General AnnalsSouthern Song DynastyWritten by Zheng QiaoBiographical styleThe general history of China is now called the character centered biography of the general history of China, but traditional Chinese historiography classifies it intoRules and regulationsOfPolitical document, listed as one of the tees.It is also included in the encyclopedia category.There are 200 volumes of the book, including 18 volumes of Emperor's Annals, 2 volumes of Empress Biographies, 4 volumes of Chronicles, 51 volumes of Sketches and 125 volumes of Empress Biographies.authorZheng QiaoHe has been diligent in writing all his life and has offered books several times.
Tongzhi isBiographical style, but changed the name of chronology to chronology, changed the name of chronicle to omitted, and preserved《Jin Shu》The recording part of.The general preface and twenty sketches are the essence of the book.In addition to the etiquette, clothing, election and punishment, the other strategies have new ideas.The earliest extant edition of Tongzhi is the copy of Dade edition of the Yuan Dynasty in the first year of Zhizhi (1321).The Wanyou Library of the Commercial Press is a popular version.Twenty is a slightly separate edition.
Tongzhi is a record of its riseThree Emperors, comprehensive historical materials and general history of the Sui Dynasty.Zheng QiaostayGeneral AnnalsChina put forward the idea of understanding, advocated the revision of history, emphasized historical eventsRules and regulationsThe connection of dependent factors;He advocated that history books should be changed from ancient to modern.He objected to cutting off historical tiesDynastic history。He believed that historians should pay attention to reality and learn some natural knowledge, and verify the records in historical books with practical observation.He advocated using the rigorous "analogy" method of running the army to study, and believed that historians should have unique insight in compiling history.Although Tongzhi is inemendation、Phonology、PhilologyThey all put forward original opinions, but failed to reach this level in all aspects.
About the author
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Author of TongzhiZheng Qiao(1103-1162), styled Yuzhong, Song DynastyXinghua ArmyPutian(now Putian, Fujian).Since he was 16 years old, he has refused to engage in personnel affairs and studied behind closed doorsTongbaijiaTo learn from the six arts and become the wings“（《Jiaji Waterfall Manuscript》Volume II《Letter to the Emperor》）。He should not take the imperial examination, and was not interested in official advancement. He lived in Jiaji Mountain to study and give lectures for 30 years, so he was called Mr. Jiaji.According to History of the Song Dynasty·Zheng QiaoAccording to the Biography, Zheng Qiao is good at writing books, and can't compare with the Han DynastyLiu Xiang、Yang Xiong。Every time I search for rare books and visit ancient times, I will borrow them if I meet a book collector and leave after reading all his books.He wrote a lot in his life《Genealogy》, Animal State, Book Records, etc.However, his representative work is General Annals, which covers the history of all generations.
Zheng Qiao is a self-taught person who has neither family learning norHistoriographer, onobjective conditionOn the contrary, neither Sima Qian nor Sima QianBan Gu。Zheng Qiao lived in a time when Jin soldiers invaded the southIntensification of contradictionThe age of,JingkangIn the first year (1126), the Jin army surroundedBianjingIn the following year, Bianjing was captured, and Emperor Qin and Emperor Hui were captured to the north.From then on, the Song Dynasty moved south.Zheng Qiao changed from advocating resistance to gold to writing life.In 1158,Zheng QiaocoverSong GaozongIn front of the emperor, he told the historians of all dynasties since Ban Gudeficiencies。Gao Zong admired his grand theory and said that he had established his own family by applying the old principles.In his later years, Zheng Qiao devoted himself to writing the General Annals. After being copied in the 31st year of Shaoxing (1161), he went to Beijing to offer books, and finally got a Privy Council editorofficial rank, allowing him to enterSecretariat ProvinceIt was a pity that he was impeached after reading books. He lost this right and soon died of illness.
