Radiation genetics is the study of the genetic effects of radiationradiationA branch of biology.Radiation includes ionizing radiation such asX-ray, gamma ray and other electromagnetic radiation, and beta, neutron, proton, alpha particle and other particle radiation;Nonionizing radiationFor example, ultraviolet ray mainly studies the influence of radiation energy on the heredity and variation of organisms.It includes the research on the mechanism of radiation effects, the genetic effects of radiation, and the evaluation of radiation genetic effects.The purpose is to clarify the mechanism and law of mutation induced by ionizing radiation, and the application value is to use favorable mutations to select excellent biological varieties and prevent their harm.Since the 1950s, due to the extensive application of atomic energy in scientific research, industrial and agricultural production and medical fields, the development of nuclear weapons and the exploration of space, human beings have been increasingly exposed to various kinds of rays, so the research of radiation genetics has also received more and more universal attention.[1]
Chinese name
Radiation genetics
Foreign name
radiation genetics
Alias
Radiogenetics
Scope of study
Effect of radiation energy on genetic variation of organisms
Radiation genetics is a subject that studies the effects of ionizing radiation on the health of offspring and the mechanism of genetic diseases after irradiation of human germ cells.It isRadiobiologyIt is also a new branch of genetics.
Development history
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Genetics is derived from the Greek word "genetics", which means "generation", and was defined by Bateson, W. of England in 1905.In 1925, the Soviet Union's Nadeson (На g сон) and Filipov (ФФгггииов) first discovered the genetic mutation caused by X-ray in yeast.In 1927, Muller, H.J. proved that X-ray irradiationDrosophila melanogasterThe spermatozoa gene mutation caused by post irradiation has aroused people's attention to radiation genetics.Radiation genetics was first applied to animal and plant breeding, which has been listed as radiation breeding.In 1945, the United States dropped two atomic bombs on Japan, followed by frequent atmospheric nuclear tests in the United States and the Soviet Union, as well as the development and utilization of nuclear technology, which increased the frequency of human genetic distortion.People pay great attention to the genetic effects of radiation, and have carried out a lot of research on radiation genetics, forming a new branch of radiation biology - radiation genetics.
The research object of radiation genetics is mainly the genetic mutation of irradiated germ cells of healthy people with fertility in the population and the impact on the health of their offspring.That is, the genetic mutation of the exposed parents' germ cells and the occurrence of genetic diseases in their offspring.
research contents
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The main research contents of radiation genetics include:
(1) Ionizing radiation pertinenceCytogeneticsResearch on material damage: including intragene effect and intergene effect.
(2) Research on the sensitivity of different animals to radiation genetic effects: By comparing the sensitivity of different species and genera of animals to radiation induced gene mutation and chromosome aberration, we can estimate the sensitivity of human beings to radiation genetic effects and genetic hazards.
(3) Research on the factors affecting the genetic effects of radiation: including the nature, dose, dose rate, exposure time and year, exposure time, etc.
(4) Study on genetic effects of exposed persons: due to the different positions and degrees of gene mutation and chromosome aberration, different genetic and biological effects are shown, and the performance of their offspring includes: ① changes in sex ratio. ②Abortion or dystocia. ③Death of fertilized eggs, malformation and stillbirth before implantation. ④The infant mortality rate increased. ⑤The incidence of some hereditary diseases increased. ⑥Shortening of life span caused by genetic diseases.
(5) Cytogenetic study of the offspring of the exposed: through the examination of the somatic chromosomes of the offspring of the exposed population and the control population, we can see whether the genetic damage of the parental germ cells can be shown in the offspring chromosomes after exposure.
research method
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The research method of radiation genetics is the same as that of genetics, which is mainly the analysis of genetic traits and the genetic research method of genetic traits.Most data of radiation genetics are obtained through animal experiments.However, human data is very limited. At present, human radiation genetics research mainly focuses on the investigation of genetic diseases and cytogenetics of the descendants of Japanese atomic bomb survivors and the population in high background areas.Genetic analysis, also known as gene analysis, is the process of determining the number of genes, the nature of genes, which linkage group they belong to, and the seat on the chromosome of a genetic trait.Biochemical methods are widely used by almost any branch of genetics, and are also necessary for radiation genetics.Systems Science Theory(systems theory), omics biotechnologyComputational biologyAnd synthetic biology are the research methods of system genetics.[2]
significance
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The study of radiation genetics is of great significance for people to understand the genetic hazards of ionizing radiation, especially the genetic hazards of low-dose long-term chronic radiation, and provides scientific and practical basis for formulating radiation protection standards and measures.At the same time, the research of radiation genetics also provides new ways and methods for animal and plant breeding and selection.[1]
