Michael Faraday (September 22, 1791 August 25, 1867),britainPhysicist, chemist, and famous self-taught scientist.
Faraday was born on September 22, 1791SurreyNewington, a poor blacksmith family, only went to primary school.In 1831, he made a critical breakthrough on the electric field, which changed human civilization forever.[1]
Michael Faraday is a famous British chemisthumphry davy His discovery has laid the foundation forelectromagneticsThe foundation ofJames Clerk Maxwell The leader of.On October 17, 1831, Faraday first discoveredElectromagnetic induction phenomenonAnd then generatealternating currentMethod.On October 28, 1831, Faraday inventedDisc dynamoIs the first generator created by human beings.On August 25, 1867, Faraday died of invalid medical treatment at the age of 76.
Because he iselectromagneticsHe has made great contributions and is known as "the father of electricity" and "the father of alternating current".
proposeelectromagnetic inductiontheory Find that the electric field andmagnetic field's contacts Proposing the hypothesis of magnetic field force line FoundElectrolytic law, promote professional terms Benzene and other substances foundopen
Key achievements
proposeelectromagnetic inductiontheory Find that the electric field andmagnetic field's contacts Proposing the hypothesis of magnetic field force line FoundElectrolytic law, promote professional terms Benzene and other substances found inventionMotor inventionalternator Invent the world's first engine
Born on September 22, 1791SurreyNewington is a poor blacksmith family.His father was a blacksmith, weak and ill, with a meager income, and he could barely feed himself.But the father paid great attention to the education of his children. He wanted them to be hardworking and simple, not greedy for money and status, and to be upright.This had a great impact on Faraday's thought and character.
Faraday's signature.
Because of poverty, Faraday's family could not afford him to go to school, so Faraday did not sufferregular education, read only two years of primary school.In 1803, forced by his livelihood, he took to the streetsnewsboy。The next year, anotherbooksellerHe is also an apprentice in the family of a stapler.Books are piled up in bookstores. Faraday read all kinds of books hungrily with a strong thirst for knowledge, and learned a lot of natural science knowledge, especiallyEncyclopedia BritannicaThe article on electricity in Chinese attracted him strongly.[2]He tried hard to put book knowledge into practice, making use of waste materialsElectrostatic starter, simple chemistry andphysical experiment 。He also established aStudy group, often discuss problems and exchange ideas together.Emphasizing practice, especially the characteristics of scientific experimentsScientific activitiesImplement from beginning to end.
Our age is the age of electricity, but in fact we sometimes call itera of space-flight, sometimes calledAtomic ageBut whether space travel oratomic weaponHow far-reaching the significance of, they relatively do not play a role in our daily life.However, we use electrical appliances all the time.In fact, none of themtechnical characteristics It can penetrate into the contemporary world as completely as the use of electricity.
Many people have made contributions to electricity. Charles Augustine CoulombAlexandro VoltEarl, Hans Christian OsterAndre Marie AmpereWait is among the most important people.But far ahead of the rest are two great British scientists, Michael Faraday and James Clark Maxwell.Although they complement each other to a certain extent, they are not partners.Their respective contributions are enough to make me rank first in this roster.
September 22, 1791 was a glorious day. A generation of scientific giant Michael Faraday was born into a poor blacksmith family in Newington, Surrey, England.Faraday's life was great, but his childhood was very sad.
Faraday did not miss any opportunity to learn. With the support of his brother, he was lucky to participate in the scholarshipTatumYoung leadersScientific organizations——The Philosophical Society of the City of London.Through some activities, he initially mastered the basic knowledge of physics, chemistry, astronomy, geology, meteorology and other aspects, laying a good foundation for future research.Faraday's studious spirit moved an old customer of a bookstore. With his help, Faraday was lucky to listen to the speech of the famous chemist Humphrey David.He recorded all the contents of the speech and sorted them out, and went back to discuss and study with his friends.He also sent David the sorted speech record, and enclosed a letter indicating that he was willing to devote himself to the cause of science.As a result, he got his wish.At the age of 20DavidExperimental assistant of.From then on, Faraday began his scientific career.David has made many great contributions to science, but he said that my greatest contribution to science is the discovery of Faraday.
