Manned spacecraft can guaranteeastronautLiving and working in outer space to implementSpace missionsAnd return to the groundspacecraft。also calledspacecraft。Manned spacecraft can carry out space activities independently, and can also be used to go back and forth to the ground andspace stationThe "ferry" between them can also dock with the space station or other spacecraft for joint flight.Manned spacecraftvolumeSmall, limited by the amount of consumable substances contained, it does not have the ability to resupply and cannot be reused.In 1961, the Soviet Union launched the first shipOrient spacecraftLater launchedAscending signandSoyuz spacecraft。The United States also launchedMercuryManned spacecraft such as, Gemini, Apollo, etc.Apollo isMoon landingManned spacecraft.
At 6:33 on June 4, 2023, the return capsule of Shenzhou XV manned spacecraft landed successfully at Dongfeng landing site. The Shenzhou XV manned flight mission was a complete success. The astronauts Fei Junlong, Deng Qingming and Zhang Lu all left the capsule safely and smoothly, in good health.[20-21]
On the evening of March 3, 2024 local time, the US and Russian astronauts flew to the International Space Station in the "Dragon" spacecraft.[25]At 15:36 local time on March 23, the Russian "Soyuz MS-25" spacecraft took off on the "Soyuz-2.1a" carrier rocket from the Baikonur launch site in Kazakhstan and flew to the International Space Station.There are 3 crew members from Russia, Belarus and the United States.Marina Vasilevskaya from Belarus is the country's first female astronaut.[28]On April 6, 2024 local time, the "Alliance MS-24" manned spacecraft carrying three astronauts landed safely in Kazakhstan.[30]
On April 25, 2024, the Long March 2F Remote 18 carrier rocket carrying the Shenzhou 18 manned spacecraft ignited at Jiuquan Satellite Launch CenterShoot.[31]
Chinese name
Manned spacecraft
Foreign name
manned spacecraft
Alias
spacecraft、spacecraft
major function
Safeguarding astronauts' life and work in outer space
Manned spacecraft is a kind of guaranteeastronautA spacecraft that lives and works in space to carry out space missions and safely return to the ground.[1]
classification
Manned spacecraft can be divided into satellite manned spacecraftMoon landingManned spacecraft and interplanetary manned spacecraft.[2]
characteristic
The manned spacecraft can carry out space activities independently, can also be used as a "ferry" between the ground and the space station, and can also dock with the space station or other spacecraft for joint flight.The manned spacecraft has a small volume and is limited by the number of consumable materials carried, so it does not have the ability to resupply and cannot be reused.[3]
Manned spaceship is also called manned spaceshiprocket launchingEntering space, orbiting the earth or conducting orbital maneuver flight;The spaceship has a man-made environment suitable for people to work and live in;After completing the mission, part of the spacecraft returns to the atmosphere, which is realized by parachute and buffer devicesoft landing。
beginning
The first ship launched by the former Soviet Union on April 12, 1961“Orient spacecraft”Later launched“Ascending signSpacecraft "and“Soyuz spacecraft”。At the same time, the United States has also successfully developed the "Mercury spacecraft"“Gemini spacecraft”And“Apollo”The Apollo spacecraft isMoon landingThe spaceship sent people to the moon.[3]
development history
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First use of recycled manned spacecraft
At 7:05 a.m. EST on April 24, 2021, aboard the American Space Exploration Technology Company（SpaceX）MannedDragon SpacecraftFour astronauts arrived at the International Space Station.This is the first time in history that a recycled manned spacecraft has been used to complete a space flight mission.[10]
Successful landing of re-entry module
At 8:11 on October 31, 2023, the return capsule of Shenzhou 16 manned spacecraft landed successfully at the Dongfeng landing site, and the Shenzhou 16 manned flight mission was a complete success.[24]
Manned spacecraft safely returns to Earth
On April 6, 2024 local time, the "Alliance MS-24" manned spacecraft carrying three astronauts landed safely in Kazakhstan.[30]
scene
Airship composition
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Manned cabin
Manned spacecraft
The main structural feature of manned spacecraft is that it has manned module.Its main structure can be divided into several compartments, for example, two compartment structure and three compartment structure can be used.If there is a docking mission, there is a docking mechanism, which is placed at the front of the spacecraft.The first generation of Soviet spacecraftVostok Its structure is very simple. It is a two compartment type. The spaceship only carries one person.When the second generation spacecraft flew, the SovietAscending signThere is an extra one for getting out of the cabinAirlock, and can carry 2-3 people;The United StatesGemini spacecraftIt is still a two compartment plus docking mechanism.The third generation spacecraft is a three compartment structure, such as the SovietSoyuz spacecraft。The front end of this kind of spacecraft is the docking mechanism, then the orbital module, and then theReturn capsuleAnd service cabin, and finallyCarrier rocketto be connected.Some cabins are connected by transition cabins.Having the mission of leaving the cabinManned spacecraftAir locks for exit are added.U.S.AApolloIn addition to the two compartment structure, the NoLunar module。
