Capsanthin is a natural organic compound with molecular formula CfortyHfifty-sixOthree。It is a kind of tetraterpene extracted from mature red pepper fruitNatural pigment, ofCarotenoids。Pure capsanthin is dark carmine needle shaped crystal (crystal in petroleum ether), which is easily soluble in vegetable oil and acetone, chloroform, ether, ethanol, and insoluble in glycerol and water.It has 11 conjugated double bonds, 1 conjugated ketone group and 1 cyclopentane ring at position 6[1]。Chili red pigment is bright in color,Color valenceWith high coloring power, good color retention effect and high safety, it is widely used in the food industry, and can be used for coloring aquatic products, meat, cakes, salads, cans, beverages and other kinds of food.
paprika oleoresin [2], also known as capsanthin and paprika, is a natural red pigment from orange yellow to orange red obtained from the peel of red pepper in Solanaceae, belonging toLuteinOxygenated derivatives of conjugated polyolefins, with pepper aroma.
Basic characteristics
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Capsanthin is soluble in most non-volatile oils[2], partially soluble in ethanol, acetone, n-hexane, grease, vegetable oil and other organic solvents, insoluble in water and glycerol, stable to visible light, but easy to fade under ultraviolet light.Encounter Fe3+、Cu2+、Co2+It can cause it to fade in case of Pb3+Precipitation can be formed.
Extraction method
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Generally, it is extracted from chili powder firstChilli oleoresin, then remove the pungent substance capsaicin, and refine itpaprika oleoresin 。Under 50~55 ℃, the paprika oleoresin is extracted by reflux with n-hexane twice as much as the paprika powder for 1h. After suction filtration, the filter residue is extracted by reflux with hexane twice. After the filtrate is distilled to remove the solvent, the paprika oleoresin is obtained.Soak 15 kg pepper powder in 20 kg acetone at room temperature for 3 days, and filter out the solvent and 0.5 kg pepper oleoresin.The key to extracting capsanthin is to remove the pungency and refine it, and there are many methods.
Solvent extraction
Someone has studied the process of extracting capsanthin by solvent (isopropanol and ethanol)[3]It was found that the effect of isopropanol on the absorbance of paprika pigment was in the order of extraction temperature, extraction times, material to liquid ratio, and extraction time. The optimal technological conditions for extracting paprika pigment were: extraction time 2 h/time, material to liquid ratio 1 ∶ 15, extraction temperature 40 ℃, and extraction times 3 times;The degree of influence of 95% ethanol on the absorbance of paprika oleoresin was in the order of extraction time, extraction temperature, material to liquid ratio, and extraction times. The optimal process conditions for extracting paprika oleoresin were: extraction time 3 h/time, material to liquid ratio 1 ∶ 2, extraction temperature 70 ℃, and extraction times 1 time.
In addition, the dried and crushed, crushed and extruded granulated, dried and sheared, dried and sheared pepper samples with different processing methods were used as raw materialsSpectrophotometryandRP-HPLCDetermination of the effects of different treatments on the extraction of capsaicin and capsaicin by HPLC[4]。It was found that the content of paprika oleoresin in crushed and extruded peppers was 0.571 g/kg and 0.557 g/kg, followed by 0.394 g/kg of dried and cut peppers, and the lowest content of 0.365 g/kg of dried and cut peppers;The capsaicin content measured by spectrophotometry is higher than that measured by RP-HPLC, but the two trends are the same: drying and crushing (0.415% and 0.186%)>crushing and extrusion granulation (0.409% and 0.175%)>drying and shearing (0.289% and 0.138%)>drying and shearing (0.277% and 0.125%).Drying crushing and crushing extrusion granulation are both conducive to extraction, but crushing extrusion granulation is more conducive to practical application.
Molecular distillation
Add 1 kg pepper oleoresin with color value of 100000 and 12 g lipase (activity of 30000 units) in 500 mL of one water, mix and stir at 40 ℃ for 12 h, and then heat at 90 ℃ for 1 h to kill the enzyme;Let it stand overnight, separate the oil layer, decompress (133.3~666.6 Pa) and distill to remove water and low boiling point substances to obtain 965 g of oil pigment;Add 100g of refined olive oil into it, use a centrifugal membrane molecular distillation device to conduct molecular distillation at a vacuum of 0.1066 Pa and 170 ℃, distill specific ingredients and fatty acids, and obtain 420g of pigment with a color value of 226000, which is basically odor free.
