Manned spaceflight is humandriveAnd rideManned spacecraftIt is engaged in various shuttle flight activities of exploration, research, test, production and military applications in space.Its purpose is to break throughEarth's atmosphereBarriers and overcomingGravity of the earthWe will expand the scope of human activities from land, ocean and atmosphere to space, have a broader and deeper understanding of the entire universe, and make full use of the special environment of space and manned spacecraft to carry out various research and test activities, so as to develop extremely rich resources in space.Only the United States, China and Russia, as well as private spacex[1]It has the capability of independent manned spaceflight.
Ivan Moisheyev, scientific research director of the Moscow Space Club, believes that the United States is still leading in the space field, and China, Europe and Russia are basically at the same level after it.Moisheyev believes that China is catching up with Russia in the fields of earth remote sensing, communication, navigation and other applied aerospace, but lags behind Russia in manned spaceflight and Europe in basic space research.
It should be noted that the EU, India and Japan can be listed as "quasi manned space capability countries".
In February 2024, the name of the new aircraft for China's manned lunar exploration mission has been determined. The new generation of manned spacecraft is named "Mengzhou", and the lunar lander is named "Ranging the Moon".[17]
Manned spaceflight refers to the round-trip flight activities of human driving and riding manned spacecraft in space to engage in various exploration, test, research, military and production activities.The purpose of manned spaceflight is to break through and overcome the barrier of the earth's atmosphereGravity of the earth, the scope of human activities from land, sea andatmosphereExpand toSpace, have a broader and deeper understanding of the Earth and its surrounding environment, and better understand the entire universe;Make full use of the special environment of space and manned spacecraft to engage in various test and research activities, and develop space and its rich resources.Manned spacecraftManned bySpace systemThe manned space system consists of manned spacecraft, launch vehicleSpacecraft launch siteAnd return facilitiesSpace TT&C NetworkAnd sometimes other ground support systems, such asGround simulation equipmentandAstronaut trainingFacilities.
According to the mode of flight and work, manned spacecraft can be divided into manned spacecraft, manned space station and space shuttle: ① manned spacecraft can be divided into single person spacecraft and multi person spacecraft according to the number of passengers, and can be divided into satellite manned spacecraft and moon landing manned spacecraft according to the scope of operation. ②Manned space station is also called orbital station orSpace StationIt can be used by many astronauts to live and work. ③The space shuttle can not only be used as a manned spacecraft and space station for manned space activities, but also a reusable carrier.
Manned space technology is a major breakthrough in the history of human spaceflight.
Manned spaceflight began on April 12, 1961 when Gagarin entered Earth orbit by taking the Orient spacecraft.Today, many countries have their own astronauts. The manned spacecraft of Russia, the United States and China carry the astronauts of many countries flying in space. The manned spacecraft has developed from a single spacecraft to a huge space station.
The manned space program that has been implemented and is being implemented includes: the East of the former Soviet Union, Ascension, Alliance, gun salute and peace;Mercury in the United StatesGemini、ApolloSkylab, Space Shuttle;Aerospace Laboratory, a joint space shuttle between the United States and Europe;International space station cooperated by the United States, Russia, Europe, Japan and Canada;China Shenzhou, Tiangong.The Dragon Flying Boat Manning Program of Spacex, a private enterprise.[1]
Technical difficulties
Announce
edit
Manned spaceflight is a highly difficult system engineering integrating national political, military and scientific and technological strength.To really send people into space and even make people live in space for a long time, we must break through three major technical problems.
1、 High thrust launch vehicle technology, sending very heavy spacecraft to low Earth orbit;
2、 Satellite safe return technology;
3、 Good environmental control and life support system technology.
Means of delivery
space walk
The first difficulty is to develop a vehicle with enough thrust and extremely good reliability.
Launched by the former Soviet UnionVostok The carrier rockets of manned spacecraft such as Ascension, Soyuz and so on are all excellent carrier vehicles with a carrying capacity of more than 5 tons and few accidents during launch.In order to ensure a safe launchKey componentsIt must be double backup or triple backup. The rocket and spacecraft must pass a series of extremely strict ground tests andSimulated flightUntil there is no hidden danger.
Experts said that due to the emphasis on reliability, in fact, compared with navigation, aviation and various land transportation vehicles, the activities of spacecraft have the best safety record.
Human body protection measures
The second difficulty is to obtain enough information about the impact of space environment on human body, understand the limit conditions that human body can withstand and find protective measures.
There is a world of difference between the space environment and the land environment.There is a high vacuum in space, no oxygen and no water. If there is no protection, the human body will explode due to the huge pressure difference inside and outside the body in less than a minute when exposed to such an environment, and the body fluid will boil and vaporize rapidly.There is a great temperature difference in space, because there is noAir convectionThe temperature on the sunrise side of the spacecraft can reach more than 100 ℃, while the temperature on the shady side of the spacecraft can reach below - 100 ℃. In the deep air far away from the earth, the temperature can reach - 273 ℃ that the human body simply cannot tolerate.Space is also full of harmfulCosmic radiation。
In addition, spaceWeightlessness environmentIn particular, the acceleration and deceleration during the ascending and returning phases of the spacecraft will cause balance disorder, internal tissue displacementMuscular atrophy, bone decalcification and other diseases.To ensure human survival in this environment, it is necessary to develop a sealed anti radiation spaceship, which should be equipped with basic life support conditions such as air, water and temperature that can provide people with normal life.And equip the astronautsSpace suitOnce astronauts want to go out of the cockpit to work in space, all life support systems will be provided by spacesuits.In the practice of manned spaceflight, the Soviet Union/Russia developed the OrientAscending sign, Soyuz, and the United States also successfully used Mercury, Gemini, Apollo and space shuttles.
Lifesaving technology and safe return technology
The third problem is reliable life-saving technology and safe return technology.The biggest difference between manned spaceflight and unmanned spaceflight lies in the application of life-saving technology and the absolute reliability of safe return.
