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Evil Horse Country

[yé mǎ tái guó]

Ancient place names

synonym Evil Horse Terrace (Evil Horse Terrace) generally refers to the State of Evil Horse Terrace

The state of y é m ǎ t á i《 Romance of the Three Kingdoms 》Chinese "Wei Shu · Dongyi Biography" Japanese Article (general name Wei Shu The name of the Queen of Japan recorded in the Japanese Biography.

Chinese name: Evil Horse Country
Foreign name: Yamatai
Classification: country
Association: Japan
King: Beimihu

Date of production: Mid Yomiuri era
Pronunciation: yé mǎ tái
geographical position: Northeast of Kyushu, Japan
Descendant country: Yamato
Main ethnic groups: Japanese Japanese

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seven Queen's Mausoleum

Historical records

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As early as《 Later Han Dynasty 》About Emperor Guangwu of Han Dynasty reigned as Guangwu Di To Japanese envoys Gold seal Records.

Viewpoints of Neo Jing Baishi, a Confucian scholar in the Edo era

stay Jin dynasty Chen Shou Authored《 Romance of the Three Kingdoms ·Wei Shu · Biography of the Japanese used about 2000 words to introduce the situation of the Japanese state in the Three Kingdoms Period. This article mentioned that Japan Of Kyushu There is a big The Kingdom of Queens It is called "Evil Horse Country" (やたいこくくくくくく/yamataikoku), with more than 30 small countries under its command. The queen who rules the country is“ Beimihu ”。 It is recorded in the book that although the country of Yematai also used men as its king in all previous dynasties, after 60 or 70 years of war, they set up hi miko as the queen. Beimihu is good at using Ghosts and gods The people were confused. Although they were very old, they did not get married. Only their younger brother helped the government. Since Beimihu became king, no outsider could see her face. Only a thousand ladies and a man who delivered food went to the palace.

Emperor Wu of Wei Northern Expedition Wuhuan Hourly sum Gongsun Kang According to the treaty, the Cao shogunate inherited the Northeast Asia Conditions of order, recognition of its Jiuyi In exchange for the rule of Gongsun's regime He no longer participated in the disputes in the Central Plains. In name, he was a local official loyal to the Eastern Han Dynasty (Cao Wei), but in fact he was independent Liaodong 。 Gongsun Kang starts without worries Careful square. In the ninth year of Jian'an (204), Gongsun Kang took the southern half of the eighteen cities of Lelang County, Tunyou County The wasteland to the south of Huangzhou (probably the current Huanghai North Road) is divided into Daifang County , Pi Gongsun Model 、 Zhang Chang Expropriation of the local original Han, Wei and other forces Han Sui It has the advantages of "leading the party", "supporting others Wei Mo He also sent Gongsun Model to lead the army to revitalize the country of Yematai in Fusang, which is known as "turning Yanqi to the right, shaking Fusang to the left, ruling the desert and becoming king in the south". stay Liaoyang Municipal Gongsun Family Tomb Shimane Prefecture 、 Birtori County 、 Shichuan County It also found a unique container to prove communication. According to the historical data of Fusang, today's Chi Ran, Chang Shishi Both descendants of Gongsun.^[1]

King's Palace of Evil Horse Terrace

In June of the second year of Jingchu's reign, the Queen of Evil Horse Terrace probably just responded to the King Yan Gongsunyuan He took Fangjun to Liaodong to discuss important matters, but Difficult to lift meter By the time we arrived at the belt, there was already a "changing flag of the city". Only the accompanying staff and 20 Mibu pay tribute. According to records, in 238 AD, Bei Mihu sent envoy Nan Shengmi to meet the Emperor of Wei Cao Rui 。 The Emperor of Wei granted Beimihu a purple ribbon engraved with "pro Wei Japanese king" Gold seal One, including hundreds of bronze mirrors. The State of Xiematai and another male king Slave country She had always been at odds, so she specially sent envoys to the State of Wei again for help. The Emperor of Wei sent envoys to support the State of Xiematai, but the Gounu State gave the Emperor of Wei Denunciation But I don't seem to care. In the long war, Pei Mihu died. The state of Yematai has set up a man as the king, but it has caused chaos in the country, so it has to support women of Beimihu again“ Taiwan and ”As a queen, it calmed down the civil unrest.

In 326 AD, Taiyu sent envoys to China again. By this time, the era of the Three Kingdoms had ended, Jin dynasty Occupied leading role 。 Later, the country of Xiematai lost its trace from the history books of China.

