Sites, from the perspective of history, aestheticsethnologyOr anthropologyOutstanding universal valueAnd archaeological sites.Site refers tohuman activityRemains ofarchaeologyConcept, field.The site is characterized by incomplete remains with a certain regional scope. Many prehistoric sites and ancient sites are buried deep below the surface.Such as Wuyang, HenanJiahu Site(8000 years ago), Mianchi, HenanYangshao(7000 years ago)BaojiBeishouling Site(7100_+140 years ago), Xi'anBanpo Site(6000 years ago), known as the earliest ChinaLuoyangYanshiErlitou Site, beacon tower, etc.
Site refers to the remains of human activities, belonging to the archaeological concept, which includes not only the building groups built by human for different purposes, but also humannatural environmentSome places left by utilization and processing.The site is characterized by incomplete remains with a certain regional scope. Many prehistoric sites and ancient sites are buried deep below the surface.
The discovery of buried sites is mostly related to human activities, such as:agricultural production、Construction siteConstruction, etc;Many ancient sites belong to exploration discoveries.Ancient citiesAncient architectureMost of the sites are broken walls, and various articles of daily use are broken and incomplete, but we can find human beings through archaeological and anthropological researchLife trajectory。Many sites belong to the remains after wars and disasters.The site is a cultural relic.Therefore, much attention has been paid to the protection of cultural relics and archaeological research.
The remains of human life in prehistory are called "prehistoric sites";
human civilizationLater, the remains with a long history are called "ancient sites";
Most of the relics of a short history are of special cultural significanceMemorial。
It is also called "Yi".It refers to the place where the buildings that have been destroyed for a long time are located.
Ruins
Wang Jia of the Jin Dynasty, "Records of the Relics of the Former Han Dynasty": "There are no ruins on this platform, and the ditch is flat."
Tang DynastyLiu YuxiPreface to Ode to Shanyang City:“Shanyang Ancient CityThere are several pheasants in the ruins, and the fortune of four hundred people will end up here. "
Discovered in 1952, excavated from 1954 to 1957, covering an area of about 50000 square meters, 45 houses, more than 200 pits, and 6Pottery kilnSite, 250 tombs, unearthedtool of productionAnd about 10000 articles for daily use, as well as milletRapeseedremains.Among them, the houses have round, square, semi cave and groundTimberingConstruction.Banpo Site is a Neolithic village site that was first exposed on a large scale in China. It was built as a museum in 1957.
The giant silicified wood in Changshanling is buried in the sandstone at the bottom of the Lower Shaximiao Formation in the Middle Jurassic, 160 million years ago. Its origin is adjacent to the Dashanpu dinosaur fossil group, belonging to the same geological structural unit. It has important scientific value for the study of the paleogeography, paleoclimate and crustal changes in Zigong area in the Middle Jurassic period.[3]
Human beings originated at the end of the Tertiary in the geological agePaleolithic AgeIt is equivalent to the Pleistocene period.There are more than 200 known places of origin and paleolithic sites of human fossils in China, except XinjiangHainanOutside the two provinces (autonomous regions), they have been found everywhere, especially the late Paleolithic remains are widely distributed.There are three main types of stratigraphic accumulation in these locations:
② Soil accumulation.In the north, human fossils and stone tools were found in the red soil layer under the loess layer,Site where Lantian ManGongzhuling and Chenjiawo Village are the same.In the southLaterite layerStone tools or fossils are found in.
neolithic sites Including residence and burial place.Vast plain areaAncient ruins, often located at the turning of a river or the intersection of two rivers.northwestThe Loess PlateauBecause ofRiver bed scouringThe relationship of subsidence is mostly on the secondary platform higher from the current riverbed and villages.Yangtze and Huai riversetc.river networkThe ancient ruins in the zone are often found in the high terrainMound(stack).The ancient ruins near the seashore and the banks of rivers and lakesAccumulationContains a large number ofshellfishShells, known in archaeology as“Baiqiu”Site.
At present, there are about 10000 Neolithic sites known in China, of which nearly 1000 have been excavated.The representative Neolithic sites can be roughly divided into two categories:
① The palace area is surrounded by Guo City, for exampleQufu、Xue Cheng, Yuwang City, etc;
② Most of the palace areas in the city are located in one corner or one side of the city, and there are various handicraft workshop sites in or around the city.
About from the Cao Wei DynastyYechengAt the beginning, the layout of the capital city changed significantly.The eastern and western capitals of the Tang Dynasty, with the palace city and imperial city accounting for about one tenth of the whole city, have become the political, economic and cultural center of the country.The capital city evolved from the palace city and the outer city into the palace city, the imperial city and the outer city.The palace city has evolved from many places and distributed in the south of the city to the north and middle of the city, with the south gate as the main gate and the street in front of the gate as the whole cityCentral axis。residence communityAnd the business district is located in the south of the city instead of the north of the city, and the zoning and arrangement are also from irregular to regular.Many important sites in and around the capital cities of past dynasties have been excavated on a large scale, such as Qin DynastyXianyangPalace ruins, Chang'an, Han DynastyWeiyang Palace Site, arsenal site andWangmang Nine TemplesRuins, LuoyangLingtai Site of the Eastern Han Dynasty、Northern Wei DynastyYongning Temple Site, Tang Chang'an'sDaming Palace Site、Site of Xingqing Palace、Qinglong Temple SiteAnd Xishi Ruins.
Almost all of the ancient city sites in the early s have found handicraft sites such as pottery, copper, iron, and money making, but the large handicraft sites far away from the city are mostly kiln sites for firing porcelain.Kiln sites are often distributed in a large range, and a large number ofKiln furnitureAnd defective porcelain, some of which also found raw materials for processing, blank formingGlazingThe remains of the workshop.Porcelain industry appeared in the late Eastern Han Dynasty.At the early stage, it was mainly concentrated in the northeast of Zhejiang.With the further development of the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, many provinces and regions in the south (Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Fujian, Hunan, Sichuan, etc.) found thatPorcelain kiln site。Sui and Tang DynastiesDuring the period, the porcelain industry developed rapidly in the north, found many porcelain kiln sites, and formed“South Green North White”Characteristics of.The porcelain industry in the Song Dynasty reached a prosperous period. The discovered porcelain kiln sites were distributed in more than ten provinces and districts, with hundreds of themKiln systemAnd a number of famous kilns appeared.After the Ming Dynasty, private kilns proliferated almost all over the country, and most famous kilns of various kiln families declined graduallyJingdezhenBecome a famous porcelain capital.The representative kiln sites investigated and excavated mainly include: Cixi, Zhejiang Province, which has fired celadon in the Eastern Han DynastyShanglin Lake Yue Kiln SiteZhejiang among several famous kilns in the Song DynastyLongquanDayao Longquan Kiln SiteHenanYu CountyJuntai Jun Kiln SiteBaofeng Qingliang Temple Ru Kiln SiteDingyao Site, Jianci Village, Quyang, Hebei, Hangzhou Wugui MountainSouthern Song Guan kilnRuins, as well as burnShadow celadonFamous JingdezhenHutian Kiln Site；Important folk kilns are: ShaanxiYaoxian CountyHuangbao TownYaozhou Kiln Site、Changsha Tongguan Kiln SiteSichuanQionglaiShifang Tang Qiong Kiln SiteFujianDehuaQudou Palace Dehua Kiln Site、JianyangShuiji TownshipJianyao SiteJiangxiJi'anYonghe TownJizhou Kiln SiteHebeiHandanGuantai TownCizhou Kiln SiteAnd other folk kiln sites.
The Beacon Tower Site
What is beacon tower?
It is also called beacon tower, commonly known as beacon houhou and yandun. In ancient times, it was used to light fireworks to convey important news. It was an important military defense facility in ancient times, and the oldest but effective local telegraph.The beacon tower is built to prevent the enemy from invading. In case of an enemy situation, smoke will be used during the day, fire will be lit at night, and the towers will be connected to deliver messages.
"Beacon fire", two signals of ancient frontier defense alarm, is called "beacon" when smoking in the daytime and "Sui" when raising fire at night.
