Charophytes are upright and visible to the naked eye. They grow in submerged water. Their appearance and size remind people of Equisetum.Charophyta shows a special algal structure, that is, it is formed alternately by long internodes and short ganglion cells. Its reproductive organs have completely different and characteristic structures from other algae.Therefore, Charophyta is regarded as an ended taxonomic group, or as a residual phylum (Charophyta) (Desikachary and Sundara Lingam, 1962), or as a class of Chlorophyta.Charophyta and other green algae only have the same assimilative pigment and starch;However, no morphological similarity or phylogenetic relationship with other green algae has been found.[1]
Charophyta, a class of algae, includes the algae commonly known as charophytes.Charophyte formationcalcium carbonateSediment, which can form the main component of calcareous marl in lakes.Charophytes look like higher plants: with root like rhizoids and verticillate branches appearing at certain intervals, and a sheath composed of small cells around the upright cylindrical axis.Aquatic, fixed to the mud bottom of fresh or brackish rivers or lakes.Except Charophytes, which are harmful weeds in fish hatcheries, the rest have little relationship with human beings.Charophyceae, a class of algae, including those commonly known as charophyceaealgae。Charophyte formationcalcium carbonateSediment, which can form the main component of calcareous marl in lakes.
morphological character
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Charophytes have the appearance of higher plants, with root like rhizoids and verticillate branches appearing at certain intervals. The vertical cylindrical axis is surrounded by a sheath composed of small cells.Aquatic, fixed on the mud bottom of fresh or brackish rivers or lakes.Except Charophytes, which are harmful weeds in fish hatcheries, the rest have little relationship with human beings.
Representative plants
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Charophyceae Charophyceae, common species are:
1. Nitella
features:
（1）♀/♂，The oogonia are located below the oogonia or in different strains.
(2) No stipules.
(3) There are five coronal cells in each layer.
(4) Branchlets bifurcate and shoot with similar length.
2. Chara
Charophyta
features:
(1) Homologous or heterologous,♀/♂The oviposit apparatus is located above the seminal apparatus.
(2) There are stipules.
(3) There are 5 cells in one layer of crown cells.
(4) Branchlets do not bifurcate.
There is only one class of Charophyceae, Charophyceae, Charales.The common ones are Charophyta and Callistonia.algae1 phylum of plants, large submerged plants.Plant body has differentiation similar to root, stem and leaf.The stem is divided into nodes and internodes. On the nodes, there are twigs equivalent to leaves in rotation. Some species are covered with calcium or colloid outside.There are small discoid or oval pigment bodies in the cells;Photosynthetic pigments are chlorophyll a and b, and βCaroteneLutein and other carotenoids;Non protein nucleus;The assimilation product is starch.Single core.There are large central vacuoles in mature cells.onlyEgg copulationThe reproductive organs are developed, with spermatophores and egg collectors. They are born on the nodes of twigs or at the base of twig rings. When they are mature, they are mostly orange red or golden brown. The sperm cells have two flagella of equal length, and the top is inclined to one side.Some species can produce bulbils on the nodes of underground rhizoidsVegetative reproduction。It can be divided into 1 class and 3 orders (Orthocharophyta, dextral charophyta, and left-handed charophyta). Currently, there are only 6 genera, about 400 species, of which more than 150 have been reported in China.It is widely distributed in various fresh or brackish waters, especially in paddy fields, ponds, lakes and marshes.J. Groves (1935) and RD. Wood (1962) system.They represent two views on the evolution trend of charophytes.Before the 1970s, Groves, as a representative, believed that the evolution trend of the organ morphology of charophytes was: twigs from equipotential bifurcation to uniaxial bifurcation to non bifurcation;Stems and twigs from non cortex to complete cortex;The seminal organ is located from the upper part of the egg organ to the lower part of the egg organ through juxtaposition of the two;The coronal cells of oogonia are from double layer to single layer.According to this assumption, Charophyta is the most primitive genus in modern charophytes. After the intermediate type of Ornitella, it has evolved into the most advanced Charophyta, and other genera are collateral branches of this evolutionary stem.Later, R.D. Wood et al. (1965) put forward the opposite view.Chara, Nitella and Tolypella are common in China.
3. Tolypella
features:
（1）MonoeciousOr different plants, oogonia and spermatogonia mixed on nodes.
(2) No cortex and stipules.
(3) There are five coronal cells in each layer.
(4) There is no branch or bifurcation, and the shoot length is obviously inconsistent.
