he expressed his sentimental feelings about current events, which also showed that he yearned for the past and opposed the chaotic reality.On the other hand, he also actively publicized filial piety and used it to serve the loyalty of the monarch.People are required to serve the monarch as their parents, and respect feudal rulers at all levels as their elder brothers.In general, Zheng Xuan is an orthodox scholar who believes in Confucianism. His ideal political outlook should be the monarch, his ministers, his father, and his son. He strictly abides by the hierarchical order to ensure political stability, good weather, and peace of the country.All of these, of course, did not have many personal things of Zheng Xuan, but the traditional Confucian thought of his edification.However, Zheng Xuan has interpreted the Qun Classics and described these political thoughts as the original meaning of classics and eternal principles, which is of great significance for the spread of traditional Confucian thoughts.[13]
emendation
Zheng Xuan annotated scriptures, not only recording variant texts and correcting doubtful errors, but also devoted himself to studying the origin of mirrors and analyzing the voluminous articles.Therefore, the Qing people who were good at collationDuan Yucai, once praised Zheng Xuancheng's great cause of collation and learning for thousands of years in the Preface to Miscellaneous Notes on Confucian Classics.TodayZhang ShunhuiMr. Zheng, the author of "Zheng's Collation Study", believes that Zheng Xuan's achievements in collation study are shown in the following 12 aspects: first, distinguishing the six arts of chapter, that is, distinguishing the body and use of the six classics clearly;The second is to annotate the old classics and check the books;Third, organizationetiquette, make the part rank well;The fourth is to narrate the sub items, which has outstanding originality in bibliography;The fifth is to compare the similarities and differences between different versions, and carefully match;Sixth, choose the best and follow the best, not rigidly following the family rules and modern and ancient prose;The seventh is to make a comprehensive study of the masses, and to learn from the shortcomings rather than the first movers;Eighth, seek common ground while reserving differences, and express their own opinions;The ninth is to examine and verify the authenticity;The tenth is to correct errors;Eleven is to make up for the false;Twelve is to judge the sound and determine the character.[13]
All these have largely involved all aspects of collation. Those who are interested in sorting out ancient books in the future use Zheng Xuan as a model.The Chinese culture has a long history and the ancient books are vast. The collation of ancient books is necessary for the study of traditional culture and history, and the collation is a professional knowledge in the collation of ancient books.Zheng Xuan's achievements in collation have greatly enriched the content of Chinese collation.[13]
Exegetics
ChinaExegeticsThe origin of exegetics is very early, and the mature development of exegetics was in the Han Dynasty.Zheng Xuan is the most outstanding achievement of the Han people in exegetics.The so-called exegetics is to explain language with language. Zheng Xuanbian annotates Qun Jing, and its content almost covers all the issues involved in later exegetics, including word interpretation, sentence interpretation, etymology, pronunciation, rhetoric, system, name interpretation, dialect interpretation, text collation, grammar analysis, etc.However, Zheng Xuan's exegetical methods, such as direct exegesis, semantic boundary, and inference, as well as the traditional semantic exegesis, physical exegesis, and acoustic exegesis, are also quite complete.The exegetical terms used by Zheng Xuan in his annotation of scriptures are also quite rich, such as: "You", "You", "You", "You", "You", "Yu", "You", "Yan", "Appearance", "Words", "You", "You", "If", "You", "You", "You", "You", "You", "You", "You", "You", "You", "You", "You", "You", "You", "You", "You", "You" You "You" You "," You "You,Linguistic aid, the voice of..., as,should be, modern text, old book, ancient and modern characters, ancient text, mutual speech, pronunciation, reading, reading if,Read asThe words, "read as", "read as", "read as", "or" write ", are all used by later generations, and their style is very strict.In general, Zheng Zhuqun's Sutra has played a guiding role in later generations' exegesis, and has made great contributions to several examples, which is actually the origin of Chinese exegesis.[13]
Phonology
