Ancient times refer to the historical period from 3 million B.C. to the 21st century B.C., when people in many countries had different views on the origin of heaven and earth and the emergence of human beings.
Archaeologists and paleoanthropologistsAfricaThe discovery of human fossils has been more than 3 million years ago, so Africa is considered as the place of origin of human beings (seeEgyptian ape、Australopithecus、Ramapithecus）。In Chongqing, ChinaWushan CountyThe fossil of "Wushan Man" was also found 2 million years ago.In addition, manyman from late Paleolithic ageFossils, such as "Yuanmou Man", "Lantian Man", "Peking Man" and "Shandingdong Man", which are later in age, are numerous and widely distributed.Therefore, Chinese archaeologists proposed:East AsiaThe region is also the birthplace of human beings.
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Human evolution
The emergence of human isBiological evolutionAs a result of, it isAncient apeIt evolved.Archaeological discoveries andPaleoanthropologyThe research results prove that the relationship between ancient apes and early humans is very close, which makes the theory of "from apes to humans" obtain more and more evidence.
Human labor
The emergence of human beings is related to labor.The first tools that humans made and used werechip a stone implement。Archaeologists did notMillstoneIn contrast, the production and use of the stone making age is calledPaleolithic Age, the latter (that is, the era of making and using ground stone tools) is calledNeolithic Age。In order to study their development and progress in the historical process, archaeologists also divided them into early, middle and late periods.The early, middle and late Paleolithic periodman from late Paleolithic ageThe three stages of Homo erectus (ape man), early Homo sapiens (ancient man) and late Homo sapiens (new man), which are divided by scientists according to the physical characteristics of ancient humans, are generally the same.In the early Paleolithic Age, stone tools were thick, heavy, simple and versatile;In the late Paleolithic Age, stone tools tended to be miniaturized and diversified, and the number of tools increasedSpear throwerAnd other composite tools and drilling technology, a small number of ground stone tools appeared.In the Paleolithic Age, people lived by collecting fruits and fishing and hunting.They don't build houses. They live in caves and live in groups.stayPaleolithic AgeIn the early days, people had learned to use fire.First we collected wild fire, then we inventedManual ignitionMethods, such as striking flint to get fireSuiren's surnameDrilling wood to make fire and so on.The use of fire has great significance for human evolution.It can be used for lighting, driving away wild animals, driving away cold, and changing peopleRaw foodThe habit of.Because cooked food can shorten the digestion process, make more nutrients absorbed by the human body, and change the chemical composition in the blood, so as to increase the physical strength and develop the brain.For example, the average number of Beijingers 300000 years agoBrain volumeIt is 1059 ml. Ten thousand years ago, the brain capacity of the cave people was 1200-1500 ml. It has reached the range of brain capacity of modern people, and its height is close to that of modern North Chinese people.The Paleolithic sites found in China so far have spread over more than 20 provinces, cities and autonomous regions in China, which shows that ancient and modern human beingsScope of activities, already quite broad.
Survival status
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《Human Destiny: Changes and Rules》According to the description in, although the human group was "a relatively marginal group" in the animal world at that time, the living environment was not as "very bad" as modern people imagined.becausePrimitive humanSimple in thought, the real life of gathering, hunting and fishing "for the sake of living" should be more carefree, physically stronger and even happier than modern people[5]And why does human society followMatrilineal societyPaternalsocial change？The answer given by the author is:,Patrilineal societyIt's easier to reproduce.[6]
private ownership
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With the increase of productivity, when the value produced by a person's labor exceeds his own consumption and there is a surplus, the captured prisoners of war are no longer killed.They became slaves and were forced to work, and the wealth they created was owned by their masters.So,private ownershipAppears.archaeologiststayLongshan CultureSome tombs have coffins, outer coffins, many potteryJadeware、Ivory wareAnd funerary objects such as the jaw bone of a pig, which symbolizes wealth;Some tombs only have a small tomb and a few pieces of pottery;There were also some dead people with strange bodies, who had neither graves nor burial objects, and even were discarded in abandoned pits orTrenchinThis shows that the identity, status and possession of wealth of the deceased are different.Some leaders took advantage of their privileges to become rich first.Polarization between rich and poorWith the continuous development of, the power holders within the clan and tribe became the firstexploiting class。Primitive societyDifferent classes emerged internally, indicating that the primitive society had reached its end.In this case, wars between ethnic groups aimed at plundering slaves and wealth frequently occurred;In order to defend against the plunder and intrusion of the enemy side, they built towering cities;In order to meet the needs of war, the production of weapons has received widespread attention: in order to safeguard the interests of the privileged, they abandoned the pastcustomary law, formulated new systems and regulations;“Abdication”The system cannot continue to be implemented, and it will be replaced by a new system.So, in summerYuAfter his death, Yu's son seized the position of the leader by Qi, Sha and Yi, creating a way for father to sonrule the country like a familyThe new era of.Since then,Chinese historyThe first appears onHereditary systemDynasty - Xia Dynasty.
