reductase

Enzymes catalyzing substrate hydrogenation

Reductase is a kind of hydrogenase. It is an enzyme that transfers hydrogen from donor molecules and hydrogenates the catalytic substrate^[1] 。 Such as nitrate reductase Nitrite Reductase , hydrogenase and N5, N10 methylene Tetrahydrofolate Reductase (FAD), etc.

Chinese name: reductase
Foreign name: reductase

Substantive: Enzymes catalyzing substrate hydrogenation
Example: Nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase

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Reductase refers to an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrogenation of substrate. Such as nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, hydrogenase and N5, N10 methylene Tetrahydrofolate Reductase (FAD), etc.

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Oxidoreductase Description: The general name of enzymes that can catalyze oxidation and reduction between two molecules. Oxidase can catalyze the oxidation of substances by oxygen, dehydrogenase Dehydrogenase can catalyze the removal of hydrogen from material molecules. It mainly exists in cells.

Nitrite Reductase The assimilating nitrite reductase of assimilating nitrate contains siroheme (see Sulfite Reductase), which is reduced by 6 electrons to produce ammonia. The enzyme of higher plants, green algae and blue algae uses iron oxide reducing protein as electron donor. Higher plants only exist in chloroplasts or protoplasts. The enzyme molecular weight of spinach leaves is 60000, including siroheme Non heme iron And sulfur unstable to acid.

Neurospora crassa (Near osporacrassa) enzyme (molecular weight 290000) and Escherichia coli (Escherichiacoli) enzyme (molecular weight 190000, EC 1.6.6.4) contains FAD Non heme iron And siroheme, with NAD (P) H as the electron donor. The dissimilatory enzyme is involved in the process of oxidizing organic substances with nitrite, in which the enzyme of denitrifying bacteria generates NO, and is reduced to N2 through N2O by the action of other reductase. Denitrobacteria Nitrite Reductase There are two kinds, one is copper protein Cytochrome C Electronic donor (EC 1.7.2.1)（ Faecal alcaligenes ）（Alcaligenesfaecalis）。 The other is cytochrome c and d, which can act as enzymes and also have Cytochrome oxidase Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Afacealis.

It also contains type C hemoglobin to Cytochrome Generating NH4+for electron donor Nitrite Reductase , exists in Philippe Achromobacter (Acromoba cterfischeri). In addition, most sulfite reductases have nitrite reducing activity.

Sulfite reductase It can be divided into two types, namely, the assimilation of higher plants, algae and bacteria, and the assimilation of sulfate, including the sulfate respiration of sulfate reducing bacteria and the dissimilation of sulfate oxidizing bacteria. Type II has its own unique heme, mostly brown. This heme is called siroheme according to the abbreviation of this enzyme, and its iron removing compound (sirohy drochlorin) is Vitamin B12 The intermediate product synthesized in vivo is generated from uroporphyrinogen. Among assimilating enzymes Escherichia coli (E.coli), Saccharomyces, Aspergillus enzyme (EC18.1.2) uses NADPH as electron donor. Including FAD, FMN Non heme iron (sulfide) and siroheme, in this order, carry out electron transfer within the molecule to generate H2S. In addition, restore Cytochrome C Role of. The monomer molecular weight of spinach enzyme is 136000 Ferredoxin It is an electron donor and also generates sulfide. Alienating enzymes produce sulfide as well Thiosulfuric acid Or hydratrisulfuric acid (S3O62 -). Desulfovibrio's enzyme has a molecular weight of 240000 and is green. It is called desulfoviridin. It is believed that cytochrome C3 is the electron donor.

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reduction

Reduction refers to the reaction of oxygen containing substances being deprived of oxygen, or the reaction of substances getting electrons^[2] 。 Use chemistry or electrochemistry The following actions or processes caused by the method: removing Nonmetallic element To produce metal; Remove oxygen from a substance; Combined with or subjected to hydrogen; Change a compound by reducing the proportion of the electronegative part; Change something element or Ions From higher Oxidized state To a lower oxidation state; Add one or more electrons to an atom.

Cellulase

(enzyme) produced by cells in an organism Biocatalyst 。 from protein Composition (a few are RNA). Under very mild conditions in the body, high efficiency It catalyzes various biochemical reactions and promotes the metabolism of organisms. Life activity Digestion 、 absorb 、 breathing , and reproduction Both are enzymatic reaction processes. Enzymes are Cells The basis for survival. Almost all chemical reactions involved in cell metabolism are catalyzed by enzymes. as mammal Our cells contain thousands of enzymes. They are either dissolved in the cell fluid, or combined with various membrane structures, or located in specific positions of other structures in the cell.

These enzymes are collectively called Intracellular enzyme ； In addition, there are some extracellular enzymes that are synthesized in cells and secreted to the outside of cells. The ability of enzyme to catalyze chemical reactions is called enzyme activity (or enzyme activity). Enzyme activity can be regulated and controlled by many factors, so that organisms can adapt to changes in external conditions and maintain life activities. Without the involvement of enzymes, the new supersedes the old Only at a very slow speed can life activities be maintained. For example, food must be degraded into small molecules by the action of enzymes before it can be absorbed and utilized by tissues through the intestinal wall. In the stomach Pepsin , secreted by the pancreas in the intestine Trypsin 、 Chymotrypsin 、 lipase And amylase, etc. For another example, food oxidation is the source of animal energy, and its oxidation process is also catalyzed by a series of enzymes.

Essence of enzyme catalysis: reduce chemical reaction activation energy

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