Faraday is diligent and hardworking, and he is highly valued by David.In October 1813, he went with DavidContinental EuropeDuring the national investigation, his public identity was that of a servant, but he did not care about his status or feel inferior. Instead, he took this investigation as a good opportunity to learn.He met many famous scientists and participated in variousacademic exchangeI also learned French andItalian。It has greatly broadened our horizons and increased our knowledge.
In May 1815, Faraday returned to the Royal Institute, and under the guidance of David, he did independent research work and made several chemical research achievements.In 1816, Faraday published his first scientific paper.Since 1818, he has cooperated with J. Stoddart in researchAlloy steel, pioneeredMetallographic analysismethod.In 1820, he made it by substitution reactionHexachloroethaneandTetrachloroethylene。In 1821, he served as the laboratory director of Royal College.In 1823, he foundchlorineAnd other gas liquefaction methods.In January 1824, he was electedroyal society member.In February 1825, he succeeded David as the laboratory director of the Royal Institute.Benzene was discovered in the same year.
In 1821, Faraday completed the first major electrical invention.before this,OsterIt has been found that if there is current in the circuitmagnetic needleAn offset will occur.[13]Faraday got inspiration from this and thought that if the magnet was fixed, the coil might move.According to this idea, he successfully invented a simple device.In the device, as long as there is current passing through the line, the line will rotate around a magnet continuously.In fact, Faraday invented the first motor, which was the first device to use current to move objects.Although the device is simple, it is the ancestor of all motors used in the world today.
It is known that a stationary magnet will not generate current in a nearby circuit.In 1831, Faraday discovered that when a magnet passes through a closed circuit, there will be a current in the circuit. This effect is called electromagnetic induction, and the current generated is calledinduced current。It is generally believed that FaradayLaw of electromagnetic inductionIs one of his greatest contributions.
Faraday also found that ifpolarized lightThrough the magnetic field, its polarization will change.This discovery is of special significance, indicating for the first time that there is a relationship between light and magnetism.
In 1820,OsterfindMagnetic effect of current, attracted the attention of the scientific community. In 1821, the editor in chief of the British Philosophical Yearbook asked David to write an article, commenting onOster's discoverysinceelectromagneticsThe theoretical development of experiment.David gave the job to Faraday.Faraday, in the process of collecting dataElectromagnetic phenomenonAnd began to turn to electromagnetism.He carefully analyzed the magnetic effect of current and other phenomena, thinking that since electricity can produce magnetism, conversely, magnetism should also produce electricity.Therefore, he tried to generate current from the action of static magnetic force on wires or coils, but his efforts failed.After nearly 10 years of continuous experiments, in 1831 Faraday finally found that although the magnetic force of one energized coil could not cause current in another coil, when the current of another coil was just connected or interruptedGalvanometerThe pointer has a slight deflection.Faraday was insightful. After repeated experiments, it was confirmed thatForceWhen a change occurs, a current is generated in the other coil.He also designed various experiments, such as two coilsrelative motionThe change of magnetic force can also produce current.In this way, Faraday finally opened it with experimentsLaw of electromagnetic induction。Faraday's discovery cleared the way to explore the essence of electromagnetism and opened a new way to generate a large amount of current outside the battery.According to this experiment, Faraday inventedDisc dynamoThis is Faraday's second major electrical invention.Although the structure of this disc generator is simple, it is the first generator created by human beings.In the modern world, the generator that generates electricity starts from it.