Ancient China
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Youchao, leader of the tribal alliance in ancient China
The ancient times of China refer to the times before the Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, which is more than 4000 years ago. In China,ChongqingcityWushan CountyThe fossil of "Wushan Man" discovered has a history of 2 million years.In addition, manyPaleoanthropology Fossil, such as "Yuanmou people", "Lantian people", "Beijingers", "mountaintop cave people" and "Dingcun people", which were later in the age, are numerous and widely distributed.In ancient times, due to the low productivity, people could only survive by relying on collective strength.People do their best, work togetherAverage distributionFood.In order to survive and develop, they must elect a just and capable person as their leader to lead everyone in production and resist foreign interference.For example: Ancient ChinaTribal alliancechiefYouchaoHe led his people to build houses, take leaves as clothes, taste fruits for the first time, carry out burial, intermarriage, etc.
Ancient Zhangxiong Civilization
In the rich and brilliantthe zang or tibetan peoplecultural heritageMiddle, brilliantAncient Zhangxiong CivilizationIt has been developed along the main line of the spread of "Yongzhong Benjiao". Due to the long history of its civilization and its wide spread area, it has a profound and important impact on the formation and development of Tibetan culture.However, for various reasons, many people do not know about the "Ancient Zhang Xiong Civilization", even manyTibetPeople don't understand themselves.They just thinkIndian CultureyesTibetan cultureThe formation of Tibet has a huge impact. "All cultures from India" have great value, and they mistakenly believe that the local religion of Tibet andIndian CivilizationOther things have little contribution and value to the formation of Tibetan culture.Even many Tibetans themselves mistakenly believe thatIndian BuddhismBefore its introduction into Tibet, Tibet had no language or writing of its own, and its culture was very ignorant and backward.This absurd statement has been publicized by some orthodox fanatics for centuries. It is precisely because of the long-term continuation of this situation that the real history of Tibet andLocal cultureAt the same time, it also limited the interest of scholars in the study of ancient Zhangxiong civilization and our religion, but this situation has changed.[1]
Archaeological discoveries in recent years have proved that:Ancient Zhangxiong CivilizationIs the real root of Tibetan civilization, which was destroyed in the 7th centuryTubodynasty。[2]
In the 7th century,Songzan GanbuThe official history of Tibet began to be written after the annexation and unification of Tibetan tribes, the establishment of a strong Tibetan dynasty, and the creation of Tibetan.Archaeological discoveries in recent years have proved that the ancient Zhangxiong civilization is the real root of Tibetan civilization.
