The transportation cost istransportationThe sum of all expenses for passenger and freight transportation.The main component of the value of transport products.The important indicators to measure the quality of transportation work and assess the management level of transportation enterprises are also the basis for reasonable formulation of transportation prices.Generally, wages, materials, fuel, electricity, repair and depreciationEnterprise management feeComposition of other expenses.The proportion of material cost is small, and some even do not.Fuel cost, repair cost and depreciation cost account for a large proportion.In practice, the total amount of transportation expenditure is often called "total transportation cost", and the transportation expenditure borne by unit transportation product is called "unit transportation product cost".[1]
The total transportation cost of the period refers to all expenses incurred by the transportation enterprise to complete a certain amount of passenger and cargo transportation within a certain period of time.The transportation expenses shared by the unit transportation product are called the unit transportation product cost, or transportation cost for short[2]。
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The transportation cost is to formulate the goodsTransportation priceThe important basis for the completion of the unit transportation of products or passengers should share the transportation expenses.The characteristic of transportation cost is that it does not include raw material costs, while fuel, wages, depreciation, repair and other expenses account for a large proportion in various transportation vehicles ortype of shippingThere are certain differences between transportation costs and various price comparison relationships.For example,railway transportationThere are goods types, complete vehiclesLess than carloadAnd container transportation costs. There are hard seatsHard sleeper, soft seat, soft sleeper and other transportation costs;Water transportation includes inland riversCoastal transportationThe cost can also be calculated according to different routestankerAnd other transportation costs;In addition to the single vehicle cost, some vehicles also calculate the transportation cost by route and region;In addition to calculating the cost of various aircraft types, civil aviation also calculates the cost of professional flights.Reasonable price comparison plays a very important role in the distribution of goods sources, the flow of goods, and the full play of the efficiency of various means of transport.
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The manufacturer's transportation costs include three items: transportation network designMeans of transportSelection and differentcustomerTake differenttype of shipping。Manufacturer'stargetYes, in thepromiseThe speed ofcustomerAt the same time of demandtotal costMinimize.The manufacturer makes decisions andcontrolThe following costs must be taken into account.
1. Transportation cost
This includes transporting goods toconsumerThe total cost paid to different carriers.This cost mainly depends on the quotations of different carriers and thetype of shipping, that is, choose cheap but slowtype of shipping, or the one with high price but fasttype of shipping。When the carrier is independent of the manufacturer, the transportation cost is variable.
This refers to the cost of keeping inventory in the manufacturer's supply chain network.Inventory costIn short-term transportation decisions, the cost is constant, while in designing transportation networks or formulating operational strategies, the cost is variable.
3. Facility cost
This refers to the cost of various facilities in the manufacturer's supply chain network.The cost of facilities is onlysupply chain managementWho is makingstrategic planning It is changeable when making decisions, while othersTransport DecisionThe time is considered fixed.
This is for cargo handling and other transportation relatedtaskCost incurred.At allTransport DecisionThis cost is considered variable.
5. Service level cost
This is the cost incurred when the obligation to deliver goods is not fulfilled.In some cases, this fee may becontractAnd in other casesCustomer satisfaction。In progressstrategy、planThis cost should be taken into account when making decisions and controlling operations.
When making transportation decision control, the manufacturer shall weigh the above costs.The manufacturer's transportation cost decision control is also affected by the following two factors, namelyneedcomplacentcustomerThe requirements for reaction sensitivity are different from themcommodityandserviceFromprofit。
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① Presstype of shipping, divided into railway transportation cost, highway transportation cost,ocean shipping, inland and ocean transportation costs, air transportation costs, pipeline transportation costs;
② According to passenger and cargo transportation tasks, it can be divided into passenger transportation cost, cargo transportation cost, passenger and cargo conversion transportation cost;
③ According to the type of goods transported, it can be divided into coal transportation cost, oil transportation cost, etc;
④ According to the means of transport, it can be divided into railway train transport cost, road vehicle single vehicle transport cost, water transport single ship transport cost, etc.