The beacon towers were built earlier than the Great Wall, but since the appearance of the Great Wall, the beacon towers along the Great Wall have been closely integrated with the Great Wall, becoming the Great Walldefense systemSome of them were even built on the Great Wall. Especially in the Han Dynasty, the court attached great importance to the construction of beacon towers.
The beacon fire, also known as beacon fire, was a measure of the ancient military information alarm, that is, when the enemy invaded in the daytime, they would burn smoke (beacon), and when the enemy attacked at night, they would fire (beacon fire) to warn all parties and superiors with visible smoke and light.The beacon tower was calledFenghou(beacon), Tingsui, which was called beacon tower in the Tang and Song Dynasties, and the word "beacon tower" was also extended to beacon tower. In the Ming Dynasty, it was generally called Yandun orpier (The piers and abutments of the Ming Dynasty in the northwest of China, the big ones also have the function of defending the enemy, and the small ones only have the function of looking at the enemy rather than lighting the beacon).The beacon towers are generally about 10 miles apart, and the Ming Dynasty also has a distance of about 5 miles. When the soldiers guarding the tower find the enemy coming, they immediately ignite the beacon on the tower, and the neighboring towers follow suit when they see it, so that the enemy's situation can be quickly transmitted to the military center.
The shape of beacon towers varies from time to place, generally square and round.
The beacon towers were built earlier than the Great Wall, but since the appearance of the Great Wall, the beacon towers along the Great Wall have been closely integrated with the Great Wall and become an important part of the defense system of the Great Wall. Some were even built on the Great Wall, especially in the Han Dynasty. The court attached great importance to the construction of beacon towers. In some areas, the connected beacon towers even replaced the Great Wall buildings.The beacon towers along the Great Wall, like the Great Wall, are built according to local conditions and local materialsrammed earthIt is also useful to buildAdobeBuilding;Most of the mountains are built with stones;Since the Ming Dynasty, the eastern part of China has been built with bricks and stones or wrapped with bricks.In addition to being built on the early trunk lines of the Great Wall, beacon towers are generally divided into three types: one is to extend beyond the Great Wall along the passage to monitor the enemy's movements;The other is within the wall of the Great Wall, connected with passes, towns, prefectures and counties, so as to organize counterattacks and clean up the countryside in time;Another is on both sides of the Great Wall（Qin and Han DynastiesIt is sometimes built on the Great Wall), so as to quickly mobilize the border guards along the whole line to meet the enemy.In the early days, there were beacon towers connected with the capital so as to report to the imperial court as soon as possible.
According to Xinhua News AgencyChengduJuly 13 (Reporter Li Qianwei) On July 13, the reporter learned from the Chengdu Cultural Relics and Archaeology Team that:Chengdu 1st Ring RoadIn Tongjin Road, a man-made garden site built in the flourishing Tang Dynasty was found. Archaeological researchers believe that the site may be the garden of the thousand year old temple Wanfo Temple.
The excavation began in March and ended in early July. A total of 2500 square meters of ruins were excavated, of which the most important discovery was a 90 meter long brick ditch of the Tang Dynasty and an artificial pond.The shape of the canal is winding,BifurcationThere are two roads, the widest is nearly 6 meters, the narrowest is less than 1 meter, and the depth is 1.6 meters. The bricks are mainly Tang bricks, with patterns of the Northern and Southern Dynasties interspersed.In the north of the excavation area, there is a brick pool with a nearly circular plane, a diameter of 19 meters and a depth of 1.7 meters.
Yi Li, the leader of the site archaeological team, introduced that the main body of the site should belong to a garden style site in the Tang and Five DynastiesMan-made Tourist SiteBuildings.The site is adjacent to the famous Wanfo Temple site in history. On the northeast side of the site, a large number of stone statues of Wanfo Temple were unearthed.The unearthed remains of Buddha statues and porcelain also show thatrelevanceThese porcelains are simple, practical and of low grade.Yi Li said:“Sui, Tang and Five DynastiesThe garden ofRoyal garden, temple gardens andPrivate gardenThere are three types. The porcelain used in royal and private gardens should have higher specifications. "Therefore, it is more likely to be a temple garden here.