In order to prove that electricity generated by different methods is essentially the same, Faraday carefully studiedelectrolyteIn 1834, it was concluded thatFaraday's law of electrolysis: The total amount of substances released by electrolysis is proportional to the total amount of current passing through, and is proportional to the amount ofChemical equivalentIs proportional.This law has become a bridge linking physics and chemistry, and also a bridge leading to the discovery of electronics.
Faraday ploughed and sowed in the new field of electromagnetism.In order to explore the relationship between electromagnetism and light, heoptical glassThey put a lot of effort into it.In 1845, after countless failures, he finally found that“Magneto-optical effect”。He confirmed the interaction between light and magnetism through experiments, which laid the foundation for the unified theory of electricity, magnetism and light.
In 1848prince Albert Introduction: Faraday was granted the House of Grace in Salihampton Palace, and was exempted from all expenses andmaintenance cost。This used to be the house of masons, later called Faraday House, and is now located at 37 Hampton Court Road.
In 1858, Faraday retired and settled in the House of Grace in Surihampton Palace.
On August 25, 1867, Michael Faraday died of invalid medical treatment at the age of 76.Faraday and Sarah had no children, so they had no children to see him off.[3]
Sarah Bernal is the sister of Faraday's friend Bernal. Faraday met her in the church.In 1819, Faraday would go to Bernal's house for dinner every Sunday evening, discuss science with Bernal or sing songs together, and leave at ten o'clock on time.Everyone thought that Faraday must go back to the laboratory to continue his research, but he walked for a long time on the road to cool his love for Sarah.Once Faraday recited a song in a reading meetinglove poemBernal believed that he must have a reason to go home and translate Faraday's poemsTo my sisterSarah, look.Later Sarah asked Faraday about the content of the poem, and Faraday fled from Sarah immediately after he handed over the poem.Faraday blamed himself but could not restrain his missing Sarah.Sarah knew that Faraday did not love money and did not care about fame and wealth. She would devote herself to research and was a well-known professor at the Royal College at that time. Their spouse was often lonely and lonely all their lives.
But when Sarah decided to stay with Faraday, she also decided to be a sharer of Faraday's research results. She often encouraged Faraday to share her happiness and sorrow, because Sarah knew that "a successful marriage is a lifelong love, and a successful love is how two people know how to fall in love."Faraday later witnessed in his diary: "In my lifemental healthThe most helpful thing is marriage. "At the moment Faraday discovered the principle of motor, she was also the first person who wanted to share the joy with Faraday.Faraday did not give up his study, research and friends because of love. His life was still very busy, doing experiments in the Royal Academy and helping poor friendsChemistry, participate in reading clubs, literary clubs, ride bicycles, climb mountains, teach my sister to writechoirPractice, etc.However, Sarah's attitude is also quite mature. She believes thatMature loveIt is not necessary to stick together all day long, but to trust and understand each other.[3]
On June 12, 1821, Faraday married Sarah.
1821.9.4 Rotation experiment of electrified wire under the influence of the earth's magnetic field[14]
Faraday was busy doing electrical experiments at that time, and could not spare time to spend the honeymoon with Sarah. Sarah faced Faraday's self reproach, smiled and understood, and told Faraday that it would be OK to go after the work at hand.In September 1821, Faraday completed the experiment of electromagnetic rotation and wrote a research paper, so they went to the seaside for their honeymoon.Sarah doesn't understandelectromagneticsWhen someone questioned that Sarah did not understand how science could get along with a scientist's husband, Sarah firmly replied: "Science has deeply attracted him to the point of sleep deprivation, and I am very satisfied to be his pillow for peace of mind." For Sarah, her husband's health is far more important than Romantic fantasy.Faraday submitted his research on electromagnetic rotation to the quarterly science journal. Some people ridiculed him for plagiarism and just good luck. Some people began to repeat his experiments, surprised by the results of this research, Faraday faced foreignVerbal aggression, mentorhumphry davy This was the only time in Faraday's life that he wanted to give up science.But Sarah became a loyal admirer of Faraday. She was a witness of Faraday's experiment, and encouraged Faraday not to give up because of other people's factors.One night, Faraday was very sad and said, "My dear Sarah, I'm really in a mess.Two months later, when Faraday showed his famous electrified wireGeomagnetic fieldThe rotation experiment under the influence of Professor Eulerston was the one who gave him the most applause in the meeting room. So, as long as you stick to it, there will be results. When you get the affirmation, no one will care about rumors.
Sarah is an excellent cook. The two have been married for decades. Except for the dinner parties of academic conferences, they seldom eat outside. Sarah will make her own foodginger wine、Wine、Jam, dim sum, Faraday's students and friendsRegular meetingsCome to their home for dinner.Sarah attaches great importance to Faraday's health, so his life after marriage has become very regular, and he doesn't eat lunch like before.This is a beautiful marriage, although in the next 46 years, the two will experience povertyInfertility、AmnesiaBut all of this has made the love between the two people deeper.In Faraday's last speech in, Faraday thanked his wife most: "She is the first love and the last love in my life. She made my most brilliant dream come true when I was young; she made me feel comforted when I was old. Every day of getting along is a light joy; every moment, she is still my concern. With her, my life has no regrets.My only concern is that when I leave, I will spend my whole life looking after her, my dear companion. How can I bear the pain of broken wings? I can only use a simple faith to appeal to the immortal God: 'I have nothing left for her, but I am not afraid. I know that you will take care of her, and you will take care of her.' "[3]
take a knee interest in science
In 1835, even the government felt that the treatment of scientists was too low,British Cabinetprime ministerRobert Peel Sir suggested setting up an annuity to reward people who have made contributions to science or literature. Previously, only politicians and military generals were eligible for an annuity.One of the new annuities is to be granted to Faraday.PeelThe Prime Minister appreciated Faraday's outstanding achievements. He once said to people, "I believe that none of the living scholars is more qualified than Mr. Faraday to be cared by the government."
Faraday immediately wrote a letter to the Prime Minister after he knew the news, saying that he could support himself and resolutely refused the pension.The letter was stopped by his friends before it was sent. They all felt that it was rude to do so, and his life situation was really embarrassing.They advised Faraday to change his mind, but Faraday refused.Before the final decision was made, Prime Minister Pier resigned due to the collapse of the Conservative Cabinet, and another one named MelbourneLordSuccession as Prime Minister.
One day, the new Prime Minister visited the Royal Academy and invited Faraday to have an interview in his office.Under the persuasion of everyone, Faraday went at the invitation.This lord is a Liberal. He probably doesn't know Faraday, and he has become a big official. He has no scruples about speaking, and his words show that he is rightScientific and technical personnelContempt.He believes that annuity is well deserved for civil servants and military generals, and it is a kind of boon for scientists or writers.
Faraday felt that this was an insult to science.He didn't want to come at first. He came to the appointment because of his kindness, but he was humiliated.He immediately ended the conversation and said goodbye to go home, which made the Lord confused for a moment.
That night, Lord Melbourne received Farah's first note, which was short and firm, to the effect that "in this case, it is difficult to accept the favor".After reading the note, the Lord knew that he had offended Faraday.At first, he thought it was funny. After the news spread, he felt that the problem was serious.
At this time, a lady who knew both sides saw that the Prime Minister was unable to step down, so she came forward to mediate.She worked for Faraday several times and politely advised him to accept the annuity, but Faraday was determined not to accept it.The mediator tried his best to talk, but it was useless. Finally, he had to ask Faraday what Lord Melbourne should do to satisfy you.Faraday replied, "Unless he apologizes to me in writing, I have neither the right nor the reason to ask him to do this."
The next day, the Prime Minister wroteApology LetterIt was delivered unexpectedly.The wording of the letter was frank and polite, and the "annuity incident" was successfully resolved.On the eve of Christmas, the government announced that Farah would be granted his first special pension of 300 pounds a year in recognition of his special contribution to British science.
Christmas this year is full of revelry.The streets and alleys of London are full of fire and silver.Shortly after Christmas, a newspaper published a photograph of Faraday with a striking titleBoldfaceProfessor Michael Faraday will be awarded the title of Sir.The article also gives a vivid description of "future aristocrat Sir Faraday", saying that he likes drinking champagne and singing in the countrysideSlang musicThe genius of painting surpasses his talent of physics.
Faraday only smiled when he saw the newspaper.The friends could not sit still. Some came to inquire whether the news was true, and some heldchampagneCongratulations.Faraday still smiled faintly."Nothing!" he said. "Besides, why should I become a knight?"
The rumor was soon confirmed.It was reported from the cabinet that the royal family did consider making Faraday a knight.according toBritish Royal FamilyThe tradition of conferring noble titles on outstanding people.As far asNewton, as far as Humphrey David has been honored.With Faraday's contribution and reputation, he is well deserved.But when the cabinet sent people to explain this several times, Faraday refused.He replied, "I'm proud to be a civilian, and I don't want to be a noble。”This is a big difference between Faraday and his mentor, Humphrey David.David is proud of being knighted, and likes to sign everywhere with a knighthood.Faraday refused the title of nobility. He was always a civilian scientist who came from the people and benefited them.[4]
Character evaluation
Announce
edit
Faraday's Tomb
Faraday's life is great, and Faraday's person is ordinary.He is very enthusiasticScience popularizationSoon after he became the laboratory director of the Royal Institute, he initiated the Friday eveningsymposiumAnd Christmas Youth Science Lecture.He has made speeches at more than 100 Friday evening seminars and for 19 years at the Christmas Youth Science Lecture.His popular science lectures are easy to understand, and are popular with rich demonstration experiments.Faraday is also enthusiastic about public affairs, and has long served many British peopleCorporate structureServices.He is simple, unsociable, not seeking fame and wealth, and likes to help relatives and friends.In order to concentrate onscientific researchIn 1857, he refused the nomination of the Royal Society to elect him as its president. He was willing to fulfill his commitment to devote himself to science as a civilian, and work in the Royal Academy laboratory all his life as an ordinary Michael Faraday.
On August 25, 1867, Michael Faraday, a commoner, died peacefully in his study.A generation of scientific superstars passed away after writing his extraordinary life and leaving invaluable treasures to mankind.Faraday's contribution benefits everyonehuman civilizationTo an unprecedented height and to advance the progress of civilization by tens of hundreds of years, we can't measure its great achievements with money. If we use money to measure it, someone said that it is better than the worldstock valueThere are also people who are more famous than him, such as Newton and Einstein, but in terms of direct contribution to human beings, Faraday and invention should be the most importantpenicillinOffleming No one can compare brilliance with the sun, nor can we set up a solar festival, but Faraday does bring bright power to mankind.Remember that only the ancestors can make progress. Perhaps scientists, not politicians, contribute the most to mankind. Politicians will fade out 500 years later, and Faraday is immortal.
Faraday was also the first to put forward the concept of electric field andElectric field lineConceptual.More importantly, he waselectrochemistryThe contribution made by.After many careful tests, Faraday summarized twoElectrolytic lawThese two laws are named after him and form the basis of electrochemistry.He gave many important terms in chemistry popular names, such as anode, cathode, electrode, ion, etc.[3]
Character influence
Announce
edit
He gave a lot of successful lectures on physics and chemistry at the Royal Academy, named "CandleHistory of chemistry”；This speech became the origin of the "Royal Academy Christmas Speech", which was named after Faraday.
Faraday and William Huel invented many familiar words such as "electrode", "ion", etc.