Orbital module
Manned airshipOrbital moduleIt is the key segment of the spacecraft.The docking mechanism at its front end is used for spacecraft to connect with other spacecraft orspace stationFor butt joint, its lower end is connected withReturn capsuleto be connected.It is a space for astronauts to carry out scientific experiments, eat, exercise, sleep and rest in space flight, which is equipped with food, water andSleeping bag, waste collection device, observation instrument and communication equipment, etc.The orbital module can also be used for astronaut extravehicular activitiesAirlock。
Return capsule
It's also a closed cabinOrbital flightHour andOrbital moduleTogether, they are called astronaut quarters.In the take-off phase and re-entry phase, astronauts are half lying on the seats in the cabin, and have a certain angle to overcome the pressure of overweight.In front of the seat is the dashboard to monitor the flight situation;The attitude control handle is installed on the seat to adjust manually in case of automatic control failure.U.S.AMercury spacecraft When returning to the ground, the automatic control fails, and the astronauts manually control the spacecraft to return to the ground.Before the spacecraft returns to the ground, the orbital module and service module are respectivelyReturn capsuleThey were separated and burned during re-entry, and only the return capsule carried the astronauts back to the ground.
Service cabin
The service cabin of manned spacecraft can also be called "instrument equipment cabin".Its front end is connected with theReturn capsuleConnected with the rear endCarrier rocketConnect.Soyuz spacecraftThe cabin is divided into front and rear parts. The front section is sealed and pressurized. It is equipped with electronic equipment, environmental control, propulsion system and communication equipment;The rear section is non sealed, mainly for the installation of derailment engines, storage tanks and other objects.Installed outside the service cabinEnvironmental control systemRadiator andSolar panel。[2]
Manned spaceships fly around the earth and return safely, which can study people's reaction ability in the process of space flight, and how people can withstand spaceship takeoff, orbital flight andRe-entry into the atmosphereThe study of the conditions and equipment necessary for long-term survival in the space environment will help us understandSpace environmentImpact on human body, development and utilization for human beingsSpace resourcesTo achieve long-term space navigation, so as to achieve alien immigration and accumulate experience.
Manned spaceflightIt is the further deepening of human understanding of space, the use of space microgravityhigh vacuumandStrong cosmic particleRadiation and other space resources, conducting scientific experiments under microgravity conditions, and producing materials that cannot be produced on the ground, have always been the dream of mankind since the realization of manned spaceflight.For decades, astronauts have“Space factory”Achievements made in, for human development and utilizationSpace resourcesBringing dawn.
Over the years, astronauts have carried out a large number of space material science experiments in space, the purpose of which is to use the unique spacemicrogravity Under the condition of no gravity interference, study the characteristics of materials and produce various materials that cannot be produced on the ground.Space material processing and technology development areManned spaceflightThe inevitable product of development.Since the realization of manned spaceflight, astronauts have studied the physical laws of material processing under microgravity conditions in space and produced many new materials. At the same time, the research on space material processing technology has also been developed rapidly.
A series of biotechnology and life science experiments carried out by mankind since the realization of manned spaceflight have made important achievements in deepening the research of human life itself, synthesizing new drugs, resisting the impact of various diseases, extending life and improving the quality of life. At the same time, they have also established long-term living bases on space stations or extraterrestrials for the future,It provides a controlled ecological environment and life support system, and makes theoretical and technical preparations.
