Of the three dialects of Nantong, Jinsha and Tongdong, Jinsha and Tongdong are reservedDullness，StopeThree points,Jinsha dialectIt can be said that it is Tongdong dialect with more components of Nantong dialect.[3]In comparison,Nantong dialectNo longer hasTotal voiced initialsThis is the characteristic of Wu language.[4]Nantong dialect, Jinsha dialect and Tongdong dialect may have the same origin, which originates from the same original mother dialect.This primitive mother dialect may beTang dynastyMiddle, late orFive DynastiesfirstJiangnanThe Wu language in Changzhou.[5]
Chinese name
Tongdong dialect
Foreign name
Tongdong Dialect (Eastern Nantonese)
Commonly known as
Sijia dialect, Erjia dialect, Lvsi dialect, etc
Also called
Vernacular
Region
Nantong Dongxiang, Jiangsu (Gutongzhou, east of old Nantong County)
Tongdong people are the earliest residents of Haimen, just like Sandi peopleJiangnanImmigration.
The area where Wu dialect is used, of which Tongdong dialect is located in Piling area at the upper right corner
As early as the beginning of the 7th century, the ancestors of these people had come here to engage in salt production.Five DynastiesWhen, its place belongs toWest ZhejiangJinling County(The ancient Jin Mausoleum is the territory of Changzhou and its surrounding areas in the south of the Yangtze River today),Tongdong peopleTheir ancestors migrated from here to the ancient Haimen area, assimilated the local ancestors, and formed the foundation of today's Tongdong people, which is the ancient Haimen people.Tongdong dialect originates from the Wu language in the ancient Changzhou area.
Over the next 1000 years, immigrants from the south of the Yangtze River merged into the local ancient Tongdong people.In the early Ming Dynasty, another group of immigrants from the south of the Yangtze River moved to Haimen, which made the dialect have a new development and had the deepest influence on the ancient Tongdong dialect.It is used in the oldYunyan RiverThe area on both sides of the old Tonglu Road in the north and south of the river is the territory of Guhaimen County (958-1672).
Tongdong dialect, like other Wu dialects, has vocabularies with sounds but without words, which can never be found in the ancient literature.according toShanghai dialectscholarQian NairongSaid that these are different fromZhuang languageWords with similar vocabulary are the precious wealth left by ancient Yue people to modern people.[6]
Historical evolution
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Ancient residential settlements in Tongdong area
Tongdong dialect, belonging toWu dialect Taihu LakePilingThe film has its own distinctive language features.Lv SiDialect/JinshaDialect/NantongDialect, the difference between the eastern and western parts of the old Nantong County reflects the historical stage of phonetic evolution, and shows the historical relationship between Tongdonghua and Nantong dialect.
NantongFor the dialect phonology, see the Collection of Basic Words of Putonghua Basic Dialects (Phonics Volume II), page 1977-2000, TongdongLv SiFor dialect phonology, please refer to "Brief Notes of Lusi Dialect" and "Two word Group Tone sandhi of Lusi Dialect".
Xiangguang Temple, Erjia Town, Tongdong District
In the past, due toadministrationSubordination,TongdongRegional economic andcultural lifeAspect followingNantongWe have always had a close relationship with each other.Nantong dialectAs an old timeNantong CountyThe dominant dialect of Tongdong has had a great impact on Tongdong dialect, which is more obvious in the west.Although Nantong dialect belongs toJianghuai dialect, Tongdong dialect belongs toWu dialectHowever, in the long-term historical evolution, these two dialects, which used to be in the same county, can find many similarities or similarities in terms of pronunciation or vocabularyNantongDialect has a great influence on Tongdong dialect in history.
Distribution of dialects in Jiangsu Province (the red is Wu, that is, southern Jiangsu)
About Six DynastiesEmperor Liang YuanIn 552 AD, Hudouzhou (also known as Hudouzhou) appeared at the mouth of the Yangtze RiverHu Douzhou）Then there will be people who have lost their jobsBoiling saltFor the sake of employment, these exiles mostly refer to the exiled prisoners and jobless vagrants, mainly fromJiangnanChangzhou (todayChangzhou、Wu Jin、Yixing、Wuxi、Xishan、JiangyinBelt), these people have basically keptWu YueCultural characteristics.
Hu Douzhou in Sui DynastyHailing，tang xunzongDue to military needs,Wolf MountainbecomeZhejiang West RoadA military stronghold under the jurisdiction of the provincial envoy, Hu Douzhou has becomeZhejiang West RoadThe jurisdiction of Changzhou.Late Tang DynastyWarlord separatism,Wuxing(Today ZhejiangHuzhou）Three generations of Yao family（Yao CunzhiYao Ting, Yao Yanhong) ruled Hu Douzhou (then called Jinghai)DongbuzhouFor half a century, there were as many as ten thousand troops and family members, most of whom were Wuxing people. At that time, the southern culture dominated.NanbuzhouThe area between Dongbuzhou and Dongbuzhou is the old place of Tongdong.[13]
Night View of Nanshan Lake in Nantong Prefecture
Week afterXiandeIn the third year (956 AD), Zhou ShikeHuainan, takethe Southern Tang dynastyIn the area north of the Yangtze River, Shengjing Haidu Town isQuiet Navy, genusYangzhou, soon changed to Tongzhou, set JinghaiHaimenTwo counties, due to the expansion of Jinghai Island and the mainlandHailing CountyJurisdiction, Jinghai people andRugaoThe residents of the two places have increasingly frequent exchanges, while a large number of Hailing people come and go between the two places or settle down.