The life-saving devices for manned spaceflight includeEjection seat、Escape tower, separate the cabin andmanned maneuvering unitEtc.They play their roles at different altitudes.Generally speaking, when the flight altitude is about 10km, astronauts can use ejection seats to eject dangerous spacecraft and parachute to save lives.You can also start the escape tower to let people escapeTara The spaceship shook off the faulty rocket and landed to save life.If there is a problem in the high altitude of the rocket, the astronaut can't jump out and the escape tower has been thrown away according to the flight procedure, the only way to do this is to separate the capsule of the spaceship and let the capsule of the spaceship return to life by itself.After the spaceship enters the orbit, once the spaceship itself is damaged or the astronaut is sick and needs to be rescued, the only way is to temporarily use the on-board life-saving device to wait for the ground launch spaceship to save life.
The safe return of the spaceship is not easy. It needs to start the reverse rocket to decelerate, adjust the attitude, enter the return orbit and other technologies, and also needs to break throughThree "gates of death"：
One is overload shutdown, and the spacecraft enters dense at high speedatmosphereIt will produce huge impact overload, just like an airplane hitting a mountain;
The second is the flame off. The fierce friction between the spacecraft return and the air will produce thousands of degrees of high temperature. Without protection, the steel tendons and iron bones will also be reduced to ashes;
The third is the impact barrier. Although the airship has parachutes, its landing speed is still 14 meters per second. If no measures are taken, even the strong man will be killed.
In addition, the accuracy of the landing point is also a big problem. A spaceship of the former Soviet Union returned with a landing point deviation. As a result, the rescuers could not find the astronauts, but the astronauts were trapped in the icy forest and almost froze to death.
Space system
Announce
edit
It refers to spacecraft, space transportation system, space launch siteSpace TT&C NetworkSpecific completion of application system compositionSpace missionsEngineering system.The application system refers to the user system of spacecraft, generally the ground application system, such as the ground application system of various satellites, the ground application system of manned spacecraftSpace explorationThe ground application system of the.
Space systemPress whether it can carry peopleIt can be divided into unmanned space system and manned space system;
By useIt can be divided into civil space system and military space system;
By spacecraft typeIt can be divided into many kinds, such as satellite space system, manned spacecraft space system, moon satellite space system, etc.
The aerospace system is a typical modern large-scale complex engineering system. It is a national large-scale engineering system with the characteristics of large scale, complex system, technology intensive, strong comprehensiveness, large investment, long cycle, large risk, wide application and considerable social and economic benefits.Organize and manage the design, manufacture, test, launch, operation and application of the space systemSystems Engineering Methods, formed in aerospace engineering practiceSpace Systems EngineeringIt further enriches and develops the theory and methods of system engineering.A perfect space system is an important symbol of a country's aerospace strength and comprehensive national strength. Only a few countries in the world have such strength.
Manned spacecraft
Announce
edit
Manned spacecraft includes manned spacecraft, space shuttle and space station.Since the 1960s, the United States has carried out the Mercury Program and the Gemini Program to solve technical problems such as human spaceflight and return, spacecraft maneuver, rendezvous, docking and astronaut extravehicular activities, so as to achieveApollo Project And so on.Between 1961 and 1984, five manned space programs were realized and 46 manned space activities were completed: in May 1961, the first astronaut Shepard completed his orbital flight on Mercury;From July 1969 to December 1972, six Apollo spacecraft completed the lunar voyage, and 12 astronauts carried out scientific research on the moon, bringing back 368kg of soil and rock samples;Used in the 1970sSaturn 5 rocketThe shell was transformed into the experimental space station "Skylab". From 1973 to 1974, three groups of astronauts went to work aboard the Apollo spacecraft to carry out experimental research on biology, astronomy, exploration and production technology of earth resources;In July 1975, in cooperation with the Soviet Union, Apollo Soyuz docking flight was carried out;The launch vehicle began to develop the space shuttle in 1972, made its first test flight in April 1981, and officially put into use in November 1982. Now, its historical mission has ended.[2]
Development Basis
Announce
edit
Schematic diagram of space suit
Since manned spaceflight is a huge systematic project, its development must be based on strong comprehensive national strength, high level of economic development, certain financial support, a group of backbone talents engaged in aerospace science and technology, and advanced scientific and technological development.In this way, it is possible to develop manned space flight.China now basically has the above foundation, so it launched a manned test spacecraft.
What conditions can we meet to develop manned space flight?In short, it is to establish the national manned space system, or manned space system.Because this system is directly supported and planned by the state, and this system is established under the conditions of increasingly mature aerospace technology.For example, the construction of ground launch base, the establishment, tracking, telemetry, remote control andCommunication networkThe key is to improve the astronaut system when the technologies such as the establishment of the, the construction of rockets and propulsion systems, the development of new materials in the spacecraft manufacturing process, launch and recovery have been mature and available.It involves selecting what kind of people to enter space, establishing a training base for astronauts, establishing an aerospace medical system, establishing an environment control and life support system for astronauts in combination with spacecraft development, organizing medical supervision and support work before, during and after astronauts entering space, ensuring the safety of astronauts, and adding emergency lifesaving systems in combination with manned spacecraft development.
development history
Announce
edit
On October 7, 1958,NASA（NASA）Official approval“Mercury”Manned spacecraft project.This was the first major decision made by NASA after its establishment on October 1, 1958.
On September 9, 1959, the United States successfully launched the "Mercury" spacecraft model for the first time with the "Goddess of Space" D carrier rocket for suborbital flight.Since then, until April 25, 1961, the United States has conducted 7 unmanned spacecraft tests, including 3 failures and 4 successes, laying a solid foundation for the successful implementation of manned space flight in the United States.
In January 1960, the Soviet Union successfully launched two unmannedSatellite airship, proceedsuborbitalFlight.From then on until March 25, 1961, the Soviet Union carried out seven unmanned spacecraft tests, of which four failed, three succeeded, and the last two succeeded consecutively.The decision-making organ of the Soviet Union believed that it was fully capable of launching manned spacecraft.
On March 23, 1961, the Soviet Union prepared astronautsAlona Bondarenko On the last day of the 10 day ground training, in a high concentration oxygen chamber, after wiping the part of the body where the sensor was fixed with an alcohol cotton ball, he threw it on the electric heater, which immediately caused a fire. He was severely burned and died 10 hours later.
On April 12, 1961, the Soviet Union launched the world's first manned spacecraft, "Dongfang" 1.Yuri Gagarin After taking the "Dongfang" 1 spaceship for 108 minutes to circle the earth, the majorSaratovReturn safely nearby.Gagarin became the world's first astronaut to travel in space, making the Soviet Union win the first place in the world in the manned space race with the United States.March 27, 1968, Gagarin drivingMig 15The fighter died in an aircraft accident during training.