For decades, astronauts have carried out a series of biological experiments in space, mainly focusing on the study of biological material, energy cycle and regulationbiosphereResearch;utilizemicrogravity Promote the research of life process and gravity biology research on how the microgravity environment affects the formation, function and behavior of biological organisms on the earth;Radiation biology research on damage and protection of organisms exposed to space high-energy environment;In addition, there are organismstissue cultureExperiments are used for in vitro cell and tissue culture of organisms for various physiological studies when the whole organism cannot be used for experiments.
Conduct engineering and technical tests
Not implementedManned spaceflightPreviously, tests on new technologies and materials needed by human beings to conquer space could only be carried out on the ground. After manned spaceflight was realized, various tests could be carried out in space.The use of manned spaceflight for engineering and technical experiments is convenient and accurate. Therefore, whether the space shuttle of the United States or the former Soviet Unionspace station, both take engineering technology experiment as an important task.Over the years, in order to prepare for large-scale space activities, space maintenance and space operations, a large number of simulation tests and hardware operation experiments have been carried out to verify the feasibility of its methods and technologies.At the same time, new technologies, new materials and new processes in the development of new spacecraft were tested.Thus,Manned spaceflightServed as a pioneer for the further development of space industry.
Observing Earth and Cosmic Celestial Bodies
Observing the Earth in space is not only“A view of mountains”In addition, when humans enter space, they find that under space conditions, due to overcoming the interference of the atmosphere, the observation effect of ground and celestial bodies is far better than that of ground conditions, especially those that cannot be carried out on the groundX-rayDetection and ultraviolet detection can be carried out conveniently in space.More importantly, manned space flight can give full play to humanSubjective initiativeTherefore, compared with satellite observation, it can change passive observation into active observation, so it can achieve better results than satellite observation.
Important use
The important purpose of the manned spacecraft is to serve as a space shuttle to pick up astronauts for the space station.Former Soviet Union/Russia“Gun salute”The astronauts on the space station No. and the space station No. Mir are transported by the manned spacecraft No. Soyuz.“The International Space Station”The main means of delivery is also a spaceship.
Manned spaceships are also lifeboats. Astronauts work in the space station for a long time, and there may be dangers at any time, such as outer space micro meteors orArtificial celestial bodyDebris breaks through the bulkhead of the pressure chamber, the control system of the space station is unstable, or the astronaut suddenly gets sick. In case of the above emergencies, the astronaut needs to leave the space station immediately and return to the ground.For this reason, when astronauts work in the space station, at least one manned spacecraft docks with the space station as an orbital lifeboat, ready to pick up astronauts at any time to leavespace station, return to the ground.[3]
Spacecraft of various countries
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Soviet Union
Soyuz
The earliest Soviet manned spacecraft series is“Vostok ”Each ship can only take one astronaut, and a total of 6 ships will be launched.On April 12, 1961, the world's first manned spacecraft, Dongfang-1, flew into space.Gagarin, a Soviet astronaut, flew around the earth in a spaceship for 108 minutes and returned to the ground safely, becoming the first person in the world to fly into space.On June 16, 1963, Dzereshkova of the Soviet Union went into space by the Dongfang-6 spacecraft, becoming the first in the worldFemale astronaut。With“Vostok ”It is based on a spaceship“Ascending sign”It is the second generation spaceship of the Soviet Union, with a total of 2 launched.The Ascent-1 spaceship launched on October 12, 1964 is the first spaceship in the world to carry three astronauts.Astronaut Leonov took the ascent - 2 for the first timespace walk, lasting for 10 minutes.
The longest used manned spacecraft series in the former Soviet Union and Russia are“Soyuz”, divided into three stages of Soyuz, Soyuz T and Soyuz TM, capable of carrying three astronauts, with orbital maneuverRendezvous and dockingCapability, Soviet Union/RussiaManned spaceflightThe important transportation system between heaven and earth in the plan.On January 15, 1969, Alliance 4 and Alliance 5 conducted the first space docking of two spacecraft.