New Look of Nantong Prefecture
At the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, criminals were exiled from the northTongzhouThe influence of southern culture seems to be weakening.But at the end of the Yuan Dynastyanti-Yuan rebel and rival of Zhu YuanzhangMobilize troops in Jiangnan, Ming DynastyYongleAt the beginning of the Yanbing Rebellion, a large number of Jiangnan residents migratedRugao。The First and Second Opium WarsTaiping Heavenly KingdomDuring this period, many merchants and handicraftsmen from Jiangnan came to Rugao to settle down.Rugao was a county under Tongzhou in 1724.
fromDongbuzhouFormedHaimen IslandIt was also a place for prisoners to be exiled. The exiles also came from Changzhou. It took more than 130 years to get together withJinghai CountyThe cultural isolation caused by expansion has kept Haimen peopleWu CultureFeatures.By the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, some people had supportedanti-Yuan rebel and rival of Zhu YuanzhangOf the Jiangnan people, who were forced to relocate toLv SiIn the port area, they live in Baimao Port (nowBaimao Pond）Gather together and cross the river to Lvsi. This is what people call "white Mao Ding".They also kept itJiangnanCultural customs.[7]
Authoritative person
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Nanshan Temple in Nantong Prefecture
Lu Jinyuan, male, born in 1932, JiangsuQidongPeople, middle schoolSenior teacher，Chinese dialectMember of the Society, associate professor of linguistics.Graduated in 1960Nanjing Normal College Chinese Department (todayNanjing Normal UniversityChinese Department), successively served asNantongTeachers College (todayNantong University ）Professor, teacher of Nantong Education Administrative Cadre School, assisted Tibet for two years in 1974, and served in Qidong City after 1976Teacher training schoolVice PresidentLv SiMiddle school principals.Since the 1980s, Lu Jinyuan has been engaged inLv SiDialectQidongDialectNantongThe study of dialects.Retired in 1991.
The area where Wu Tongdong dialect is used -- Yuxi Ancient Town (Longcheng) in Nantong Prefecture
Lu JinyuanprofessorHe wrote "[m] rhyme in Lusi dialect" and "A brief account of Lusi dialect"[8]Continuous Tone sandhi of Lusi Dialect, Qidong Dialect Record《NantongBasic Words of Dialect Phonology, etc.The research achievements of Chinese dialect expert Lu Jinyuan for more than 20 years《A Study of Lusi Dialect》ByShanghai Lexicographical Publishing House Publication.The publication of this book not only makesLv SiThe study of dialect tends to systematize and theorize, and fills the gap in the study of Lusi dialect in China.The book has 467000 words.[6]
The area where Wu Tongdong dialect is used - Yudong Ancient Town (Fengcheng), Nantong Prefecture
3. Single character number eight[4]
Classic vocabulary
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Scold the child ----- Wen Zheng,Debt collector, Biluosha, upright waist, fire box, GAN character, closed sand
Described as children playing around - touching the pen ghost, the corner of the mat, the area, and the hands
To describe a person who is fast ---- not living long
To describe a person who is stupid ---- to learn from the past, to compare with the past (remember not to imitate)
Describe a personSlovenly----The pants fall on the hanging heel, and the shit gets out of my mouth
Describe a person as a jerk ---- a noodle trainee
Go to your place ---- go to your place
Describe a person doing somethingDesultory---Pinch the inside and run around, mend the crotch at night
To describe a person who is stupid ---- one headpig's-head meat, brain rolling
It describes a person who eats a lot - -- he has no soul when he gets down.
Describing a person who eats less ---- choking to death and giving birth to a better person
Described as unlucky - -- Ma 咍咍咍咍咍 leather
1. "Warp Luo Sha".Gravid Luosha is another name of "cholera" in Chinese medicine, which is also called "No. 2 disease" in our folk.Because of vomiting and diarrhea, the rib surface of the finger shrinks rapidly (due to dehydration), so it is named.Only in Lv Si's words, it has lost its original meaning.
2、“Cauldron crown”。The word "kettle crown", that is, pot cover, fully reflects theCultural details。holdlidThis kind of humor and romance can only be reflected in Lv Si's words.
3. "Old flower sparrow".The pronunciation of this "bird" in Lvsi dialect is the same as that of "foot".The old sparrow issparrowMeans.
4. "Chaff sieve".The kind that sifts grainSieveIt is called chaff sieve.
Distribution of Nantong Dialects
5. "Teahouse shop".When I was youngLv SiThere are many such stores in the old street.Several tables, several stools, and several cups can form oneteahousestore。There is an old man in ancient times who can make a bowl of tea for a few cents a yuan and sit around chatting for a long time.
Grammatical features
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Affixes in Tongdong Dialect
Tongdong dialect is rich in affixes, especially infixes and suffixes, which means adding auxiliary words in front of adjectives to indicate deepening of degree.For example:
Black out of black out of tara black
Fragrant
New Can New Can Scrape and Pull New
Wet dragging wet dragging
Cold and icy
Red, all red, all red
Idioms in Tongdong Dialect
Compared with ordinary words, four character idioms are more vivid. The four character idioms in Tongdong dialect have their own distinctive features, such as:
The first five six describe being mindless.
The state of running in a hurry
Nonsense
Lie, speak white, show flaws
Wang Jing and Sha Liang mean very bright
The End Word "Er" in Tongdong Dialect
Tongdong dialect is influenced by Nantong dialect, and some nouns are followed by the word "er".For example:
