synonymWestern Liaoning(refers to the area west of Liaohe River) Generally refers to the area west of Liaohe River
Western Liaoning refers toLiaoningWest of Liaohe River andInner Mongolia、HebeiIt borders the western part of Liaoning.
In a narrow senseWestern LiaoningRegional specificLiaoxi Corridor It is a narrow strip from Jinzhou urban area to Shanhaiguan urban areaCold weapon eraBecause the terrain is flat, it is a place for military strategists to contend.stayadministrative divisionIt includes five cities in western Liaoning.I.eJinzhou、Chaoyang、Fuxin、Huludao, andPanjin(west of Liaohe River).It can also belong to western Liaoning in geographical concept.Traditionally, Inner Mongolia, which has a close relationship with Liaoning in history and once belonged to the same region in administration and economyChifengHebeiChengde、qinghuangdaocityShanhaiguan DistrictIt can also belong to western Liaoning in terms of geographical concept.
Chinese name
Western Liaoning
Generalized inclusion area
LiaoningLiaohe RiverAreas bordering Inner Mongolia and Hebei to the west
contactNortheast ChinaAs a major transportation route with the Central Plains, as the western part of LiaoningCentral Plains CultureThe contact point with the frontier outside the Great Wall, the significance of the Central Plains and the frontier fortressDividing lineIt's the Great Wall, and its starting point isDandongMunicipalHushan Great Wall。
Xingcheng Ancient City
Since the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, western Liaoning has beenHan cultureAndethnic minorityCultural blend zone.It used to be the first place that Han forces in the Central Plains touchedEthnic minority areasYan in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Wuhuan in the Three Kingdoms Period, Qianyan in the Southern and Northern DynastiesHind swallow, leaving a historical footprint in western Liaoning.thisChaoyangCity, once the capital of former Yan and later Yan, was called Dragon City.Until the establishment of the Qing Dynasty, the last minority regime, the Han people andnomadic peoplePositive contact areas, such as the struggle against Qing Dynasty in the Ming Dynasty, mostly occurred in western LiaoningSeesaw battle。Rusongshan (Jinzhou) Ningyuan（Xingcheng）The battle,Yuan ChonghuanNurhachi once competed in these areas.
Regional situation
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Western Liaoning is a coastal area,Jinzhou、Huludao、XingchengyesBohai Bayregionalcoastal city，Chaoyang、FuxinIt is inland.But asChinese civilization As the link of cultural exchange with ethnic minorities in the northeast, the western Liaoning region has a long history,Cultural communicationThe route is Beijing, Chengde and Chaoyang, not ShanhaiguanXingchengThe coastal route of Jinzhou.As the oldest ancient city in Liaoning, Chaoyang used to be called Liucheng, Longcheng, etc. Liucheng, located in the southeast suburb of Chaoyang, has a long history. During the Warring States Period, Yan set up five prefectures in Saishang, and Liucheng belonged toLiaoxi County。By the Han Dynasty, Liucheng had become the governor's office in the west of Liaoxi County, and was later taken as the ruling center by Wuhuan, the three counties,Cao CaoIn the Northern Expedition, Wuhuan once commanded Liucheng. It can be seen that Liucheng wasQin and Han DynastiesThe period has becomeLiaodongAn important town.In 342 AD, the former King of Yan was in the "north of LiuchengLongshanThe capital of "Zhixi" is Longcheng,the Sixteen KingdomsPeriod QianyanHind swallow、BeiyanDuring the 88 years of founding the country, Longcheng has been the capital of three Yans for 52 years.Sui and Tang DynastiesDuring this period, Chaoyang wasYingzhou, Tang PoetGao ShiWritten with《Yingzhou Song》。
Western Liaoning is still located in Liaoningless-developed regionsThe influx of Han people since the Qing DynastyProduction modeIt has changed the long-term forest and water and soil resources here. The western Liaoning region belongs toSemiarid region, coupled with the destruction of water and soilagricultural productionProvide a strong condition.
Western Liaoning is rich in resources, and many cities belong to mineral resourcesResource-based citySince Japan occupied Northeast China, it has been exploited for many years and is facing depletion. Fuxin is one of the typical.Hills in western LiaoningIt used to be as verdant as Changbai Mountain, and the big river in western LiaoningLingheIt is the largest river in western Liaoning.It was called in the Han and Tang DynastiesWhite Wolf WaterLiao was called Linghe, and Jin was renamed Linghe."EstuaryDeltaLarge scale,Branching flowDevelopment. ""White Wolf" was named after the development of the upper reaches of Daling River and the establishment of White Wolf County in the Western Han Dynasty.In the Liao Dynasty, White Wolf Water was renamed Linghe River;Jin DynastyYi Ling is also called Ling He.yuan dynastyAt that time, it was renamed Daling River and was still used.According to《Unified Annals of the Yuan Dynasty》It is recorded that the upper reaches of Daling River was once called Lingshui River.According to the Yuan DynastyRightnessNine years (1349)statehood Ren An thinks thatXingzhong PrefectureBy《Tongji Bridge》The monument says: "To the east of the city, at the foot of Helong Mountain, there is water called Lingjiang". It can be seen that the Dalinghe River was also called "Lingjiang" in the Yuan Dynasty.In the Ming Dynasty, the government set up thousands of households in the lower reaches of the Daling RiverGuangning Zhongtunwei。The Qing Dynasty took over the Ming DynastyDominionLater, in the eighth year of Kangxi (1669), Dalinghe Pastoral Camp was establishedQianlongAt the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, it has become one of the three major pastures in northeast China.
historical background
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Jinzhou, the central city in western Liaoning
according toHydrological dataIt is inferred that the ancient Daling River basin had abundant waterLow mountainhillVegetation coverageHigh, suitable for farming and animal husbandrynatural environment。However, since the Liao and Jin Dynasties, the depth and flow of Daling River have begun to decrease, the water level on both banks of the river has dropped significantly, and the climate drought has become increasingly serious.According to the investigation, this is because the Daling River basin is mostly sandy soil,Natural vegetationIt plays a special role in protecting soil, storing water and improving climate.Since the Liao and Jin dynasties, with the increasing predatory reclamation of the Daling River basin by the rulers of all dynasties,So makeThe natural environment here is deteriorating day by day.Along with deforestationDeforestation and land reclamationWith overgrazing, the meadow in the Daling River basin is destroyed, the sandy soil in low mountains and hills is easily lost, and rocks are constantly causingwind erosionDesertification.Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the water level of Daling River has continued to decline.Small and medium-sized tributaries on both banks have even dried up.Western Liaoning has a long history and cultureRevitalize the NortheastChina, we should explore the culture of western Liaoning, and provide greaterSpiritual power。
The Jehol Biota Strata in ChinaLiaoningThe western region is rich in fossils and has a long history. It is a classic area for studying Jehol biota.
More than 120 million years ago, the western region of Liaoning was a primitive lake with beautiful scenery, warm climate and vigorous life.There are many fish and shrimp in the water,Water turtleHaunt;The cries of ancient creatures in the air are heard all the time.From time to time, birds glide across the sky, and tall trees form forests on the lake shoreTyrannosaurus RexWhen I went to the lake to drink water, there was a loud sound like heaven breaking,Volcano eruptionYes, a lotToxic gasWith millions of tons ofashFalling from the air, thousands of creatures of all kinds struggle in the diffuse dust within thousands of kilometers, and finally suffocate to death.This place has become a burial ground for countless lives, a "Pompeii Ancient City" buried by volcanic ash.
For the creatures here, this is an unprecedented disaster, but they arepaleontologistIt left a space to touch the pulse of that era.The geological strata here are like an ancient book that has been preserved for hundreds of millions of years, which truly records every story that takes place here.
It was these 120 million years agomesozoicCretaceousA systematic and complete "Jehol Biota" is formed by all kinds of organisms of.Long ago, local farmers often used some plantsFish wormSuch tabular rocks are used for building fences and pig pens.
Since the American scholar Professor Gripp, the western Liaoning region of China has become a frequent place for geologists and paleontologists at home and abroad.But until the mid-1980s, except for some commonfishIn addition to other fossils, no other important vertebrate fossils have been found.
MesozoicbirdsThe discovery of fossil groups in China has created a strong "Chinese wind" in the paleontology.Palaeontologists and scholars all over the world have moved their eyes from Sorenhofen in Germany to western Liaoning in China.
In the following years, they found many different kinds ofEarly CretaceousFossils of birds.Through research, they are called "Cathaysian bird groups". This unexpected discovery officially reveals the research results of early ancient bird fossils in ChinaCurtain。
Early Cretaceous bird fossils were once the most regrettable thing for paleontologistsBiological evolutionOne of the blanks.Prior to this, the paleontological community had a profound understanding of how birds evolved from their ancestors 150 million years agoarchaeopteryxThe process of evolution to more advanced birds less than 100 million years ago is almost unknown.The discovery and research of Cathaysian bird groups have broken the pattern that Archaeopteryx has dominated the field of bird origin research for more than 100 years.These different kinds of bird fossils are far more than any other region in the world in terms of species, quantity and exquisite preservation.
In 1994, when the Chinese birds brought a surprise to the paleontological world, a bigger surprise came one after another: being an expert on ancient birdsHou LianhaiWhen the professor saw a fossil specimen, he was also shocked by its very similar figure to Archaeopteryx.
ExcitedProfessor Hou Lianhai named the bird“Confuciusornis ”, meaning "sacrificeConfucius", which shows its Chinese characteristics and long history.After research, it is found that this Confucius bird hasDualityOne is that its original form is obviously preserved, for example, its forelimbs have three claws, even more thanarchaeopteryxAt the beginning of restoration, the structure of tree climbing is stronger.But it also has one aspect of progress, such as itsJawboneOn the other hand, the teeth have degenerated, and the feet that come with them are exactly the same as those of real birds.