Russia
On March 23, 2024 Moscow time, the "Soyuz-2.1a" carrier rocket will carry the "Soyuz MS-25" manned spacecraft, sending Russian cosmonaut Nowitzki, Belarusian cosmonaut Vasilievskaya and American cosmonaut Dyson into space.On March 25 Moscow time, the Russian "Union MS-25" manned spacecraft successfully docked with the International Space Station.[27][29]
U.S.A
“Mercury”It is the first manned spacecraft series in the United States, with a total of 6 launched.May 5, 1961Alan B Shepard Take the first shipMercury spacecraft Carried outSuborbital flight, unveiling the United StatesManned spaceflightThe prologue of.On February 20, 1962,John Glenn The first orbital flight was carried out by the third Mercury spacecraft, becoming the first American to enter space.
Apollo
The second manned spacecraft series of the United States is "Gemini", which launched a total of 12, of which the first two were not manned.Gemini Seat-3, launched on March 23, 1965, is the first US spacecraft carrying two astronauts.On the Gemini 4 spacecraft launched on June 3, 1965,White21 minutes out of the cabin, the first time in the United Statesspace walkThe astronauts.“Apollo”The spacecraft is based on the United StatesApollo program Tailored manned spacecraft.In October 1968, the first mannedApollo-The spaceship No.7 was launched.Prior to that, the Apollo Program had only done unmannedflight test。From Apollo 7 to Apollo 18, the United States launched 12 Apollo manned spacecraft.The Apollo 11 launched on July 16, 1969 realized the first time in human history on July 20Moon landingThe Apollo 15 spacecraft launched on July 26, 1971 sent a lunar rover to the moon for the first time.In the whole Apollo program, there were 6 successful moon landings, and 12 astronauts landed on the moon.
Soyuz andApolloDocking: The Soyu-19 spacecraft launched on July 15, 1975 successfully docked with the American Apollo 18 spacecraft in orbit, realizing the world's first international space flight.[4]
On October 5, 2022 local time, SpaceX and NASA successfully launched a manned spacecraft to the International Space Station in Florida, which carried Russian astronauts for the first time.It is reported that the spaceship carried a total of four astronauts, including Nicole Mann, the commander of the mission and the first American aboriginal woman to go into space, Josh Kasada, Japanese astronaut Hiroshi Wakata and Russian astronaut Anna Kigina.[13]
At 07:05 on September 3, 2023 (19:05 on September 3, Beijing time), the "Dragon" spacecraft, which was carried by four astronauts, including US astronaut Stephen Bowen, Warren Holberg, UAE astronaut Sudan Naiyadi and Russian astronaut Andrey Fejayev, left the International Space Station and returned to Earth.At 0:17 EST on the 4th (12:17 GMT on the 4th), the spacecraft landed in the waters near Florida.[23]
On the evening of March 3, 2024 local time, the "Dragon" spacecraft of the US Space Exploration Technology Company was launched from Florida, carrying four US and Russian astronauts to the International Space Station.The four astronauts transported by this space mission, code named "Crew-8", were NASA astronauts Matthew Dominic, Michael Ballat, Janet Epps, and the Russian National Space Group astronaut Alexander Grebian Kim.[25]
On March 11, 2024 EDT, the US space exploration technology company "Dragon" spacecraft carrying four astronauts left the International Space Station and set off to return to Earth.[26]
At 10:52 on June 5, 2024 EDT, the "interstellar airliner" took off on the "Cosmos 5" carrier rocket of the United Launch Alliance of the United States, and sent American astronauts Butch Wilmore and Suni Williams to the International Space Station.About 15 minutes later, the spacecraft separated from the rocket in a predetermined orbit.The "interstellar airliner" is expected to fly in space for about 25 hours and dock with the International Space Station at 12:15 on the 6th.[35-37]