according toChineseAccording to Tibetan classics, the ancient country of Zhangxiong (actually a tribal alliance) was called Qiangtong in historyYangtong;It reached its peak before the 7th century.According to the article "A Brief History of Tibetan Population", according to the proportion of the army, the population of Zhangxiong should not be less than 10 million.Later,TuboGraduallyTibet PlateauRise, and conquer the ancient Zhangxiong country completely by the 8th century AD.thereafter,Zhangxiong CultureGradually disappear.The documents of the indigenous ancient religion in Tibet are called "Zhang Xiong Code" by experts.It is recorded in the Ming Jian of Tubo King Tong's Lineage that "from Nie Chizanpu to Chi Jietuozan, all the twenty-six generations had their own religion to protect national politics."Zhang malewritten words[3], which is mainly used for the writing of the scriptures and classics of our school.According to《Records of Tibetan King Tongji》It is recorded in the "Duodui" and other ancient books: Zhang Xiong peopleXinraomiwoThe founder made many changes to the original Buddhism and founded Yongzhong Buddhism, which is known as the oldest ancient Xiangxiong Buddhism in Tibet.Patriarch Xinraomiwo first created Zhang zhung characters and taught them“WumingDisciplines: Gongqianming (technology), Sonology (linguistics), Medicine, Waiming (astronomy) and Neiming (Buddhism).The ancient Zhang Xiong civilization was based on the idea that "Yong Zhong was the founder of Taoism"
As Tibetan culture and YunnanNaxi CultureThe common foundation of the Central Plainswest AsiaandSouth AsiaThe ancient Zhangxiong civilization, the essence of the three civilizations, still shines brightly today.For the ancientZhangxiong CultureTo make it "live", it is impossible to bypass a panoramic reflection of the Zhangxiong civilizationencyclopedia——《Zhang Xiong Tripitaka》。However, for a long time, due to the lack of Chinese translation, the study of the male culture in China is basically at a standstill.In contrast, the research and emphasis on the male culture in foreign countries have gone ahead, urging us to dig and sort out this treasure.[4]
Residential characteristics
The ancient residents lived together, so we can see the settlements formed when they lived in today's excavated sites, and see the orderly arranged tombs in the cemetery.People in the long yearsMultiplyThe population is growing.When it increases to a certain amount, it is likecell divisionThen a new clan was separated.They are linked by blood, forming large tribes.In the late primitive society, there were many clans, tribes and tribes on the land of China.Ancient historians divide them into Huaxia Group, Dongyi Group and Miaoman Group.Among them, Huaxia GroupYellow EmperorEthnic group and Yandi ethnic group are the main body.They first lived in today's Shaanxi, and later developed eastward to expand their influence.They had many wars with the Dongyi Group moving westward and the Miaoman Group moving northward.It is said that in the battle of Zhuolu, the Yellow Emperor and the Yan Emperor defeatedChiyouThe Dongyi Group, as the leader, expanded the influence of the Huaxia Group into today's Shandong Province.In order to fight for the leader of the alliance, the Yellow Emperor andEmperor YanstayOsaka Springs WarEmperor Yan was defeated.The Yellow Emperor, who was located in the northern region, took advantage of his power to go south to makePhlogistic yellowThe power of the two clans has reachedYangtze RiverandHanshuiThe power of Huaxia Group has expanded unprecedentedly.Later, Yu, Xia, Shang and Zhou were descendants of the Yellow Emperor, who established the specific status of Huaxia in the course of thousands of years of history, and became the common ancestor of Huaxia.
Social characteristics
In ancient times, due to the low productivity, people could only survive by relying on collective strength.People do their best, work together, and distribute food equally.In order to survive and develop, they must elect a just and capable person as their leader to lead everyone in production and resist foreign interference.Therefore,Ancient history legendYao recommended Shun, Shun recommended Yu, and Yu first recommendedGaotaoGao Tao recommended Yidang after his deathTribal leaderHistory calls this practice“Abdication”。This is an era in which everyone is equal and the wealth is publicly owned, so there is no competition for fraud or banditry.Ancient historians called the society of this periodDatong society。
Legends
In order to survive and develop, the ancient residents in the harsh environment andnatural disasterFight tenaciously.Among them, the story of Dayu's flood control has a long history: in the face of the torrential flood and wild animals, Yao ordered Gun to control the flood in order to save the people from the flood.Gun managed by blocking, but after nine years of hard work, it ended in failure.So Shun ordered Yu to control the flood, and Yu summarizedGun controls waterTo change the blockage and use the method of dredging.He wholeheartedly led the people to build water conservancy and control floods“Three times through the house without entering”After eight years (13 years in a word), the flood was finally conquered.This legend reflects the dauntless spirit of the ancient ancestors in the face of natural disasters!