Zheng Xuan vs GuPhonologyHas made certain contributions to the development of.Zheng Xuan was the founder of the exploration of ancient sounds: for the first time, he clearly pointed out "sound category" and "sound category", and paid attention to its role in annotation.[13]It also analyzes the differences between "sound category" and "sound category": most words with the same pronunciation part are called "sound category", and those with the same reception part are called "sound category". All words with the same or similar "sound category" and "sound category" must have the same or similar meanings.This plays an important role in phonology.[13]
lexicology
Zheng Xuan made outstanding contributions to the development of lexicology.[13]In lexicology, Zheng Xuan summarized and developed the previous research results, and comprehensively explained many meanings and usages of words in the process of annotation, thus consolidating the achievements of the development of word meaning since the Pre Qin Dynasty.During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the culture was unprecedentedly prosperous, and the words used in the classic historical books were extremely rich, but the number of words as the record of words did not increase much. The richness of words was mainly manifested through polysemy of a word, that is, words produced a large number of extended meanings and borrowed meanings in this period.Xu ShenOf《Analytical Dictionary of Characters》It mainly lies in the identification of the original meaning of the characters, which has made great contributions, but rarely involves extension and borrowing.Zheng Xuan emphasized the extended meaning and borrowed meaning of words, and revealed some objective laws.[13]
Yuan Shao: I originally called Zheng Jundong a famous Confucian, but now I am the elder in the world.How futile is it to use cloth clothes to dominate the world?[9]
kong rong: Zheng Kangcheng conjectured that when people saw his name and learning, they didn't know anything about it.There is a big argument about the case. It should be written in four books of the Five Classics. If it is not written in this way, it would be almost false.Ruozi thinks that the suburban drum must be the skin of a unicorn. Should writing the Book of Filial Piety be the policy of Zengzi's family?(A Letter with Zhu Qings, excerpted from Yu Lan, Volume 68)[33]
Yu Fan: Ruo is Zheng Xuan from Beihai, NanyangSong ZhongAlthough each of them made notes, it was difficult to show their loyalty to others.[17]
Hua Xin: I can see that Zheng Xuan, a famous scholar of the Han Dynasty, was born in the North Sea.[18]
Southern and Northern Dynasties
another name of Tao Yuanming: Great and elegant Hongze.There is no constant teacher. He stresses Taoism and applies the holy model.To annotate the Five Classics is also exhaustive.（《Ancillary Record of Sages》）[21]
Fan Ye: ① Zheng Xuankuo's grand ceremony, which attracted many families, deleted numerous slanders, and corrected the missing publications, is a scholar's guess.Father Yu Zhangjun（Fanning）Every time I studied the Confucian classics, I was good at metaphysics. I often thought that I could not pass through the door of Zhongni.And teach the students, and use the method of the Zheng family.[8]② Xuan defines being good, but praises and corrects the lack of etiquette.Kong Shu Sui Ming, Han Zhang dropped out. ③Xun Shuang, Zheng XuanShen TupanThey are all scholars with Confucian behavior, and they are not proficient in tiring and thanking diseases.andbrutal militarist who dictated policy in declining years of the Han dynastyAt that time, when the ceremony was called, Pan and Xuan were unyielding.（《Later Han Dynasty》）[8]
Li Mi: Zheng Kangcheng, a Confucianist at the end of the Han Dynasty, was the leader of the later scholars and the fifth room of Buddhism. It was called "earth in the middle, wood, fire, gold and water in the four dimensions".However, since the four-dimensional room is obedient and upright, he orders Shuoge to lose his heart.The left and the right, abandoned and ignored, is the opposite of the text with beauty, decorated with clever words, saying that water, wood, fire, fire, fire, earth, and gold are handed over to the northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest.Since we follow the five elements, we should follow them. What is the classic?It can be said that the heresy is attacked, the words are not broad-minded, the later learning is doubted, and the scholars are not expected!(On Mingtang System, excerpted from Wei Shou《Wei Shu》）[32]
Chen Yuanliang: The sixth season of the Han Dynasty, the art and literature are abnormal.The real generation of pure Confucianism is the grand ceremony of Keming.The mode of learning is abundant, and the way of learning is obvious.Shujue Chang night, Yunzhang good.
the Ming dynasty
Return to light: The world's so-called theory of harmony, the skill of carving insects, and the family of passing on scriptures are like Sima Qian, Liu Xiang, Zheng Xuan, and Wang Bi.