China
Manned spacecraft
ChinaManned Space EngineeringIt was officially started in 1992. After seven years of efforts, at 6:30 on November 20, 1999Jiuquan Satellite Launch CenterThe newly built manned spacecraft launch site, China's first test spacecraft "Shenzhou 1" was carried by the newly developed Long March 2Frocket launchingLift off and enter orbit accurately.After 21 hours of orbital flight, the spacecraftReturn capsuleEnter at 15 lapsReturn to orbitAt 3:41 a.m. on the 21st, it landed at the scheduled recycling site and successfully completed the test task.The success of this test mission marks China'sManned spaceflightMajor breakthroughs have been made in technologyChina's manned spaceflightThe development of technology has laid the foundation.In January 2001 and March 2002, "Shenzhou 2" and "Shenzhou 3" completed the unmanned test one after another.In particular, on December 30, 2002, "Shenzhou 4" spaceship carried two models into space and returned safely, laying a solid foundation for manned spaceflight.At 9:00 on October 15, 2003, and 9:00 on October 12, 2005, China's "Shenzhou 5" and“Shenzhou 6”Manned spacecraftJiuquan Satellite Launch CenterSuccessful launch, bringing China's first astronautYang Liwei, andFei Junlong、Nie HaishengTwo astronauts went into space, realizing the Chinese nation's millennium dream of flying into space.The successful launch of the manned spacecraft is also the successful launch of China since April 24, 1970Dongfanghong No.1Since man-made satellite,Chinese Aerospace HistoryAnother new milestone, China became the third master in the world after the United States and RussiaManned spaceflightTechnology, a country that successfully launched manned spacecraft.[3]
On November 20, 1999, the first test flight was successfully completed.This has laid a very solid foundation for China's manned spacecraft
Shenzhou II
On January 9, 2001, the first prototype unmanned spacecraft was built.The main purpose of flight test is to assess the whole process of engineering systems from launch to operation, return, and orbit retention, check the correctness and matching of various technical schemes, and obtain scientific and experimental data related to manned flight.
Shenzhou 3
The main purpose of the flight test on March 25, 2002 was to assess the rocket escape function, control system redundancy, spacecraft emergency rescue, autonomous emergency return, manual control and other functions. This mission carried a simulated astronaut.
Shenzhou IV
On December 29, 2002, a flight test was comprehensively evaluated under unmanned conditions, with the main purpose of ensuring the absolute safety of astronauts, and further improving and evaluating the reliability of rockets, spacecraft, and measurement and control systems.
Shenzhou V
On October 15, 2003, the first manned flight was carried by Yang Liwei, who successfully circled the earth 14 times.[5]
Shenzhou VI
On October 12, 2005, the first multi person and multi day space flight was carried out. The astronauts wereFei JunlongandNie Haisheng。[6]
On September 25, 2008, it carried three astronauts into space for the first time. The astronauts were Zhai Zhigang, Liu Boming and Jing Haipeng. They successfully carried out extravehicular activities (also known as space walk).
Shenzhou VIII
On November 1, 2011, the improved "Long March II" F-Yao-8 rocket was successfully launched.In the early morning of November 3, 2011, it successfully implemented the first rendezvous and docking mission with the combined Tiangong 1, and became part of the China Space Laboratory.
Shenzhou 9
Launched on June 16, 2012, the first manned rendezvous and docking with Tiangong-1 on June 18, 2012 was carried by Jing Haipeng, Liu Wang and Liu Yang.[7]
Shenzhou 10
Launched at 17:38 on June 11, 2013, it will dock with Tiangong-1 and manned the space station for short-term management. The astronauts on board are Nie Haisheng, Zhang Xiaoguang and Wang Yaping.