On May 5, 1961, Alan B. Shepard, the first American astronaut to conduct suborbital flight, piloted the American "Mercury" MR3 spacecraft to conduct the first manned suborbital flight. Therefore, the United States became the second country in the world after the Soviet Union to have manned space capabilities.
May 25, 1961, President of the United StatesKennedy The Congress announced that before the end of the 1960s, the United States would send people to the moon and return to the ground safely.Since then, the United States has officially implemented the world-famous“Apollo”Manned lunar landing project plan.This is another contest launched by the United States after the failure of the first contest between the Soviet Union and the Soviet Union to send people to heaven.
On February 20, 1962, the United States launched the manned spacecraft "Mercury" 6. Astronaut Colonel Ojohn H. Glenn flew the "Mercury" 6 spacecraft around the earth for three times, lasting 4 hours, 55 minutes and 23 seconds, and safely returned to the Atlantic Ocean.Glenn became the first American to enterEarth orbitPeople.
On August 11, 1962, the Soviet Union launchedNikolayevThe major's "Dongfang" 3 spaceship went into the sky.On August 12, the Soviet Union launched the "Dongfang" 4 spacecraft carrying Lieutenant Colonel Popovich into space."Dongfang" 4 and "Dongfang" 3 realized the rendezvous flight of manned spacecraft in space for the first time, with a distance of 5 kilometers, and transmitted television from space for the first time.
On June 16, 1963, the world's first female astronaut went into spaceDzereshkovaThe lieutenant piloted the Soviet "Dongfang" 6 spacecraft into space. The spacecraft circled the earth 48 times, lasting 70 hours and 50 minutes, and returned on the 19th.
On October 12, 1964, the Soviet Union successfully launched the second generation manned spacecraft "Ascension" 1 with three people.astronautKomarov, Yegorov and Fedestov flew around the earth for 16 times, lasting 24 hours and 17 minutes, and returned toKustanaiRegion.This is the first flight of three people in the history of the Soviet Union and the world.
On March 18, 1965, the Soviet Union launched BereyayevLeonov"Ascent" 2 spacecraft.During the flight, Leonov carried out the first flight in the world's aerospace historyspace walkHe spent 12 minutes at 5 meters away from the spaceship, completing visual observation, disassembly and other experiments.
On March 23, 1965, the United States successfully launched the second generation manned spacecraft, Gemini 3.The spaceship carriesAmerican SpaceLieutenant Colonel Grissom andJohn Young Major, 5 circles around the earth, lasting 4 hours and 53 minutes.This is the first flight of two people in the United States.
On June 3, 1965, the United States launchedWhiteThe captain's "Gemini" 4 spaceship made 62 circles around the earth.White walked outside the cabin for 21 minutes, and used the jet to make himself maneuver in space.This is the first space walk of the United States.
Astronauts walk in space
On December 15, 1965, the United States launched the Gemini 6 spacecraft, which carried Lieutenant Colonel Sheila and Captain Stanford.The spaceship flew around the earth 16 times, lasting 25 hours and 51 minutes.The flight was to rendezvous with Gemini 7, which was launched on December 4, and maintain a close formation flight, about 0.3 meters away.This is the first space rendezvous flight of an American manned spacecraft.
On March 16, 1966, the United States launched an astronautArmstrongAnd Scott's“Gemini”On the 8th, it flew around the earth 6.5 times, lasting 10 hours and 41 minutes.It is the first time in flight that a manned spacecraft docks with a docking module called "Akina".This is the first space docking in the world's space history.
On January 27, 1967, the American "Apollo" 4A spacecraft carried out the ground test of the moon landing spacecraft on the launch pad.In the spaceship sat Colonel Grissom, who had participated in the flight of Mercury and Gemini spacecraft, Lieutenant Colonel White, who was the first American to complete extravehicular activities, and Major Chaffy, who was preparing to participate in space flight for the first time.Suddenly, the cabin full of pure oxygen caught fire and exploded, and three astronauts were burned to death immediately.
On April 23, 1967, the Soviet Union used the Soyuz carrier rocket to launch the third generation spacecraft Soyuz 1.When the spaceship returned on April 24parachuteFailure, the spacecraft crashed near Ural Orenbok, and astronaut Komarov was killed.
On April 14, 1968, the Soviet Union launched the Space 212 unmanned spacecraft.The spacecraft automatically docked with the later launched Spacecraft 213 during its orbit operation.This is the first space docking completed by the Soviet Union.
Apollo astronauts
On October 11, 1968, the United States launched the Apollo 7 spacecraft.Astronauts Sheila, Aisil and CanningHam163 circles around the earth, lasting 260 hours and 9 minutes, and returning on the 22nd.This is the first manned Earth orbit flight of Apollo spacecraft.
On December 21, 1968, the United States launchedLovellandAndersApollo 8 spacecraft.The spacecraft entered theLunar orbitI flew 10 circles for 20 hours and 6 minutes, and sent TV back to the earth.Return on the 27th.This is the first manned spacecraft flying around the moon in the world.On July 16, 1969, the United States launched the Apollo 11 manned spacecraft, sending a man to the moon for the first time.The spaceship carried astronaut ArmstrongCollins3 astronauts from Aldrin, after 75 hours and 50 minutes of flight, enteredCircumlunar orbit。July 21stGreenwich Mean TimeAt 2:56, astronaut Armstrong left his foot on the moon, becoming the first person to step on the moon in the world, and said a well-known saying: "This is a small step for human beings, a great leap for human beings." 19 minutes later, Aldrin followed him to the moon.They planted the American flag on the surface of the moon, placed scientific instruments, and collected 22 kg of lunar rocks and soil samples. The activity lasted 2 hours, 31 minutes and 40 seconds.
On April 11, 1970, the United States launchedHayesThe third moon landing flight was carried out with the "Apollo" 13 spacecraft of Swigat.After 56 hours of flight, the spacecraft was 330000 kilometers away from the earth and almost close to the moon. Due to the failure of the two button thermostat switches, the service module burned the radio wave oxygen storage tank and exploded. Many of the equipment in the module was damaged, and more than half of the oxygen and water were lost. Astronauts Lovell, Hayes and Swigat faced the disaster of being buried in space.But they did not fear the danger. According to the orbit accurately calculated by the ground scientists and the order of the ground commander, they manually operated the spacecraft, used the oxygen and power of the lunar module, and successfully returned to the earth on April 17, creating a miracle of survival in the history of aerospace.
Astronauts in simulated weightlessness training
On June 1, 1970, the Soviet Union launched the Soyuz 9 spacecraft carrying astronauts Nikolayev and Chevskyanov.The spacecraft circled the earth 268 times, lasting 424 hours and 59 minutes, creating a new record in the history of manned flight.On April 19, 1971, the Soviet Union used the Proton rocket to launch the Salute 1, the world's first manned space station.The Salute 1 space station crashed over the Pacific Ocean on October 11, 1971, flying for 175 days.Two ships were docked during operationSoyuz spacecraftAmong them, the astronauts of the "Alliance" 11 entered the station and worked for three weeks.From then on until 1982, the Soviet Union successively launched the "Salute" 2~5 space stations and the second generation "Salute" 6 and 7 space stations.
On June 6, 1971, the Soviet Union launched the space mission with astronauts Dobrowski, Pachayev andVolkovAnd the Soyuz 11 spacecraft.The spacecraft successfully docked with the "Salute" 1 space station. After 24 days of in orbit operation, on the way back, the air in the return capsule leaked. When returning to the ground, people found that they had not wornSpace suitAll three astronauts were killed.On December 7, 1971, the United States launchedEvansAnd Schmidt's Apollo 17 spacecraft.Arrived at the moon on the 11th, two astronauts stayed on the moon for 75 hours and released a satellite in lunar orbit.The spaceship returned on the 19th.This is the last manned lunar landing flight of mankind so far, and also the seventh lunar landing flight of Apollo spacecraft.
May 14, 1973, for the United States“Saturn”The launch name of V rocket is“Skylab”Space station.Later, it docked with several "Apollo" spacecraft, and three groups of nine astronauts worked on it.It was originally expected that Skylab could operate until 1982, but because the space station failed seriously and could not be used normally, its operating orbit dropped sharply, and it fell into the southwest waters of Australia in the South Indian Ocean on July 12, 1979.This is the first manned space station launched by the United States.
On April 5, 1975, the Soviet Union launched the Soyuz 18A spacecraft carrying Lazarev and Makarov to dock with Salute 4.Shortly after the third stage of the rocket ignited, when the rocket rose to 144 kilometersguidance systemIn case of failure, the spacecraft rolled over in the air and deviated from the scheduled orbit.The ground control center had to issue an emergency rescue order to shut down the rocket, separate the return capsule from the spacecraft, and return the astronauts according to the emergency planSiberiaThe western mountainous area landed safely.The flight lasted only 22 minutes.This is the first time since manned spaceflight that emergency life-saving measures have been successfully taken due to abnormal rocket flight.
space shuttle
On July 15, 1975, the Soviet Union and the United States launched a joint docking flight.The first launch was carried by Soviet astronauts Leonov and KubaSaufThe Soyuz 19 spacecraft.7.5 hours after launch, the American "Apollo" 18 spacecraft carried American astronauts Stanford, Slayton andBrandfromKennedy Space CenterLaunch successful.On July 17, Apollo 18 and Soyuz 19 docked successfully.The docking state of the spacecraft remained for two days, and the US and Soviet astronauts realized the exchange of visits between the spacecraft.This was a rare "space handshake" between the US and Soviet rivals during the Cold War.
On April 12, 1981, the United States launched the world's first space shuttle“Columbia”No.Since then, the Challenger has been successively built“Atlantis”The space shuttles Discovery and Endeavour.On January 28, 1986, the space shuttle Challenger exploded just 73 seconds after launch, killing all seven astronauts on board;On February 1, 2003, the space shuttle Columbia disintegrated on its way back, killing seven astronauts on board again.For all that,American Space ShuttleIn the 22 years since its operation, it has successfully flown 111 times, deployed satellites in space, and maintained“Hubble”, completed numerous scientific experiments, which were under construction at that timeThe International Space StationThe main means of transport for.On July 17, 1984, the Soviet Union launched the Soyuz T12 spacecraft.The ship carried ZanybekovVolcker And the female astronaut Savikaya, docked with the "Salute" 7 space station - the "Alliance" T10 spacecraft consortium.On the 25th,Svetlana Savitskaya We had extravehicular activities for 3 hours and 35 minutes with Zanibakov.Savitskaya became the first woman in the world to walk in space.
On February 20, 1986, the Soviet Union launched the third generation long-term manned space station——Heping Space StationThe core module of.After that, it took 10 years until April 26, 1996, when the Soviet Union (Russia) built a complete "Peace" space station consisting of the core module, "Quantum" 1 module, "Quantum" 2 module, "Crystal" module, "Spectrum" module and "Nature" module.On March 23, 2003, after circling the earth more than 80000 times, traveling about 3.5 billion kilometers, and serving nearly 10 years beyond the deadline, Peace crashed into the Pacific Ocean.As the first long-term manned space station in the world, "Peace" is the spacecraft with the largest mass, the largest number of people and the longest life in the 20th century, which can be called "a generation of Tianjiao"!During the nearly 15 years of the "Peace", it has received more than 100 astronauts from more than 10 countries and international organizations.Among them, the Russian astronauts created two space flight records on the "Peace": one was the world record of 438 consecutive days of life and work in space created by Boriakov, and the other was the world record of 748 cumulative days of flight in space created by Avjeyev.Scientists used the "Peace" space station tolife sciences, microgravity science and application, space science, earth observation and many other fields of scientific experiments have made remarkable achievements.
Astronaut spacewalk
On June 27, 1995, the US space shuttle Atlantis lifted off with five US astronauts and two Russian astronauts, realizing the docking flight with the Russian space station "Peace" for the first time.Since then, until 1998, the US space shuttle has made eight docking flights with the Russian "Peace" space station, and the successful experience has reduced theTechnical risk。
On September 26, 1996, an American female astronaut working on the Russian "Peace" space stationLucidTake the space shuttle Atlantis back to the ground.Lucid has lived in space for 188 days, breaking the record of female flight in space set by Russian astronaut Kangdakova.On November 20, 1998, Russia sent the first component of the International Space Station - Dawn multi-function module into space with the "Proton" K rocket, and the grand and arduous task of building the International Space Station began.The International Space Station is led by the United States and Russia, 11 European countries (Germany, France, Italy, BritainBelgium, Netherlands, SpainDenmark、Norway、SwedenandSwitzerland）, Japan, Canada and Brazil, a total of 16 countries, are expected to be completed in 2006.After completion, the International Space Station will be 110 meters long and 88 meters wide, roughly the size of two football fields, with a total mass of more than 400 tons. It will be the largest and most advanced man-made palace in historydip angleThe 51.6 ° orbit with an altitude of 397 km can accommodate 6 to 7 astronauts in orbit, after which the International Space Station will begin a permanent manned operation period of 10 to 15 years.
April 28, 2001, the first in the worldSpace touristsAmerican millionaire Tito took the "Alliance" TM32 spacecraft fromKazakhstanThe Baikonur Space Launch Site set out for an 8-day sightseeing trip to the International Space Station, and returned to the ground on May 6.Tito spent 20 million dollars on this trip. In addition to space sightseeing, he was also responsible for some radio communication, navigation and power supply tasks of the spacecraft, and carried out earth observation missions with Russian astronauts.Tito's space tour ushered in a new era of space tourism.From April 25 to May 5, 2002, Mark Saud, the world's second space tourist and South African billionaireWorthHe also spent 10 days in space, including 8 days living and working on the International Space Station.
On May 30, 2020 local time, spacex tried to launch again, and the launch was successful, opening the curtain of commercial manned spaceflight[1]。[3]
At 9:22 on June 17, 2021, the China Shenzhou 12 manned spacecraft was launched, and the flight crew was composed of astronautsNie Haisheng、Liu BomingandTang HongboThree people.[11]
In October 2022, a person in charge of the Indian Space Research Organization announced on the 27th that India would carry out a series of flight tests for its first manned space flight from February 2023.[15]
On December 14, 2023 local time, Fatih Kargil, Minister of Industry and Technology of Turkey, said on social media that Turkey would carry out its first manned space mission on January 9, 2024.[16]
Manned lunar landing
Announce
edit
In February 2024, the name of the new aircraft for China's manned lunar exploration mission has been determined. The new generation of manned spacecraft is named "Mengzhou", and the lunar lander is named "Ranging the Moon".[17]
Development stage
Announce
edit
On April 12, 1961, the Soviet astronaut Gagarin flew around the earth in the "Oriental" spacecraft, becoming the first person to enter space.Since then, manned spaceflight has roughly gone through three stages.
Solve the problem of putting people into Earth orbit and returning safely
Astronauts perform extravehicular activities
Before entering space for the first time, humans launched unmanned spacecraft andBiosatelliteTo verify the safety and reliability of manned space system and ensure the success of manned space flight.After everything became mature, the manned spacecraft was finally launched. During the flight, the astronauts completed the activities of manual orientation, posture adjustment, observation of the earth and ground photography, and carried out scientific research and extensive technical tests in medicine and biology.The first phase of manned spaceflight has confirmed that human beings can not only survive but also work effectively in such harsh environments as overload, weightlessness, vacuum and strong radiation, laying a solid foundation for future human exploration and development of space in a wide range, and its value is a milestone.
Develop the basic technology of manned spaceflight
For example, the orbit maneuver flight of spacecraft, the rendezvous and docking of two spacecraft in space and formation flight, to investigate the equipment and capability of astronauts' extravehicular activities, and also to carry out other scientific research work.At this stage, Soviet astronaut Leonov and American astronaut EH. White walked out of the spaceship in his spacesuit and carried out activities in space.On January 27, 1967, when the Apollo spacecraft was conducting routine tests at Cape Kennedy, three American astronauts died because of a sudden fire.On April 23, 1967, when the Soviet Union's "Soyuz" 1 spacecraft returned, the astronaut Komarov died due to parachute failure. These were major accidents in manned space flight.
Development of experimental space station
Further investigate people's ability to live and work in the space environment for a long time, make use of the unique space environment to engage in research and application experiments in a variety of disciplines, such as biology, medicine, astronomy, materials and technology experiments, earth resource survey and military activities, and also accumulate experience for the establishment of practical space stations.The activities at this stage include space stations for astronauts to live and work for a long time, manned spacecraft to transport astronauts and return to the earth, and cargo spacecraft to supply fuel for space stations and daily necessities for astronauts, such as the Soviet cargo ship "Progress".
Development significance
Announce
edit
be universally known,space technologyIts development has brought numerous benefits to mankind.If there isMan in spaceActivities can make space technology more powerful, give full play to people's wisdom and skills, and solve some problems in space technology where no one is in space activities.People have unique abilities, such as emergency judgment, creativity and active maintenance and regulation functions.People have senses and feelings, such as sight, hearing, touch and motion, cold, hot, smell and sense of balance.People are very active in information processing and observing external changes, and have cognitive ability, as well as association, summary, analysis and comprehensive memory, some of which can not be replaced by "computers".Human control and movement ability is one of the main activities in manned spaceflight, including the generation and application of powerMovement speedControl, self generating force control and continuous adjustment control are all decisive to the operation of space.Even if everything is automated and intelligent, it can not be separated from the involvement of people. This is the reason why you can add more power!
Space tourists
Manned spaceflight has greatly expanded the scope of human activities, is an important means to further large-scale development and utilization of space resources, and has important strategic significance for the political, economic, scientific and technological development of the country.Former Soviet cosmonaut Gagarin first entered space in 1961, the United States“Apollo”The spaceship succeeded in 1969Moon landingThese two world shaking feats have explored and attracted hundreds of thousands of elite talents.Nasa experts once calculated that every $1 invested in manned space flight in the United States will receive a benefit of $9. More than 30000 civil products benefit from the technology developed by the development of space shuttles, not to mention the scientific achievements brought about by more than 100 flights of space shuttles.The improvement of manned space technology has also contributed to "space tourism".In 2001 and 2002, American Tito andSouth AfricaShaterworth paid 20 million US dollars to travel to the International Space Station for about a week.The third group of two tourists returned to the International Space Station in early 2005, and there were about 10 applicants behind them.Experts predict that in the future, space may also become a tourist hot spot for ordinary people.