With regard to the location of Xiematai State, the Kyushu Island theory unanimously recognized by the international academic community is more powerful. According to《 Later Han Dynasty 》And《 Romance of the Three Kingdoms 》It records that the State of Wo or the State of Evil Horse Japanese archipelago Northeast of Kyushu Island.

The relationship between the State of Evil Horse Terrace and the Great Japanese/Great Harmony is uncertain.

Official classification

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Map of Japan during the period of the Evil Horse Kingdom

The officials of Yematai State are divided into seven levels from the central to the local. Central level officials are composed of big Japanese, big rate and doctors. Big Japanese managed the market. Big Japanese were the inspectors who patrolled the place, and the doctors were the provincial governors.

Evil Horse Country Government revenue It consists of the grain handed in by the lower households Paddy field agriculture And handicraft industry form.

Externally, Pei Mi called for the envoy Cao Wei, who was granted the title of pro Wei Japanese king, to concentrate on internal confrontation Slave country 。 The small countries that did not accept the rule of the Evil Horse Terrace were close to the State of Wu.

Women in power

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Bronze mirror given by Emperor Wei Ming

In the early days, the State of Evil Horse Terrace took a man as its king. Because of the civil strife at the end of the second century, it co established a woman as its king, named Pimihu. It took the place of Evil Horse Terrace as its capital, and had younger brothers to help govern the country. At this time, the Evil Horse Country was actually the leader of more than 30 Japanese countries The Kingdom of Queens Relative to other countries Dominion 。

Peimihu once set up a large number of officials in the state of Yidu to inspect other countries, and collected rent from other countries under the supervision of the Japanese.

After the death of Pimihu (about 248 years), a male king was set up again, but the daughter of Pimihu was set up again because of the disobedience of the country Taiwan and As a king, civil strife will be settled.

At this time, rice planting and iron tools were introduced from China, and residents planted rice ramie , sericulture, mulberry planting, hemp thread seizing, silk brocade and elevator silk making. Weapon bow Iron arrowhead 。 In terms of exchange, it is already a "state owned city". In society, there are differences between adults, families, slaves and people. All adults have four or five wives. They are the upper class rulers, while the lower family has two or three wives. The difference between the two is obvious. But Xiahu is not a slave. Slaves and maidservants and students are slaves.

Relations with China

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The envoy of the State of Evil Horse made a pilgrimage to Emperor Wei Ming

After the fall of the Gongsun family in the Three Kingdoms period, the State of Xiematai made good relations with the Wei Dynasty in the Three Kingdoms period Daifang County Frequent exchanges.

According to the literature, since the second year of Emperor Jingchu of Wei Ming (238 years), the envoys sent by the State of Xiematai to Fangjun in Wei's garrison belt have been sent four times, and at the same time, they presented Shengkou, Japanese brocade, beads, bows and arrows, etc. The State of Wei also sent envoys to the State of Evil Horse Terrace twice, and granted him the title of pro Wei king Gold seal , purple ribbon, and its minister Lead Zhong Lang, General Shan And awarded brocade silk, bronze mirror, pearl, etc.

Under the interaction of Chinese and Japanese cultures, the society, economy and culture of the period of Yeoman Taiguo had a great development, and the rudiments of characters appeared. China introduced the textile, printing and dyeing technologies of Yeoman Taiguo Chinese clothing There is a trend of diversification.

academic research

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Bronze statue of Pimihu

The study of Xiematai began in the middle of the Edo era, Arai Hakuseki and motoori norinaga This paper makes a careful study of the records of Japanese in Wei Zhi, and puts forward that the State of Evil Horse Terrace was in the capital city of Taihe Kyushu For Beimihu Yes No Empress Jingu , also made in-depth research.

Meiji Restoration in the future, History of Japan The academic circles affirmed the historical data value recorded by Japanese, formed two schools of thought advocating the state of Yeematai in Kyushu and in Jinei Dahe, and denied the traditional view that Pimihu was the Queen of Divine Skill.

the First World War Before and after, archaeologist And Marxism historian He participated in the discussion and made a theoretical study and elaboration on the social nature of the Evil Horse Country, which expanded the research field.

the Second World War Later, the study of the country of Xiematai developed by leaps and bounds. But in geographical position On the issue, there is still no way to solve the contradiction between the mileage of the Kyushu Theory and the direction of the Dahe Theory, so there are different opinions on the social nature and the state theory.