the Qing dynasty
Gu Yanwu: BigZheng Kangcheng, we can't find out.Six arts should be learned, and a hundred schools should also learn from them.So far, the Three Rites have existed, and their learning is not a minor supplement.[12]
Wang Fuzhi: He Xiu, Zheng Xuanzhi, Jingfang, Xiangkai, Langyi, and Zhang Heng used the theory of governance to confuse six books with ghosts and demons.And when the Emperor is moved up and the Master is drummed down, he calls this sage's heaven to govern people.[19]
Zhao YiFor example, Zheng Kangcheng, a generation of great Confucians, and Zheng Xing and Jia Kui, who were also deep in Confucian classics, refused to enter《Confucian Biography》。[20]
Pi Xirui: When Zheng Junsheng was born in the late Han Dynasty, he did not have any metaphysical habits or fake books, and his notes and notes were widely circulated;If you want to govern "Sinology", let Zheng Mo you go.Northern learning, "Yi", "Shu", "Shi", "Li" all belong to the Zheng family(Zheng Xuan)"Zuo Zhuan" is cautious（Obedience to godliness）。Zheng and Fu are the same school;Zongfu refers to Zongzheng, and learning is based on one thing.（《History of Confucian Classics·The Age of Separation of Confucian Classics)[31]
Fei Zhengqing: We can see a trend of starting to break away from Imperial Imperial College, which is reflected in the independent private schools of Confucian classics research that later appeared in the Eastern Han Dynasty. These schoolsauthor of many commentaries on the Classics(79-166)And Zheng Xuan(127-200 years)The most famous... Zheng Xuan, the most outstanding scholar in the Eastern Han Dynasty, played a very important role in the subsequent study of Confucian classics. In fact, he freely used his annotationsChenweiWorks to try to reconcile the different schools of annotation.（《Cambridge History of the Qin and Han Dynasties in China》）[22]
Anecdotes and allusions
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Zheng Juncao
It is said that Zheng Xuan lovesPlantain herbTherefore, plantain grass is also named after Zheng Xuan and is called Zheng Juncao.[3]
Mastery
Zheng Xuan Yesfortune-tellingThe research of Zhixue is also very impressive, and it became famous very early.According to the Biography of Zheng Xuan Bie Zhuan, when Zheng Xuan was seventeen years old, he was studying at home one day when he saw a strong wind blowing. He predicted that there would be a fire one day, one day, and one place according to some of his skills.So he immediately went to the county government to report, so that the government could make preparations early.At a certain time on a certain day, a fire broke out in a certain place, but due to early preparation, it did not cause serious damage.This matter spread like wildfire, and Zheng Xuan was regarded as an "alien" by the local people.[23]
change danger into safety
Zheng Xuanzengbaiauthor of many commentaries on the ClassicsAs a teacher, I studied mathematics. I haven't seen Ma Rong for three years.Ma Rong just let one of his better students teach Zheng Xuan.Once, calculated by Ma RongMuddy skyThe calculation doesn't match. Ask his disciples, none of them can figure it out.One disciple said that Zheng Xuan could count.Ma Rongli was about to ask Zheng Xuanzhao to do the calculation. In a twinkling of an eye, everyone was surprised and admired.Ma Rong sighed: "Zheng Xuan is proficient in poetry, calligraphy, etiquette and music!".When Zheng Xuan said goodbye to his teacher and returned to his hometown after finishing his studies, Zheng Xuan suspected that someone was chasing him.So he sat under a bridge and put on his feetClogPut it on the water.Ma Rong did use the divination tool "Shi" to calculate the direction of his departure and lead people to hunt down Zheng Xuan.After seeing Zheng Xuan, he said to the people who followed him in pursuit of Zheng Xuan: "Zheng Xuan is on the ground and depends on the wood (press: wooden clogs replace wood. The ancients thought that to be on the ground and water is a coffin), and this time he must die." So he didn't kill Zheng Xuan and turned to leave.Zheng Xuanfang was saved from death.[24]
be scanty of words
Zheng Xuanchang can use it when he is eight or nine years oldchipPerform multiplication and division.When I was eleven or twelve years old, I came home with my mother.More than a dozen people at the table were all well dressed and eloquent, but Zheng Xuan was indifferent and said nothing.Mother secretly urged Zheng Xuan several times to talk to his fellow guests.Zheng Xuan said, "It's not my ambition to talk and practice speaking."[25]
Servant learned
The maidservants in Zheng Xuan's family are quite familiar《Mao Poetry》。A maidservant was once punished by Zheng Xuan for disobeying Zheng Xuan and knelt in front of the steps.Another maid joked and said to her, "Hu Wei is in the mud (quoted from the Book of Songs·Wind·Decline》, meaning why kneel on the ground)? "The servant girl replied, "When you talk to others, you will meet their anger (quoted from the Book of Songs·Cypress boat》, meaning to report something to him, just in time for him to get angry) '".[26]