What is the significance of developing manned space flight?In general, there are the following aspects:
(1) In science and technology, because manned space technology is a science and technology intensive and comprehensive cutting-edge technology, it reflects the achievements in many fields of modern science and technology, and at the same time puts forward new development needs for various fields of modern science and technology, thus promoting and promoting the development of the entire science and technology, that is, the development of manned space technology in a country,It can reflect the overall level of science and technology and high-tech industries in this country, such as system engineering, automatic control technologycomputer system, promotion capability, environmental control and life insurance technology, communicationremote sensing, testing technology, etc.It also reflects the development level of this country's modern mechanics, astronomy, earth science and space science, especially itsAerospace medicineWithout the research and development of aerospace medical engineering, it is impossible to send people into space and live and work safely, healthily and efficiently.
Gagarin, the astronaut who entered space for the first time
(2) The development of manned spaceflight can reflect a country's comprehensive national strength;Nowadays, all developed countries in the world regard the enhancement of comprehensive national strength as the primary goal in their development strategies. Its core is the development of high-tech, and one of the main contents of the main science and technology is manned spaceflight.When a country sends its astronauts into space, it can fully reflect the strength of its comprehensive national strength, and will also enhance the national pride of its people, inspire the national spirit, and enhance the cohesion of the whole people.In particular, once Chinese astronauts enter space, they will be able to possess nuclear weapons andArtificial earth satelliteIn that way, it will attract the attention of people all over the world and improve China's international status.
(3) The development of manned spaceflight can better develop space resources for the benefit of mankind on earth.Now it is known that the vast space is a huge treasure house of mankind, which contains rich resources. Manned spaceflight is a bridge to this treasure house. Imagine that astronauts are commanding the earth in space and can observe the earth by various means. It can obtain more information and data than unmanned exploration and remote sensing.andSpace factoryHas almost become“Magic”, it is inmicrogravity Under the conditions of vacuum and no convectionAlloy materialAnd "panacea" and related products.After the products or semi-finished products of space factories are sent back to the ground, they may also bring about a "new industrial revolution".It can be expected that items printed with the words "Made in Space" will be put on the market continuously.
(4) Manned spaceflight is the beginning of a new stage of human development, because human beings can transfer to other stars to live and live through the bridge of manned spaceflight, and develop a better living space.This is not something that is beyond our reach.At present, the first thing to do is for people to travel to space and see the mysterious space and beautiful fairyland first.Soon, mankind will dominate space and realize the revolution of human development.
Strategic value
Announce
edit
All Russian Research Center for Social Public OpinionA survey conducted shows that about three quarters of Russians oppose cutting the budget of the space program, even during the economic crisis.The survey results showed that about 73% of Russian citizens opposed to reducing the budget of the space program, even in the economic crisis environment, and 17% of the respondents were the same as a year ago, and even suggested increasing the funding.
Russian President Putin said that Russia ranks first in the number of space launches in the world, firmly maintaining its position as a major aerospace country.April 12 is the Russian Astronaut Day.Putin said at the Astronaut Day evening party that Russiarocket engineThe manufacturing sector has advantages, with the number of space launches ranking first in the world. Russia has also actively developed advanced carrier rocket technology, spacecraft, orbital satellite clusters and other high-tech space products.
Putin also proposed the establishment of Russia's Ministry of Space and approved the establishment ofUnited Rocket and Space CorporationThe idea of.He said: "We lag behind the international level in a series of fields, such as earth remote sensing means, satellite communication systems, etc. In the future, we should increase the number of orbiting spacecraft, implement projects in the field of manned spacecraft and production of spacecraft engines." Putin said, "Experts estimate that the size of the space market is 300 billion to 400 billion dollars, and will reach 1.5 trillion dollars by 2030.We should make full use of this window of opportunity. "Popovkin said that Russia is building a new type of spaceship capable of interstellar flight.The technical design has been completed, and the first unmanned flight of the new spacecraft will be carried out in 2018.
according toU.S.AAccording to the latest survey of the National Defense and Aerospace Consulting Company Tyre Group, 2229 spacecraft will be launched into Earth or Moon orbit or deep space flight routes in the 20 years from 2010 to 2029.Among them, 77% were divided equally between civil and commercial spacecraft, while 19% and 4% were military and university spacecraft respectively.About 1/4 of civil spacecraft are internationalspace stationManning andCargo spaceship。
What is the immediate practical significance of space exploration?United States《The Baltimore Sun 》Charles Huttner, executive director of the National Aeronautics and Astronautics Association, said in an article published on the 1st that the innovation of aerospace technology touches all aspects of social life, from digital computers to CT scanning.Moreover, it has set an ambitious goal, which can produce significant achievements, stimulate the enthusiasm of young people, and promote long-term employment growth. This is where the future success of the United States lies.
Professor Zhang Zhaozhong of the National Defense University said that the achievements of space technology can be directly or indirectly fed back to people's livelihood. For example, the world leading medical, material, military control and communication technologies in the United States have a lot to do with the development of space technology.And the strategic significance of aerospace is irreplaceable.To make China a real aerospace power is to build 10000 tanks can not obtain the international status.The achievements of space technology can be transferred to many fields, including military, and the economic value of the civil aerospace market is also growing, which is an integral part of China's national strategy.
At the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, an expert who could not be named told the Global Times that if China did not catch up, it would have an "epochal gap" with the United States, Russia and other advanced space technology countries.[4]
According to statistics, the list of private aerospace companies in the United States has reached nearly one hundred.The United States, Russia, Europe and India are also actively carrying out space popularization, and many private space companies have emerged.
China Aerospace
Announce
edit
The history of China's manned space research can be traced back to the early 1970s.The first man-made earth satellite in ChinaDongfanghong No.1After God, the then President of the Fifth Academy of the Ministry of National DefenseQian XuesenHe proposed that China should engage in manned spaceflight.The country named this project“Project 714”(that is, proposed in April 1971), and named the spacecraft "Dawn 1".However, after a period of work, China believes that there are certain difficulties in carrying out manned spaceflight in terms of research team, experience, comprehensive national strength and industrial foundation, and this project has been put aside.
The Course of China's Manned Space Flight
In the early 1970s, after China's first man-made earth satellite, Dongfanghong I, was launched into the sky, many satellites such as Dongfanghong II, Dongfanghong 2A, and Dongfanghong III were launchedCommunication satelliteThe research and development work of.
Since the 1980s, China's space technology has made great progressRecoverable satellite, meteorological satelliteResource satellite, communication satellite, etcApplication satelliteAnd launch capability.In particular, in 1975, China successfully launched and recovered its first recoverable satellite, making China the world's second largest recoverable satellite after the United States andFormer Soviet UnionLater, the third country has mastered satellite recovery technology, which has laid a solid foundation for China to carry out research on manned space technology.
In January 1992, the Chinese government approvedManned Space EngineeringOfficially launched and named“Project 921”。In the seven systems of the "921 Project", the core is manned spacecraft, which is composed ofChina Academy of Space TechnologyIt is mainly developed.When the "921 Project" was officially launched, the central government put forward the goal of "striving for eight guarantees and nine guarantees", that is, to make a major breakthrough in technology in 1998 and strive for the spaceship to go into space in 1999.Tangjialing, ChinaSpace CityAnd provided material conditions for China's manned space program to complete the manned space mission.
On November 20, 1999, China's first unmanned test spaceship, Shenzhou I, took off in Jiuquan, and successfully landed 21 hours later in the recycling yard in central Inner Mongolia, successfully completing the "maiden trip".The success of this flight has laid a very solid foundation for China's manned spacecraft to go into space.On January 10, 2001, China successfully launched the Shenzhou II spacecraft at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center.On March 25, 2002, ChinaJiuquan Satellite Launch CenterThe Shenzhou III spacecraft was successfully launched.On December 30, 2002, China successfully launched the Shenzhou IV unmanned spacecraft at the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center.
At 9:00 a.m. on October 15, 2003, China developedShenzhou VManned spacecraftChina Jiuquan Satellite Launch CenterLaunch.At 9:09:50, Shenzhou V entered the scheduled orbit accurately.This is China's first manned space flight.The 38 year old astronaut aboard the Shenzhou V manned spacecraftYang Liwei。He is the first generation of astronauts trained by our country.After 14 circles around the earth in space and a safe flight of 21 hours, 23 minutes and 600000 kilometers, he successfully landed at the main landing site in Inner Mongolia at 6:23 on the 16th.
Chinese astronaut extravehicular activities
From October 12 to 17, 2005, China successfully conducted its second manned space flight, which was also the first time that two Chinese astronautsFei Junlong、Nie HaishengAt the same time, it was sent to space.At 9:00 on October 12Long March 2F-type carrier rocket ignites.The rocket lifted off four seconds after ignition, and the roar echoedGobiThe sky.This isLong March Rocket88th launch.It is the second ship carried by ChinaastronautIt is also China's first manned spacecraft to carry out the mission of "more people and more days".
On September 25, 2008, China's third manned spacecraftShenzhou VIISuccessful launch, three astronautsZhai Zhigang、Liu Boming、Jing HaipengLift off smoothly.On the 27th, Zhai Zhigang wore the "Feitian" made in ChinaExtravehicular spacesuitWith the assistance of Liu Boming, who was wearing the extravehicular spacesuit of the Russian "Sea Eagle", the extravehicular activity lasted for 19 minutes and 35 seconds.China then became the third country in the world to master the technology of space extravehicular activities.
In the evening of September 28, 2008, after successfully completing the space extravehicular activities and a series of space science experiments, Shenzhou VII spacecraft successfully landed on the Amugulang grassland in central Inner Mongolia.Shenzhou VII spacecraft flew for 2 days, 20 hours and 27 minutes in total.Starting from Shenzhou VII, China entered the second phase of manned spaceflight project.At this stage, the scientific goals of astronauts' extravehicular walking, space rendezvous and docking will be achieved in succession.All launch missions of the whole Phase II project are undertaken by the Long 2F rocket.The follow-up mission will break through the key technologies of space rendezvous and docking, solve the space application problems with a certain scale and short-term care, and prepare for the implementation of the "third step" strategic task.The main goal is to break through the technology of rendezvous and docking between manned spacecraft and space vehicles, develop and launch an 8-ton space laboratory, and gradually master the technology of space station.
Future Tasks of China's Manned Space Program
Therefore, to achieve the "three-step" development strategy, many key technologies need to be broken through, including manned spacecraft andSpacecraftTo develop and launch a space laboratory to solve the space application problems with a certain scale and short-term care;buildspace stationTo solve the problem of space application with large scale and long-term care.
Shenzhou VIIIThe spaceship is ChinaShenzhou Series SpacecraftThe eighth of.After being launched, Shenzhou 8 docked with Shenzhou 9 to become a small space station.Academician of Chinese Academy of EngineeringFormer Chief Designer of Shenzhou SpaceshipQi farenIt was revealed that in the "three-step" plan of China's manned space flight, China will eventually build a basic space station, whose scale will not exceed the existing Mir or the International Space Station.Academician Qi Faren said that the basic space station roughly includes a core module and aCargo spaceship, a manned spaceship and two other modules for experiment and other functions, with a total weight of less than 100 tons.The core module needs to be manned for a long time and can dock with various experimental modules, manned spacecraft and cargo spacecraft.Only rockets with a carrying capacity of more than 20 tons are qualified to launch the core module.For this reason, China has built the fourth new project in Wenchang, Hainan after Jiuquan, Taiyuan and XichangSpace launch site, mainly responsible forGeosynchronous orbitSatellite, large massPolar orbiting satellite, large tonnage space stations and deep space exploration satellites.At the same time, China will also build a new assembly plant in Tianjin.
Shenzhou 9 (in manned cabin)
At 18:37 on June 16, 2012,Shenzhou 9 spacecraftrideLong March II FYaojiu rocket took off from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center.This is the 165th launch of the Long March rocket and the fourth manned flight of the Shenzhou spacecraft.Chinese astronautJing Haipeng、Liu Wang、Liu YangIt will be the first time to stay in the "Heavenly Palace".Liu Yang, 33, became the first Chinese woman to fly into space.Shenzhou 9 spacecraft automatically docked with Tiangong 1.Together, they separated briefly after six days of space flight, and then conducted rendezvous and docking manually controlled by astronauts.“Tiangong No.1”In fact, it is the prototype of a space laboratory. Its weight is the same as that of Shenzhou VII, and it is used to complete the rendezvous and docking with the spacecraft.The main body of "Tiangong No.1" is short and thick cylindrical, with a diameter ratio ofShenzhou airshipLarger, with a pair interface at the front and back.Two module configurations are adopted, namely, the experimental module and the resource module. The experimental module consists of a sealed front cone, a cylinder and a rear cone. A docking mechanism, as well as rendezvous and docking measurement and communication equipment, are installed in the front of the experimental module to support the rendezvous and docking with the spacecraft.The resource cabin provides power for orbital maneuver and energy for flight.
In 2013, Nie Haisheng, who served as the commander for the first time, went to heaven with astronauts Zhang Xiaoguang and Wang Yaping to perform the manned rendezvous and docking mission of Tiangong 1 and Shenzhou 10.This mission set a record for Chinese astronauts to fly in orbit for 15 days, and Nie Haisheng became the first Chinese astronaut to enter space as a general.[14]At 07:05 on June 25,Shenzhou 10 spacecraftAndTiangong-1 target aircraftSeparation, flying around from the top of Tiangong-1, successfully completing the flying around and close rendezvous tasks, and teaching in the air.
On September 15, 2016, China used the Long March II FT2 rocket to launchTiangong 2 Space LaboratoryLaunch.[5]By September 15, 2018, the Tiangong-2 space laboratory had successfully completed two years of in orbit flight and various test tasks.On September 20, 2018, the Operation Management Committee of Tiangong 2 Space Laboratory held a meeting to study and decide that Tiangong 2 will fly in orbit until July 2019, and then be controlled to depart from orbit.[6]
On October 17, 2016,Shenzhou 11At Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center, two astronauts Jing Haipeng and Chen Dong were successfully launched into space.On October 19,Shenzhou 11 spacecraftSuccessfully implemented automatic rendezvous and docking with Tiangong 2.After integration, two astronauts, Jing Haipeng and Chen Dong, will enter Tiangong-2 to carry out space science experiments.[7]
In the early morning of December 8, 2018, the first human spacecraft "landing" on the back of the moon began.2:23, ChinaLong March 3B stayXichang Satellite Launch CenterIgnite and lift off, successfullyChang'e-4 probeGo into space.Then, the weapon and arrow separated successfully,Chang'e-4Successful access to the perigee of about 200 km and apogee of about 420000 kmEarth moon transfer orbit。[8]
At 1:11 on January 11, 2019, China successfully sent the Zhongxing 2D satellite into the predetermined orbit with the Long March 3B carrier rocket at the Xichang Satellite Launch Center, and then the solar wing was successfully deployed.The launch of Chinastar 2D satellite was a complete success, and China's space launch in 2019 was a good start.[9]
In April 2021, the manned spacecraft carrying out the Shenzhou 12 manned space flight mission and the Long March 2F remote 12 carrier rocket have completed all the development work before leaving the factory, and have been safely transported to Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center in batches to carry out the final assembly and testing work in the launch site area[10]。
At 9:22 on June 17, 2021, Beijing time, the Long March 2F remote 12 carrier rocket carrying the Shenzhou 12 manned spacecraft ignited and launched at Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center.Since then, the Shenzhou 12 manned spacecraft has successfully separated from the rocket and entered the scheduled orbit, successfully sending three astronauts Nie Haisheng, Liu Boming and Tang Hongbo into space. The flight crew is in good condition, and the launch is a complete success.[11-13]
Impact
Announce
edit
New materials
Spacewalk
In the space station, astronauts have produced semiconductors, metal materials, glass, ceramics and optical elements with few impurities, small surface defects and excellent texture;In terms of biomaterial processing, it is already possible to produce antithrombotic preparations in space-urokinaseMore than 30 kinds of drugs with high quality and efficacy, such as anti influenza preparations and antiviral interferons with purity 100 times higher than the ground, pancreatic beta cells that can treat diabetes, and epidermal growth factors that can be used to treat burns. Astronauts can also try to arrange protein molecules according to the predetermined three-dimensional structure to form protein crystals with purity 10 times higher than the ground and excellent performance,Promote new drug development, disease research and prevention;Under the action of cosmic rays, the seeds of crops carried by manned spacecraftgenetic genesChanges may occur, and new crop varieties with high yield, increased nutrient content or virus resistance may be born.
New resources
As the manned spacecraft is far away from the earth, astronauts can comprehensively detect the earth's magnetic fieldAtmospheric ozone layerAnd the ionosphere, search for oil, mineral deposits and underground water sources, observe the growth of crops, forest fires and changes in snow cover, and try to predict unpredictable natural disasters such as earthquakes.
New discipline
Manned spaceflight has promoted astronomyHigh-energy physics, material science, automatic control, information, manufacturing technology and other scientific and technological categoriesStructural mechanics of spacecraft、Aerospace dynamics、Space electronics, aerospace medicine and other new disciplines have formed a large number of high-tech industrial groups, enriched human understanding of near earth space and the moon, and produced significant social and economic benefits.The appearance of space shuttle and space station has enabled human beings to use microgravity, ultra-low temperaturesolar radiation, vacuum and other unique conditions in space.
New civil products
The development of manned space technology has also given birth to a series of civil products. For example, robots used in manned space can assist doctors to perform surgery on the ground, using two-wayTelemetry technologyIt can produce products that can be monitored and regulatedpacemakerThe water treatment system used on the space shuttle has begun to be converted to civil use in some countries, and was developed inspired by the rib on the surface of manned spacecraft to reduce aerodynamic dragRib swimsuitHelp swimmers win gold and silver.
Space resources
Announce
edit
Space resources generally refer to the environment and materials objectively existing in space and available for human development and utilization.It mainly includes: resources at high and remote locations relative to the ground, high vacuum and ultra clean environment resources,microgravity Environmental resources,Solar energy resources, lunar resources, planetary resources, etc.
The resources available in space are much richer than those available on the earth.Only in the solar system, there are rich mineral resources on the moon, Mars, asteroids and other celestial bodies;stayJupiter like planetAnd cometsHydrogen energyresources;In planetary space andInterplanetary spaceThere are vacuum resources, radiation resources, and large temperature difference resources. The efficiency of solar energy utilization there is much higher than that on the earth, and huge social benefits have been achieved.High vacuum and high cleanliness are the prominent features of outer space, and are the ideal environment for conducting many scientific experiments, developing aerospace technology, producing electronic products and advanced drugs. In particular, they are the prerequisites for human spaceflight activities.High vacuum and ultra clean environmental resources have achieved considerable practical results, but the utilization of microgravity resources and solar energy resources is still in the stage of experiment, research and creation of conditions.