"Tongzhi" is the crystallization of Zheng Qiao's lifelong efforts. He said that "fifty years is always a book".It has a total of 200 volumes, recording the system from ancient times to the Sui and Tang dynastiesThree EmperorsTo Sui Dynasty).The book is divided into:Principal discipline18 volumes, 4 volumes of Chronicles, 52 volumes of Twenty Lues, 3 volumes of Aristocratic Families, 115 volumes of Biographies, and 8 volumes of Records.Among them, the biographies are mainly copied fromPrevious generationThe official history is slightly linked. The imperial concubines, imperial families, and aristocratic families are similar in nature to the biographies, and the length is not much. Later generations put it into the biographies. In this way, the Tongzhi becomes a history book composed of five styles, namely, discipline, biography, pedigree, sketch, and record.It's actually inheritance《Redords of the Grand History of China》However, he has his unique insight and innovation in changing "table" to "spectrum", changing "ambition" to "strategy", as well as the unification of the compendium style of the whole book, the textual research and adaptation of historical events, and the creation of "20 strategies",Zhang XuechengPraise Tongzhi, yescheng's The creation of "Don't Know the Style".
《General Contents of Siku Quanshu》Said,Zheng QiaostayGeneral AnnalsChina attaches great importance to the twenty strategies.It is his self glorified work, which he believes is "the academic of the whole world", "the charter of hundreds of generations, and the ability of scholars to do so. The contributions of the Twentieth Lue to philology are mainly reflected in" Collation Lue "," Yiwen Lue "," Jinshi Lue "and" Tu Tu Lue "." Jinshi Lue "and" Tu Lue "expand the scope of historical documents." Yiwen Lue "It has recorded the lost documents of ancient and modern times and created new booksclassification method 。Collation Lue is the instruction book of Yiwenlue, Jinshilue and TuTulue, which reflects Zheng Qiao's philology thoughts intensively and systematically.Collation isTwenty General AnnalsThe most creative part.There are not many words, but the content is rich, including views on the search, collection, sorting, use and other issues of literature.In the academic history of our country, the study of collation was written as a monograph, starting from the collation strategy,Zheng QiaoWe must not obliterate our pioneering work.Some of these twenty are original works of Zheng Qiao, such as clan, six script, seven tone, capital, vegetationinsectWait a minute.Zheng Qiao himself once said, "It is the best way to master the great art of the world, and to lay down its outline, which is called Lue. Twenty Lue, the charter of hundreds of generations, and the ability of scholars are all in this way." (General Annals - General Preface)
cheng's When compiling Tongzhi, a great work with more than 5 million words, the method is worth paying attention to. He first started from various specialized knowledge, and through the textual research and practical investigation of historical materials, he "learned" all historical materials. The so-called "learned" refers to the comprehensive arrangement of various historical materials, that is, to collect all kinds of historical materials as comprehensively as possible, and arrange and arrange them in chronological order,Explore its origin, and figure out the development process of various things from ancient times to the present.Finally, Zheng summarized his research achievements into the style of chronicles, biographies, genealogies, sketches, and records, and compiled an original Tongzhi.Zheng Shi's pragmatic attitude towards scholarship is hisHistory of historiographyOne of the most important contributions ofDialecticsFactors.He dares to criticize some traditional ideas, such as opposing subjectivity and superstition, which containMaterialismFactors.
The style and compilation method of Tongzhi had a certain influence on the history of Chinese historiography.clearQianlongBuilt during《Xu Tongzhi》And《General Annals of the Qing Dynasty》Is based onGeneral AnnalsThe style and method of.even to the extent thatMa DuanlinOf《General examination of literature》And《Jiutong》Other works in the book also draw on the achievements of Tongzhi in style.Future generations are studyingbibliography、emendationWhen it comes to compiling methods, we have to study Tongzhi.Of course, its style and compilation method also have many shortcomings.For example, although the style of "20 Rue" has some innovations, as a whole, it still does not break through the orthodox format of the old history;In terms of textual criticism of historical materials, it is inevitable that there are subjective and one-sided assumptions.
becauseZheng QiaoLimited by the times and class, there are also problems in their standpoint.For example, there are few historical materials about peasant uprisings in the Tongzhi, and they are all called "anti" or "theft".He said, "Yellow scarves and red eyebrows connect mountains and valleys, and thieves from all directions rise like clouds."《Give a letter to brother Jing Wei》）In addition,cheng's There is also geographyHistorical viewFatalism andRetro ismThought, etc.