Control costs
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Reasonable selection of transportation means
Appropriate means of transport shall be selected according to the shape, price, batch size, delivery date, destination, etc. of different goods.Because the economy and rapidity, safety and convenience of transportation means are mutually restricted, when controlling transportation costs, it is necessary to comprehensively evaluate the characteristics of transportation means in order to make a reasonable choice of transportation means.
Have the right vehicle
transportation cost
The number of vehicles shall be determined according to the quantity of shipments.When there are too few vehicles and too many shipments, there will be a shortage of vehicles.On the contrary, when the number of vehicles owned is too large and the delivery volume is too small, the vehicles will be idle, causing waste.Therefore, it is extremely important for the transportation department to have appropriate vehicles.
Transport fromcost controlFrom the point of view, the cost reduction is due to the use of warehouses to achieve the maximum centralized transportation.By optimizing the layout of the warehouse, that is, optimizing the warehouse network, the transportation cost is minimized, and a basic rationalization of the warehouse is establishedEconomic principlesIt is centralized transportation.A manufacturer usually sells products in a wide geographical market area. If the customer's order is small, the potential of centralized transportation can make a warehouse economically reasonable.
Centralized transportation mode
Transportation cost controlOne of the key points of is to retain the transportation economy associated with mass transportation.The larger the cost, the lower the cost per ton kilometer.
In order to maintain transport costs in a time-based strategy, considerable management attention is directed to developing unique methods to realize the benefits of transport consolidation.In order to plan the centralized transportation, it is necessary to have reliable information about the current and planned inventory. In order to load the centralized transportation in the future, it is also necessary to save or implement planned production.In fact, consolidation must be planned before order processing and selection to avoid delay.All aspects of consolidation require timely and relevant information related to planned activities.
Implement the drop shipment strategy
transportation cost
Any onelogistics system Both service level and cost must be considered.The direct delivery strategy seems to be at a disadvantage in terms of both service and cost.Because direct delivery is more frequent than delivery from local warehouse to customers;In addition, because the order volume of customers is usually very small, the transportation cost is also high.
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However, whether direct delivery really has these shortcomings depends on some factors.In some cases, a remote factory can be more efficient in transportation than a nearby warehouse.For example, the United StatesKansas CityThere is a factory that produces ice cream. It is faster to transport ice cream directly from Kansas City to the east than to transport it by truck from New York City.In addition, although the direct transportation cost is high, it is not necessarily more than the cost of local inventory.
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Reduce transportation links
transportation cost
Transportation is a major link in the process of logistics activities, involving loading and unloading, handling, packaging and other links, which increases a lot of costs.Therefore, for those with direct shipment conditionsDirect transportation, drop shipment from the origin to the sales place or users, reducingSecondary transportation。At the same time, the opposite transportationCircuitous transportationAnd other unreasonable phenomena.
Reasonable selection of transportation means
The economy, rapidity, safety and convenience of transportation means are mutually restricted.Therefore, in the current situation where multiple means of transport coexist, we must pay attention to the characteristics of different goods and the requirements for logistics timeliness, and make a comprehensive evaluation of the characteristics of the means of transport, so as to make a reasonable choice of transport strategies, and try to choose cheap means of transport.
useLess than carloadBy means of rounding up, containers, piggyback transportation and other methods, the volume of each transportation will be expanded and the number of transportation will be reduced.useComplete vehicle transportationIt is an effective way to reduce the transportation cost. The basic methods of the combined vehicle transportation include:Less than carload cargoComplete vehicleDirect transportation；Less than truckload goods are delivered directly by whole vehicle relay orTransfer and distribution；Vehicle splitting and vehicle less than carload, etc.
Increase cargo loading
transportation cost
improvementCommodity packagingIt can transport more goods by compressing the loose commodity volume and actively improving the vehicle loading technology and method.increaseLoading rateThe basic idea is: on the one hand, maximize the use of vehiclesDeadweight tonnage；On the other hand, make full use of the vehicle loading capacity.The specific methods include: organizing light and heavy assembly;For heavy and bulky goods, such as bicycles and scientific instruments, which are difficult to load and unload and are easy to be damaged by collision, they can be transported by disassembly.At the same time, strengthen the planning work to avoid the phenomenon of "more goods and less vehicles" and "less goods and more vehicles".