Research on Zhangxiong Civilization: Urgent Need for Voice of China
Since the founding of New China, the Party and the government have invested a lot of energy to improve the economy of Tibetan areasSocial situation, Peopleliving standardWith a qualitative leap, the real Tibetan culture has also gainedeffective protection And excavation, so that our religion, which has come down in one continuous line, can be reborn under the principles and policies of protecting and inheriting Tibetan culture, and the Zhangxiong civilization can regain its vitality and hope.
Ancient Zhangxiong civilization and evenThe Tripitaka of our sectLiterature research began in the 1990s.NorwayFrom 1995 to 1996, the Advanced Research Center of the Academy of Sciences organized relevant scholars from several countries to catalogue and study Wenlun's version of the Tripitaka;National Museum of Ethnology The research institute also organized a large-scale undergraduate educationCultural StudiesProject, for teaching《Tengyur 》Cataloged and published.
In the study of Zhang zhung characters,DenmarkIn 1968, Alec Hal, a scholar, wrote The Prophecy from Tibet: An Unexplored Prophecy——Zhang-Zhung Grammar Dictionary has become the only representative work in this field;ItalytibetologyProfessor Du Qi, an expert, went deep intoAli regionAfter investigation, he believed that "Dis" in Gangdise was Zhang Xiong language, but after the 10th century, descendants of the Tubo royal family ruled Zhang Xiong, spread Buddhism, and used Tibetan and Chinese, gradually Tibetan Zhang Xiong.
"The ownership of the ancient Zhang Xiong civilization is here, but itsdiscourse powerAnd the power of interpretation has long been in the hands of foreigners. "Bai GengshengTo our reporter, many countries in the world are translating the Tibetan scriptures of our religion, but China still lacksfundamental research。The translation of classics is only the first stepSubprojectThe development of images, cultural relics and documents, as well as the research of ancient Zhang Xiong characters, languages, astronomy, medicine, philosophy and other fields should be carried outChinese Cultural HistoryA great contribution to the worldcultural historyContribution of.
Neolithic Age
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brief introduction
Ten thousand years ago, mankind enteredNeolithic Age。After entering the Holocene, the temperature of the earth gradually became warmer, and human beings gradually moved out of the mountains to the plains.In order to adapt to the new environment, people chose a place near the water source to live together, build houses, invented pottery, andPrimitive agriculture, began to settle down.With the popularization of grinding and drilling technology, the production of various stone tools tends to be standardized and stereotyped, which is more suitable for various purposes.
archaeological discovery
After long-term exploration and research, archaeologists found that China'sNeolithic AgeThe distribution of the ruins ofPopulation distributionVery similar, relatively focused onriver networkDense eastern half.People also grow rice in the south and millet in the north.9000 years agoCultivated rice, indicating that rice originated in China rather than India.Ancestors 8000 years ago have carved jade and inventedTextile technologyIn musicdiatonic scale , can play melodies, but also appearedEngraved symbol。Unearthed from the site 7000 years agocanoeandWooden oar, indicating that there are water vehicles and cattle have been domesticated.6000 yearsLook forward to Shao cultureThe residents ofPainted pottery culture, and the use ofRammingA small castle built by technology.Raised 5000 years agoSilkworm, and woven out of silkSilk FabricHe also mastered the technology of artificial copper smelting and cast small tools such as bronze knives.Text appeared 4000 years agoYangtze river basinandYellow River BasinEach group of ancient citiesGround levelRise up.Recorded in ancient documentsDivine HusbandmanplantGrains, the wife of the Yellow EmperorLei ZuHe invented silk, and his minister invented writing, boat andThe Yellow Emperor fights Chi YouThese findings show that these legends are not false, and they contain many historical shadows.These findings also indicate that,Chinese civilization It really has a long history.