However, taking a comprehensive view of the gains and losses,Zheng QiaoHe is a feudal historian who has made contributions to history, especiallyHistoriographyHis contribution should be affirmed, and his great work Tongzhi also played a certain role in the development of historiography for future generations.
General Annals·Two hundred volumes (Inner MansionPublication）Song DynastyZheng QiaoBy.Qiao You《Er Yazhu》, which has been described.The example of general history starts fromSima Qian。soLiu Zhiji《Stone》The two bodies are《Redords of the Grand History of China》、《The History of the Han Dynasty》As a whole, there are six schools of thought, and Shiji and Hanshu are two schools of thought.Its examples cover the ages and come to a conclusion.If you don't have enough knowledge to understand, and if you have enough articles to forge, it is difficultbe published in book form。Emperor Liang WuHe wrote 620 volumes of General History, which was lost soon.Therefore, the later author, dare not take this in his stride.Qiao is responsible for his extensive knowledge. He has collected the old books and compiled them with new ideas.
The Eighteenth Volume of Emperor's Records and Empressbiographies》Two volumes, four volumes of Chronicle, 51 volumes of Brief, 125 volumes of Liezhuan.Its《biography》The deletion and recording of various histories, with a slight correction, are not pure examples because they are still in the mind.His Chronicle imitated the various tables in the Records of the Historian, but he did not pay attention to the fact that there were many mistakes or omissions, or many differences, in the form of big seals and big political affairs.His life energy, the essence of the vast, only in the "20 Lue".
One is Clan, two is Six Books, and three is《the seven groups of initials》, four are Astronomy, five are Geography, six are Duyi, seven are Rites, eight are Shi Shi, nine are Qi Fu, ten are Yue, and eleven are Eleven《officials》12 Election, 13 Criminal Law, 14《food and commodities》"Yiwen" on the 15th, and "Yiwen" on the 16th《collate》, 17 said "Atlas", 18 said "Jinshi", 19 said "Disaster", 20 said "Vegetation Insects".
His Clan, Six Books《the seven groups of initials》, "Capital", "Plant Insects"Old HistoryNothing.The case "Shi Tong · Shu Zhi Chapter" said that those who can serve as annals have three ways: one is the annals of the capital, two is the annals of the clan, and three is the local material annals.《General Contents of Siku QuanshuThe summary points out that Qiaozeng's "Clan", "Capital", and "Vegetation Insects" are three strategies. It is a text to cover the theft.As for "Six Books" and "Seven Sounds", they are tributaries of primary schools, not the original meaning of historians.There is nothing to take for example, because of its rarity, splendor and profusion.Although the remaining fifteen years are all in the old history, "Shi Shi" and "Qi Fu" are the sub items of "Li", and "Collation", "Tu Tu" and "Jin Shi" are the sub items of "Yi Wen". If they are classified into other categories, are they redundant and broken?In addition, the "Clan Lue" has more loopholes, the "Six Book Lue" has more holes, and the "Astronomical Lue" only contains "Dan Yuanzi"Bu Tiange》, "Brief Introduction to Geography" was copied completelyDu YouThe first chapter of "Tongdian · Preface to Prefectures and Prefectures" lists several lines of waterways, but only miscellaneous ones《Hanshu · Geography》And《Water injection》Dozens, namely《China's oldest known book of geography》Mountains and rivers can not be described in detail.
In Shi Lue, several doors were set up, whileauthor of an epochmaking work in phonologyHu Chen《Posthumous method》After being deleted or not recorded, that is《Tang Huiyao》The posthumous titles of Gao characters are also omitted.In "Qi Fu Lue", the system of honoring Yi Jue Zhi in the vessel is unknown, and it reappears with "Jin Shi Lue";Du You copied all the clothes《A synopsis》Jiali.His Rites, Music《officials》、《food and commodities》The "Election" and the "Criminal Law" were omitted, but the "General Code" was deleted, without any differentiation.In the Official Strategy, the allusions quoted in the Tongdian Note were changed into a great book of case language, which was even more hasty.Yiwenlue is too complicated.alsoHan Yu《Analects of Confucius》The Analects of Confucius appeared two times.