Shenzhou 11
At 07:30:28 on October 17, 2016, it docked with Tiangong II. In order to better master the space rendezvous and docking technology, the astronauts on board were Jing Haipeng and Chen Dong.[8]
At 10:44 on June 5, 2022, Beijing time, the Long March 2F remote 14 carrier rocket carrying the Shenzhou 14 manned spacecraft ignited and launched at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, and the launch was a complete success.[12]At 17:42 on June 5, 2022, Beijing time, it was successfully docked to the radial port of Tianhe core module, and the whole docking process lasted about 7 hours.[11]
Shenzhou 15
On June 2, 2023, the Shenzhou 15 crew and the Shenzhou 16 crew held a handover ceremony.The crew of Shenzhou 15 astronauts has completed all the scheduled tasks and will return to the Dongfeng landing site by Shenzhou 15 manned spacecraft on the 4th.The landing site and all test systems have made preparations to welcome the astronauts home.[18]
At 6:33 on June 4, 2023, the return capsule of Shenzhou XV manned spacecraft landed successfully at Dongfeng landing site. The on-site medical supervision and medical insurance personnel confirmed that the astronauts Fei Junlong, Deng Qingming and Zhang Lu were in good health, and the Shenzhou XV manned flight mission was a complete success[19-20]。
At 7:9 on June 4, 2023, Fei Junlong, Deng Qingming and Zhang Lu, astronauts of Shenzhou 15, all left the cabin safely and smoothly, in good health[21]。
On May 29, 2023, it was decided by the mission headquarters in the application and development phase of the space station that the Shen16 was aimed at and launched at 9:31 on the 30th.The Shenzhou 16 flight crew is composed of astronautsJing Haipeng、Zhu YangzhuandGuihai tideComposition, Jing Haipeng as the commander[14][16]。At 9:31 on May 30, Beijing time, the Long March 2F Remote 16 carrier rocket carrying the Shenzhou 16 manned spacecraft ignited and launched at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. About 10 minutes later, the Shenzhou 16 manned spacecraft separated from the rocket and entered the predetermined orbit. The astronauts were in good condition and the launch was a complete success[17]。
On May 29, 2023, Lin Xiqiang, deputy director of the China Manned Space Engineering Office, said that China was developing a new generation of reusable near earth manned launch vehicles and a new generation of near earth manned spacecraft.In order to further support on orbit scientific experiments and create better conditions for the work and life of astronauts, the expansion module will be launched in time to upgrade the basic configuration of the space station from "T" to "X".[15]
In July 2023,Yang LiweiIt was revealed that China's new generation manned spacecraft is expected to fly in 2027-2028, and the spacecraft can carry 4 to 7 people.[22]
On April 25, 2024, the Long March 2F Remote 18 carrier rocket carrying the Shenzhou 18 manned spacecraft ignited at Jiuquan Satellite Launch CenterShoot.[31]
At 20:59 on April 25, 2024, Beijing time, the Long March 2F Remote 18 carrier rocket carrying the Shenzhou 18 manned spacecraft ignited and launched at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center. About 10 minutes later, the Shenzhou 18 manned spacecraft successfully separated from the rocket and entered the scheduled orbit.The astronauts were in good condition and the launch was a complete success.[32]
At 3:32 on April 26, 2024, it was successfully docked to the radial port of the space station sky and the core module, and the entire autonomous rendezvous and docking process lasted about 6.5 hours.After the manned spacecraft and the space station assembly successfully achieved autonomous and rapid rendezvous and docking, the Shenzhou 18 astronauts entered the orbital module from the return capsule of the spacecraft.At 05:04 on April 26, 2024 (Beijing time), the Shenzhou XVII crew on orbit successfully opened the "home gate" and welcomed the Shenzhou XVII crew to the "Tiangong".[33-34]
Spaceship accident
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Apollo spacecraft detected fire
On January 27, 1967,Kennedy Space CenterThe ground joint simulation flight test of manned spacecraft was conducted on the No. 34 launch site.
Riding with three astronautsApolloThe 4A spacecraft docked atSaturn 1B carrier rocketOn.The three astronauts are: once participated inMercuryNo. 4Suborbital flight、Gemini 3Colonel Fergil Bugrisom, who is very experienced in flying, once participated in the Gemini 4 flight and was the first US Lieutenant Colonel Edward H. White to walk in space, and another is Major Roger B. Chafei, who is preparing for the first flight in space.If the ground simulation test is successful, the three astronauts will take this spaceship to enter the ringOrbital flightTo test the degree of moon landing flight.
Later, it was found that the reason for the fire was that the spacecraft wire was short circuited, and the electric spark ignited the plastic products in the cabin.Apollo spacecraft1/3atmospheric pressureSome plastic products that were originally fire-resistant in normal air became flammable in pure oxygen.In addition, the opening time of the cabin door is designed to be 90 seconds. Negative pressure is formed inside the ship when the fire occurs. The cabin door cannot be opened in a very short time, whether outside or inside.
Soyuz 1 returns and crashes
In April 1967,Former Soviet UnionNewly developedSoyuz spacecraftThe planned lunar landing flight rendezvous and docking simulation test was carried out, and the Soyuz 1 and Soyuz 2 were scheduled to be launched on April 23 and 24, respectively, and then on April 25-26Earth orbitRendezvous and docking, and space transfer.