Confucius bird, which existed 120 million years ago, is the earliest bird known to be able to fly remotely. It has become a fossil bird second only to Archaeopteryx in popularity.This is not only due to its unique combination of primitive and progressive features, but also due to the discovery of hundreds of thousands of fossil specimens and exquisite preservation in just a few years.
According to the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of SciencesXu XingAccording to the doctor, if you are familiar with the history of bird research, you will find that bird fossils, especially Mesozoic bird fossils, are very rare.for instancearchaeopteryxIt was discovered in the middle of the 19th century, but in the following nearly 150 years, only 7 specimens and 1 feather were found.In the western part of Liaoning Province of ChinaSihetunWhere thousands ofConfuciusornis Fossils, which is also a primitive Mesozoic bird.When we excavated here, we found nearly 10 birds in a dozen square meters.
Cretaceous Park
If bird fossils are the classic collections in the fossil treasure house of western Liaoning, then a large number of preciousAmphibian, Reptiles andmammalFossils are the newcomers in this treasure house.
Here are the best preserved early mammals in the worldzhangheotherium It is the first complete skeleton in the worldMesozoic mammalsMammalsSkeleton;yesAsiaThe most complete Mesozoic era discovered so farFrogsFossils, at least 120 million years ago, provide important information for the study of the origin and early evolution of frogs.
In western Liaoning, more than 120 million years agoThe Jehol Biota It is known as China's "Cretaceous Park".Its fossils have the widest distribution range, the largest number of burial, the most exquisite preservation, and many kinds of paleontology have been found, especially those with "feathers"dinosaur、angiospermandEarly CretaceousThe discovery of birds is known as one of the greatest discoveries of paleontology in the 20th century.
Jehol biota, in fact, focuses on the western Liaoning region of China, includingEast AsiaandNortheast AsiaIt is a unique biota in the late Mesozoic, including the area.This biota existed more than 120 million years ago, that isjurassic periodEarly Cretaceous after the end.120 million years agovolcanic activityIt is very frequent.A lot of volcanic activity, a lot of volcanic ashToxic SubstancesAnd toxic gas, which killedbird, animals on the ground, includingIn the lakeFish, shrimp and turtles in the river.The biological remains in the river were quickly buried by volcanic ash to the bottom of the lake, forming an anoxicRestore environment。In addition, volcanic ash is very thin, so when they form fossils, they can save every hair or feather on the fossils.This is the main reason why the fossils in western Liaoning have been preserved in such a large amount and so beautifully. That is why western Liaoning, known as China in the West, is the "Pompeii City" of Mesozoic organisms.
Hou LianhaiThe professor said that in 1998, weSihetunWhen excavating, pay special attention toConfuciusornis The burial direction of all animals is the same. It can be seen that the disaster comes from one direction, and all animals want to avoid this disaster, but they are still buried by volcanic ash.It is this special burial that makes many birds and dinosaursvertebrateIn addition to the complete preservation of bones and other hardware parts, they also completely preserved feathers and skin printsIsostructureSome dinosaurs even preserved stomach foodresidueandGastrolith, eggs, etc.Therefore, only in the unique environment of western Liaoning, China, can fossils be preserved completely and beautifully.
Beipiao city in western Liaoning is a typical coal mining city.KangxiIn, the Qing government issued coal mining licenses to four towns in western Liaoning, butBeipiaoThis onesmall cityachieve sudden fameBut“Sinosauropteryx"The birth of.
More than 30 kilometers south of BeipiaoHilly areaMiddle, there is an ordinary small mountain villageSihetun。This is a small mountain village with only dozens of families. The villagers here cultivate barren land and live a simple life.But since this one in SihetunIn a ravineAnd unearthed the world famous Chinese dragon birdPrimitive ancestor bird、Caudipteryx 、BeipiaolongandBird Dragon of ChinaAfter rare fossils, this unheard of small mountain village has become the most famous one in the world todayPaleontological fossilsSanctum.
For local farmers, these stones are like gold mines buried in the mountains, which is a shortcut for them to improve their lives.Local farmers know all kinds of rock formations where fossils are produced.Due to years of excavation, they have accumulated a lot of experience, and their proficiency and accuracy often surprise professionals engaged in fossil excavation.
"Bird touching board" is a skill that villagers enjoy talking about.The "bird board" is actually only 4mm thickBlack shaleLayer, named for its rich bird fossils.Because the rock stratum is very thin, the bird fossils are kept inside, and the bones are not exposed during excavation.It only shows uneven traces on the surface of the rock stratum, which are small and easy to miss if you do not look carefully.However, the villagers have dug too much, and they have reached the proficiency level of "no need to look, no need to touch".A large number of ancient bird fossils were "touched" by villagers.
“Sinosauropteryx”The discovery of rare fossils made Sihetun, a poor mountain village, famous.At the same time, it also made the villagers realize that their fields were originally a cornucopia.Driven by money, the scale of mass excavation activities in western Liaoning is growing.They dug and repaired at the same time, forming a dragon's fossil collection army.