Volumetric method
Add 40 g of metal sodium into 3 L of methanol, then add 1.5 kg of chili oleoresin with color value of 100000, reflux for 3 hTransesterification。Then distill the excess methanol, pour the residue into 5L warm water, and adjust the Ph value to 4-6 with dilute hydrochloric acid.Take oil layer after standing and layering, add 7.5L hexane in it, separate out pigment, and filter 155g of non spicy oil with color value of 650000paprika oleoresin 。
Ultrasonic extraction method
Ren Xuqin et alethyl acetateIs a solvent[5]On the basis of the previous single factor test, the ultrasonic temperature, ultrasonic time, ultrasonic power and liquid material ratio were selected as independent variables, and the capsanthin absorbance was selected as the response value. The Box Behnken test design method was used to study the impact of each variable and its interaction on the capsanthin absorbance. The design expert 7.0 software was used to carry out regression analysis on the test data and make a response surface diagram,Through manual simplification, a simplified quadratic regression model equation was obtained, and the optimal extraction conditions of capsanthin were determined as follows: ultrasonic temperature 46.47 ℃, ultrasonic time 57.67 s, ultrasonic power 396.48 W, liquid material ratio 23.46 ∶ 1.00 (mL ∶ g). Under this condition, the measured value of capsanthin absorbance was 0.517 3.
application prospect
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The safety of natural pigment extracted from pepper has been recognized worldwide[2]。FAO(FAO) andworld health organization(WHO) classifies capsanthin as Class A pigment and does not limit its use.our countryFood Hygiene LawIt is stipulated that paprika red pigment can be used not only in the processing of oily food, sauce, aquatic products, vegetable products, jelly, ice cream, cream, margarine, cheese, salad, sauce, rice products, baking products and other food products, but also in feed, imitation food, radiation prevention, cosmetics and pharmaceutical industry.
paprika oleoresin Widely used in food industry[6]。It is stable, non-toxic and harmless, and can be added to food in appropriate amount as required.Researcher Zhang Zhiqiang and others are in puddingice creamThe stability of capsanthin was studied after adding capsanthin to yogurt. It was found that capsanthin in food did not change significantly with time, and the color did not change significantly, indicating that the application effect of capsanthin in these two foods was good.
Researcher Wang Mingxuan conducted an experimental study on the use of paprika red pigment in beverages, jellies, sweets and other foods. It is characterized by uniform coloring, stable properties, bright colors, bright colors, and good brightness, especially the use of candies.1.0 mL/36g paprika red pigment is added to candyEmulsifierThe obtained product is transparent and clear with uniform color distribution.
Health FoodResearcher Gao Xiang has studied chili health food at home and abroad and believes that chili can be used to develop health food for weight loss.Pepper can also be used to develop anti radiation health food. Indian researchers compared various spices to understand the protective effect of red pepper, black pepper, curcumin and other spices against radiation. It was found that capsanthin has the most significant effect in preventing gamma ray injury.
In addition, in the pharmaceutical industrypaprika oleoresin Used as medicine icingColorantThe color is bright and bright, which is acceptable, especially for children.At the same time, the in vitro tests of capsanthin and carotenoid in chilli showed that they could inhibit the activity of EBV-EA and inhibit the growth of tumors, especially for tumors caused by chemicals.Capsanthin can also be used in cosmetics production.
Used as feedadditivepaprika oleoresin As a natural pigment with safety, nutrition and good coloring effect, it has high research and application value in the field of feed.Capsanthin can stain meat, poultry and aquatic products by depositing in different tissues such as animal skin and fat.
At present, Japan's annual demand for capsanthin is about 260 t, and the annual sales volume is about 2.3 billion yen;The annual sales of natural pigments in the United States, including capsanthin, have exceeded 200 million dollars;China is not only a big producer of paprika pigment raw materials, but also a big demander.With the further elaboration of the nutrition and health care functions of capsanthin, it will certainly usher in a broad space for development.