Dreams can be learned
Zheng Xuan learned nothing from his teacher Ma Rong for three years.Later, Ma Rong asked him to go back.One day, Zheng Xuan took a nap with clothes under the shade of a tree. He dreamed that a man cut his heart with a knife and said to him, "You can make yourself a learned man!" Zheng Xuan returned immediately after waking up, and soon understood all the classics.[27-28]
He Xiu
Master of Modern Scripture in Zheng Xuan's EraHe XiuIt took 17 years to write a book called "Gongyang Spring and Autumn Interpretation", which has many inventions on the content of "Gongyang".It can be seen from his three essays, "Ram Moshou", "Zuo's Obscure", and "Guliang's Disease Abandoned", that he believes that only "Ram" in the three biographies of "Spring and Autumn" has profound meaning, likeMoziThe city defense is also impeccable.However, the second biographies of Zuo Shi and Gu Liang have serious shortcomings and are not worth studying at all.[5]
Zheng Xuannai, aiming at his point of view, refuted it by writing Famo Shou, Needle Obscure, and Disease Emergence and Abolishment.He believes that each of the three biographies has its advantages and disadvantages, and Ram is not perfect.After reading Zheng Xuan's article, He Xiu also said with a sigh: "Kang Cheng came into my room and attacked me with my spear!" It means that Zheng Xuan can find contradictions from his articles and refute his argument with his contradictory statements.Zheng Xuan's refutation of He Xiu was very powerful, which surprised the scholars and scholars.It is said that at that time, the capital master called He Xiu "Xuehai" and Zheng Xuan "Jingshen". Zheng's reputation far exceeded He's.At that time, there were many scholars who had traveled thousands of miles to join Zheng Xuanmen, and his disciples were well versed in the world.[5]
Mao's poems refer to the ancient prose "Poems" compiled and annotated by Mao Heng of the State of Lu and Mao Chang of the State of Zhao at the end of the Warring States Period, that is, the Book of Songs, which is now popular in the world.As the first poetry anthology in the history of Chinese literature, the Book of Songs has 305 poems in total. Each of Mao's poems has a preface to introduce the content and purpose of this poem.In addition to the small preface, there is also a general preface under the first chapter of the book, Guanju, which is called the Great Preface to Poetry. It is the first monograph of ancient Chinese poetics.Zheng
"Etiquette" is one of the thirteen Confucian classics, which is a collection of ritual systems in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period of China.A total of 17 articles.The content records various ceremonies of the Zhou Dynasty, such as crown ceremony, marriage ceremony, funeral ceremony, memorial ceremony, village ceremony, shooting ceremony, court ceremony and engagement ceremony, mainly recording the etiquette of literati and officials.Before the Qin Dynasty, the content was unknown. In the early Han Dynasty, people in the high hall passed on rites.There are also 56 ancient Chinese rites, which have been lost.
The author of Zhou Li Zhu Shu is Zheng Xuan, and Jia Gongyan wrote a book about the official system of the Zhou Dynasty.This book was collected by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House in November 2010 and published in the Thirteen Classics Annotations series.
The tomb of Zheng Xuan is located in Gaomi, Shandong ProvinceShuangyang TownHoudian Village, Zhenggong.The tomb is 6 meters high.There is Zheng Gongci 15 meters in front of the tomb, which was built at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty and rebuilt many times in the Tang, Qing and Republic of China.The temple is a brick and stone structure, with three bays, three walls, and an east gate. It is called "Tongde Gate".There is an ancient cypress in front of the temple, which is said to be planted by Zheng Xuan.There were many original stone tablets beside the temple, but now there are two.In 1986, Zheng Xuan Tomb was announced as a key cultural relics protection unit in Gaomi County, and in 1992, it was announced as a key cultural relics protection unit in Shandong Province.Zheng Xuan Tomb and Zheng Gongci are provincial key cultural relics and historic sites protection areas.[34]
Peimiao
ZhenguanTwenty one years (647 years),Tang TaizongZheng Xuan was ranked among the twenty-two "teachers" and enjoyed the Confucius Temple.[29]
YuanfengIn the first year (1078), Zheng Xuan was posthumously named Gao Mibo and still worshipped Confucius Temple.
Historical data index
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《Later Han Dynasty·Volume 35: Biographies of Zhang, Cao and Zheng, 25th[8]
Artistic image
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In 2016, the micro film "Zheng Xuan's Story: Zheng Xuan's Divorce":Zang JinshengAs Zheng Xuan.[30]