At 3:35 a.m. on April 23, Colonel Vladimir M. Komarov took the Soyuz 1 spaceship and, amid cheersBaikonur Launching Site Launch on time.
At lap 2,KomarovThe report said: "The left side of the spaceshipSolar cellThe sail is not turned on, and the power supply is insufficient,Radio shortwavetransmitterjobless.Attitude stabilization systemAlso affected, the spacecraft is in irregular operation. "By the fifth lap, the spacecraft fault was further aggravated.Komarov tried to eliminate the fault and tried to start the engine of the spacecraft to stabilize the flight, but failed.Exhausted, Komarov requested a sleep on lap 10.With permission, the communication with the ground was interrupted.At lap 13, communication with the ground flight control center was restored.However, the fault of the spacecraft has not disappeared and the attitude is still unstable.The flight control center decided to suspend the launch of Soyuz 2, and Soyuz 1 returned immediately.
On lap 17, the spacecraft failed to adjust its attitude and failed to return.At the 19th lap, Komarov manually controlled the return, making the spacecraft enterReturn to orbit。When the spacecraft descends to an altitude of 10km from the ground according to the return orbit, the mainparachuteThe ground commander heardKomarovSaid, "The parachute did not open!" At 6:24 on April 24, the spaceship rushed to the ground with a flash of fire at a speed of more than 100 meters per second and landed atUralSome violent explosions were heard 65 kilometers east of Orsk.Komarov died on the spot.
Air leakage when Alliance 11 returns
On June 6, 1971,Alliance 11The spaceship came fromBaikonur Launching Site Launch and launch, carrying the first batch of shouldersSalute 1 space stationThe three astronauts with heavy responsibilities flew towards the space station.These three astronauts are George DobroWolski, Vladislav Volkov, Victor Pachayev.After the orbit change flight, the spacecraft began rendezvous and docking 100 meters away from the space station, and succeeded. Three astronauts opened the cabin door and entered the space station.
They stayed at the space station for 23 days, 18 hours and 22 minutes, and carried out a series of astronomical observationsweightlessnessThe experiment of growing under the conditions and some medical experiments have obtained a lot of valuable information and done quite well.During docking, the orbit of the space station was raised twice.
At 9:00 p.m. on June 29, 1971, three astronauts leftSalyut 1 return.But none of the three wore themSpace suit。After leaving the space station, the spacecraft flew for more than 4 hours and kept in touch with the ground.At 1:35 on June 30, 1971, the spacecraft started according to the procedureBrake rocket。On reentryatmospherefront,Return capsuleandOrbital moduleSeparation.However, after the separation plug connecting the two cabins was separated, the pressure valve of the return cabin was opened, the sealing performance was damaged, the air in the return cabin leaked from there, and the cabin was rapidly decompressed, which caused the astronauts to suffer from acute hypoxiaBody fluid boilingAnd death.
The reason for this accident is that the design of the spaceship is unreasonable and the cockpit is crowded. Only by taking off the bloated spacesuit can we sit down.At that time, the Soyuz return procedure was clearly stipulated,astronautThe spacesuit must be taken off before returning.Many scientists objected to this design and procedure at that time, but the leaders of the space sector did not accept the correct opinions.To this end, the Soviet Space Director CardMa NingThe general was dismissed from his post.[9]
The end of the era
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US Eastern TimeAt 5:58 on July 21 (17:58 Beijing time on July 21)“Atlantis”Nospace shuttlestayKennedy Space CenterSafe landing.As this is the last shuttle shuttling in the sky, this landing also means that the 30-year space shuttle project of the United States has come to an end.
America's future space program will restartManned spaceflightThe spaceship project, the new generation MPCV spaceship, is unveiling its mystery.However, in the next few years, the United States will lack its ownManned spacecraft, we must rely on the Russian "Soyuz" spacecraft to send astronautsThe International Space Station。Only Russia's Soyuz spacecraft can carry astronauts and the International Space StationRendezvous and dockingRussia has become the only "carrier" for astronauts on the International Space Station.