Therefore, there are Primitive society Late stage, heroic era, from primitive society to class society Transition phase and slave society And other views. There are also national theories Tribal alliance , the embryonic form of the country or the primitive country, and the East Autocratic monarchy And so on.

archaeological discovery

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Queen Bhimihu

Japan Nara Prefecture Sakurai Education Committee On March 20, 2009, it was announced that the recent archaeological excavation of Tangxiang Relics in the city had discovered the buildings in the first half of the third century AD. This discovery may become a search for National origin The new thread of "Evil Horse Country".

The site of Tangxiang is considered to be the most likely location of the "Evil Horse Terrace" in the Gyeonggi region, and has been excavated many times before. The investigation started in February 2009 expanded the excavation of the fence and architectural relics excavated in 1978 and the surrounding area of about 400 square meters, and found new buildings and fence relics. The age of these buildings and fences is the first half of the third century AD, which coincides with the age of Bei Mihu in Wei Zhi · Biography of Japanese People.

public opinions are divergent

The excavated buildings are arranged in a row, separated by fences. Sakurai According to the Education Commission, this structure is the first time in the archaeological discovery of the same period, and it is likely to be "a corner of the central facilities of royal power".

Some scholars who support the Kinuchi theory believe that this discovery Building scale Smaller, it should be the auxiliary facilities of "central facilities", and the future exploration is expected. Some scholars noticed the planning of the building complex and thought that this might be the result of the rectification of "national prestige" by Bei Mihu to meet the envoys of the State of Wei.

However, some scholars who support the Kyushu theory believe that it is too early to consider this place as "the country of evil horses" with only a few buildings and fence relics. This discovery does not shake the Kyushu theory.

Queen's Mausoleum

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Japanese archaeologists found that, Nara Prefecture Sakurai Chopstick Tomb The cultural relics unearthed from the ancient tombs coincide with the death time of the Queen of the "Evil Horse Country" in ancient Japan. This discovery may help to determine whether Japan National origin The position of the "Evil Horse Country" has an important impact.

Address of the State of Evil Horse Terrace recorded in Wei Shu, Biography of Japanese People

According to Japanese media reports on May 29, 2009, National Museum of Japanese History A research team of Soil implement Attached to carbide The test is carried out. According to the unearthed state, archaeologists judge that these earthen tools were discarded shortly after the completion of the ancient tomb, and their age should be similar to the construction age of the ancient tomb. Based on the test results, the research team estimated that the construction time of the ancient tomb of chopsticks was between 240 and 260 AD. This is consistent with the death time of Pimihu recorded in ancient Chinese history books, about 248 A.D. Therefore, the research team believes that the ancient tomb of chopsticks is probably the tomb of Pimihu.

The ancient tomb of chopsticks is located in the ruins of the largest village in Japan in the third century AD, with a total length of about 280 meters, which is far larger than the longest ancient tomb found 110 meters earlier. It is considered to be the result of the emergence of a powerful regime, but its owner has always been a mystery. Because the ancient tombs of chopsticks are Japan Palace Hall The designated royal tombs are not allowed to be excavated, so the earth tools unearthed around the ancient tombs become a clue to determine the age of the ancient tombs. Previously, the textual research was basically based on the style of earthen tools, including the tombs of Beimihu himself, his successors, and those who had no direct relationship with Beimihu.

Mausoleum of Beimihu King

"Evil Horse Country" is regarded as Japan Origin of the State , which is recorded in Chinese history books《 Romance of the Three Kingdoms 》Wei Zhi, Biography of Japanese People. It is said in the book that the "State of Evil Horse Terrace" produced a queen named Pi Mihu after the chaos, and it records that the "State of Evil Horse Terrace" under the rule of Pi Mihu and Wei Exchange of envoys. However, there is no accurate record of the location of the "State of Evil Horse Terrace" in the book, and there have always been two opinions in the history circle, namely, the area of Gyeonggi and the area of Kyushu. The Japanese media all believe that the above archaeological achievements are likely to have an impact on the position dispute of the "Evil Horse Country".

Some scholars pointed out that the carbon-14 dating method is easy to mix impurities during sampling, thus affecting the detection results. From the perspective of world archaeological practice, the detection results are often more than archaeology The date of identification is earlier, so we can't easily draw conclusions based on this point alone. However, the research team claimed that in addition to the ancient tombs of chopsticks, they also tested the earth tools unearthed from the surrounding ancient tombs, and the results were the same age.

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