For moral reasons, Faraday refused to participate inCrimean Warmanufacturechemical weapon。stayLondonA statue of Faraday stands outside the Institute of Electrical Engineers in Savoy SquareBrunel UniversityA new reception hall is named after Faraday.[8]
Faraday's photos were printed on the 20 yuanpoundOn paper money.AntarcticaThe Faraday Climate Research Station is named after him, and the capacitance is in Faraday.In addition, onemoleThe quantity of electricity contained in the electrons of (about 96485 coulombs) is also calledFaraday constantLet the world remember his unparalleled contribution to electricity.FaradayLaw of electromagnetic inductionStatement 1: Changing over timeMagnetic fluxWill createemf。Faraday is a Fullrian professor of chemistry at the Royal Institution, and he is designated as a tenure.Faraday is the first and most famous scholar among all those who have held this post.
Einstein placed a picture of Faraday on his study wall and linked it withNewtonandmaxwellPut them together.[9]
Achievements and honors
Announce
edit
Electricity
Faraday's coil for experiment[5]
His contribution to electricity is most remarkable.
(1) In the record, Faraday's first experiment was made of seven half pence pieces, seven zinc pieces and six pieces of wet paper soaked in salt waterVoltaic battery。He uses this battery to decomposemagnesium sulphate。
Single motor device diagram[10]
(2) In 1821DenmarkchemistOsterfindElectromagnetic phenomenonLater, David andWilliam Hyde Wollaston An attempt was made to design a motor, but it was unsuccessful.After discussing this problem with them, Faraday continued to work and built two devices to produce what he called "electromagnetic rotation": the continuous magnetic field caused by the ring outside the coilRotary motion。He connected the wireChemical battery, make it conductive, and then put the wire into the mercury cell with a magnet inside, then the wire will rotate around the magnet.This device is now calledUnipolar motor。These experiments and inventions have become the cornerstone of modern electromagnetic technology.But Faraday did an unwise thing and published the research results without informing David and Wollaston.This has caused many disputes and forced him to leaveelectromagneticsIt has been studied for several years.
Electromagnetic induction experiment[11]
(3) At this stage, there is some evidence that David may deliberately hinder Faraday's development in the scientific community.For example, in 1825, David assigned Faraday tooptical glassThe experiment lasted for six years, but there was no significant progress.Until David died in 1829, Faraday stopped this meaningless work and began other meaningful experiments.In 1831, he began a series of major experiments and discovered electromagnetic induction. Although his earlier work in Francesco Zadeqi may have foreseen this result, this discovery can still be called one of Faraday's greatest contributions.This important discovery came from the fact that when he wrapped two independent wires around a big iron ring, fixed them on the chair, and connected current to one of the wires, the other wire unexpectedly generated current.He therefore carried out another experiment and found that if a magnet was moved through a wire coil, there would be a current generated in the coil.The same phenomenon occurs when a moving coil passes over a stationary magnet.
Experimental setup diagram of electromagnetic induction[12]
(4) His demonstration established the concept of "electric field generated by the change of magnetic field" to the world.This relationship was established by FaradayLaw of electromagnetic inductionSet upmathematical model , and become fourMaxwell's equationsone of.thisEquationsAfter that, it is summarized into the admission theory.Faraday invented the early generator and became the ancestor of modern generator according to this theorem.In 1839, he successfully conducted a series of experiments to lead human beings to understand the nature of electricity.Faraday's use of "static electricity", batteries and "bio electricity" has produced electrostatic attraction, electrolysis, magnetic force and other phenomena.From these experiments, he drew a conclusion that was contrary to the mainstream idea at that time, that although the source was different, the electricity generated was the same. In addition, if the size and density (voltage and charge) were changed, different phenomena could be generated.