The people of the Song Dynasty believed in righteousness and reason, and seldom paid attention to textual research.Qiao, depending on his need to be consistent, looked down on the world, and understood that no one would be difficult to get up. So he strode high and did not examine carefully, so he could not be precise one by one, which caused many people to criticize him.The special collection has already been extensive, and the discussion has also been alert.Although pure refutation and mutual view, the flaws do not cover up the merits, which is not accessible to those who have no roots in lobbying.As a mirror, andDu You（《A synopsis》）、Ma Duanlin（《General examination of literature》）The book is also called "three links", which is why.
Historic evaluation
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britainJoseph NeedhamChinese Science and Civilization: Tongzhi has "a lot of scientific content, which should be recognized".[1]
Zhang Xuecheng：“cheng's "General Annals", which is full of insight and wisdom, is unique!The ancients could not let their voices be heard, and future generations could not set their own standards. Although the facts are no different from the old records, the debate of names and flying objects, the meaning of various scholars is contained in history, and it will be an immortal undertaking! "[2]
The 22nd Chronicle, Seven Kingdoms, Six Kingdoms at the end of Qin Dynasty, the kings of Han Dynasty, the former Han Dynasty, and the later Han Dynasty
Volume 25: A Brief Introduction to the Clan, Clan Preface, Clan Catalog, and 13 General Chapters
Volume 26 A Brief Introduction to the Clan - Taking the State as a Surname
Volume 27: The Twenty seventh Clan Lue took the capital as its surname, the township as its surname, the pavilion as its surname, and the place as its surnameBy surnameSurname
Volume 28: The Twenty eighth Clan Lue takes the name as a surname, the following as a surname, the clan as a surname, the Yidi surname, the official residence as a surname, the Jue as a surname, the Xiongde as a surname, and the Ji as a surname
Volume 29: The Twenty ninth Clan Lue takes the peerage as its surname, the state line as its surname, the clan line as its surname, andgiven name and family nameWei takes the surname of State Jue, the surname of the capital, the official name, the title of the capital, the posthumous title of the capital, the posthumous title, the title of the nobility, the compound surname of Daibei, the compound surname of Guanxi, the compound surname of all parties, the three character surname of Daibei, and the four character surname of DaibeiFlat voice, Shangsheng, Qushengthe entering tone, compound surname
Volume 30: The Thirty Clan is slightly different from the same name. It is the first, the second, the third, the third, the fourth, the fifth, the sixth, the seventh, the eighth, the ninth, the tenth, the eleventh, the twelfth, and the thirteenth
Volume 31liushulue ·Six book pictures, six book prefaces, pictographs, pointing
Volume XXXVI Sketch of the Book - Understanding
Volume XXXVI Book Slightly, Homophony
Volume 346 Slightly borrowed
Volume XXXVI Book Slightly · One written picture, different ancient and modern text pictures, different generation of text pictures, different countries' text pictures, general theory of different texts, homophonic variation theory, rapid and slow sound harmony, high and low sound harmony, homophonic confusion, pictographic confusion, birth of one or two, son and mother, son and mother, provincial literature, seal script, creativity, change, change, adaptation, Huafan
Volume 36qiyinlue ·VIIphonetic ordering, homophonic systemWord sixFigure, positive consonant harmony diagram first, sound harmony diagram second, sound harmony dissonance diagram third, one sound harmony two sound diagram fourth, one sound harmony two sound diagram fifth, one sound harmony three sound diagram sixthInward rotationOne to twenty
Volume 51 Official Strategy · General Preface of Official System, Official System Strategy of Past Dynasties, Official Numbergrade. The evolution of the establishment of officials, the conferment of titles, the three princes, the prime minister, and the rank of Lu