(5) Later in his career, he proposedElectromagnetic forceIt not only exists in the conductor, but also extends into the space near the conductor.This idea was rejected by his colleagues, and Faraday did not live to see this idea accepted by the world after all.Faraday also proposedElectromagnetic wireConcept ofCharged bodyOr it is emitted from one pole of the magnet and directed at another electrically charged or magnetically heteropolar object.This concept helps the world to translate abstractelectromagnetic fieldVisualization has a great influence on the development of electric mechanical devices in the 19th century.These devices dominated the whole engineering and industrial circles in the 19th century.In 1845, he discovered thatDiamagnetism(diamagnetism) is still calledFaraday effectPhenomenon of: oneLinear polarizationWhen the light passes through an object medium, a magnetic field is applied and aligned with the forward direction of the light, then the magnetic field will turn the plane drawn by the light in space.He wrote in his notebook: "I am finally 'explaining a magnetic curve' or‘Force line’And 'magnetizing light'. "
In the study of static electricity, Faraday found that the charges on the charged conductor only attached to the surface of the conductor, and the charges on these surfaces had no effect on the interior of the conductor.The reason for this is that the charges on the conductor surface are redistributed to one another by the electrostatic force of the otherstable state, so that each charge causesElectrostatic forceOffset each other.This effect is called the masking effect and is applied toFaraday cageOn.Although Faraday was a very excellent experimentalist, hisMathematical abilityIn contrast, it is quite weak, and can only calculate simple algebra, even difficult to cope withTrigonometry。But Faraday knew how to use clear and simple language to express his scientific ideas.His experimental results were laterJames Clerk Maxwell And built today'sElectromagnetic theoryThe basic equation of.[6]
Faraday handleMagnetic line of forceandpower lineBy emphasizing that it is not the magnet itself but the "field" between them, it has opened up the way for many discoveries in contemporary physics, includingMaxwell equation。Faraday also found that ifpolarized lightThrough the magnetic field, its polarization will change.This discovery is of special significance, indicating for the first time that there is a relationship between light and magnetism.
Encyclopedia x Knowledgeable: Illustration of Electromagnetic Induction
Chemistry
(1) Faraday's earliest achievements in chemistry came from his time as David's assistant.He spent a lot of time studyingchlorineIn 1833, after a series of experiments, Faraday found thatsodium chlorideThe chlorine 2NaCl+2H ₂ O=2NaOH+H ₂ ↑+Cl ₂ ↑ can be obtained, and two kinds of chlorine carbide have been found.
Faraday is also the first one to observe through experiment (although it is rough)Gas diffusionThis phenomenon was first caused byJohn DaltonIt was published and its importance was revealed by Thomas Gram and Joseph Rosmitt.He successfully liquefied a variety of gases;He has studied different steel alloys. For optical experiments, he has produced many new types of glass.One of the samples later occupied a place in history because when Faraday put the glass into a magnetic field, he found thatPolarized lightThe plane is deflected and repelled by magnetic force.
(2) He also devotes himself to creating some common chemical methods, using results, research objectives and public displays as classifications, and obtains some achievements from them.He invented a heating toolBunsen burnerThe predecessor of, widely used in scientific laboratories as a source of heat energy.Faraday has made achievements in many chemical fields, and discovered chemistry such as benzenematerial(He called this substance doubleHydrogen carbide(Bicarbonate), inventing oxidation number, such as chlorineGas liquefaction。He found a chlorinehydrateThis substance was first discovered by David in 1810.
(3) Faraday also foundElectrolytic law, and the promotion of many professional terms, such as anode, cathode, electrode and ion, which were mostly invented by William Hueier.He also found benzene.Because of these achievements, many modern chemists regard Faraday as one of the best experimental scientists ever.[7]
(4) Faraday first discovered benzene in 1825.At the beginning of the 19th century, like other European countries, gas was widely used for urban lighting in Britain.After the gas is prepared from the raw materials for producing gas, there is a kind of oily liquid left, but no one cares about it for a long time.Faraday was the first scientist interested in this oily liquid.He separated this oily liquid by distillation to get another liquid, which is actually benzene.Faraday called this liquid "heavy carbon compound of hydrogen" at that time.
