In 1937, I visited the United States for the first time
In 1938, he served in the United StatesChicagoHead of Architecture Department of Almore Institute of Technology (renamed in 1940Illinois Institute of Technology ）
In 1963, he was awarded the Medal of Freedom by President Johnson
On August 19, 1969, he died in Chicago at the age of 83
Life
Announce
edit
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (March 27, 1886 August 17, 1969) was born in Aachen, Germany, and died in Chicago, USA, formerly known as Maria Ludwig Michael Mies, a German architect and the most famousModernist ArchitectureOne of the masters.
In his childhood, Mies was nicknamed Ludwig Mies.When he was young, he worked in his father's sculpture shop, and later moved to Berlin to join Bruno Paul's studio.Then from 1908 to 1912, MiesPeter Behrens Has worked in the design studio for 4 years.Peter Berens' workenvironmental effectSome of his views on whether design theory and German culture could be combined at that time.
In his youth, Miss Smith was already a prudent and silent thinker.After he found that he had some talent for design, he decided to add the name of Van der Rohe after the original name, and gave up the original ordinaryMaria, Michelle, etc.The spelling of the surname Van der Rohe imitates the surname of an aristocrat.
After changing his name, he started his own architectural design career.Designing traditions for Germany's upper classGerman architectureAnd interior design.He was very impressedNeoclassicismArchitects ofKarl Friedrich Schinkel 。In particular, Karl's customary broad ratioCubeVolumetric design, as well as scattered and eclectic classicsSpace configurationMies felt that this was the turning point of an architectural century.
Chair designed by Mies
Like Le Corbusier, Mies worked with the famous architect Peter Berens from 1908 to 1911 and learned a lot from it.Later, he adoptedBauhaus The style of architectural school, and inheritedWalter Gropius(Walter Gropius).
Built by Mies van der Rohe for the 1929 Barcelona ExpositionGermany PavilionIt only existed for 5 months and did not attract much attention. However, it was hailed as a masterpiece 25 years after being demolished and rebuilt in Barcelona from 1985 to 86.[1]He emigrated to the United States in 1937 and served from 1938 to 1958ChicagoAmorDean of Architecture Department of the College (later renamed Illinois Institute of Technology).
architectural style
Announce
edit
Mies van der Rohe's contribution is toSteel frame structureThe exploration of the application of glass and glass in architecture has developed a style with classical balance and extreme simplicity.Its works are characterized by neat and clean appearance and exposed skeleton, flexible and changeableFlow spaceAnd concise and exquisite details.His early work shows his extensive use of glass windows, which makes it a symbol of his success.Mies's idea of architectural design is realized through the architectural system, which isbuilding structureTake him to the front of the building.At the same time, his idea of adding glass, stone, water, steel and other materials to the construction industry is often used in his design.Mies van der Rohe used the style of linear features to design, but to a large extent, it depends on the structure and technology.stayPublic buildingsIn the design of buildings such as museums, he adopted the methods of symmetry, front depiction and side depiction;For residential buildings, the design mainly adopts the methods of asymmetry, mobility and chain.
Mies attaches great importance to details to a large extent. In his words, "details are God", which is attributed to his father's teaching of his technology.Although he has never received formal architectural studies, he learned masonry from his father when he was very young, and has some knowledge of the nature of materials and construction techniquesDetailMastered drawing skills.At the same time, he designed with extremely bold, simple and perfect techniques, combining the integrity of architecture with the simplicity of structure perfectly.Mies did not pay special attention to the selection of decorative materials, but he paid special attention to the stability of the interior architecture.imageFrank Lloyd Wright 、Le Corbusier Similarly, Mies also attaches great importance tonatural environmentHumanization and architecture are integrated into a common unit.The suburban villas, exhibition halls, factories, museums and monuments designed by him reflect this.At the same time, Mies also redefined walls, windows, columns, piersPilaster、SoffitAnd scaffoldingDesign concept。
Mies has established a contemporary popular architectural standard, and his architectural concept has become famous all over the world.As the father of steel and glass building structure, Mies proposed“Less is more”（less is more）His architectural ideas andartistic characteristics It also affects the whole world.Mies has played a considerable role in many fields, he said in his autobiography"I don't want to be wonderful, I just want to be better!"stayChicagoDesigned by him while working at Illinois Institute of TechnologyLakeside Apartment(Lake Shore Drive Apartments) fully demonstrated his architectural genius in the technological era.Until her death in 1969, Mies stayed alone in her Chicago apartment and worked as a designer.
Architectural concept
Announce
edit
Mies had no formal architectural education. His initial understanding of architecture began with his father's stonemason workshop and the exquisite ancient buildings in Yashen.It can be said that his architectural ideas are generated from practice and experience.Whether inBerlinOfBrunoPaul's office as an apprentice orPeter Behrens Be a subordinateDraftsmanOr set up his own office in Berlin... These experiences made him gradually devote himself to the earth shaking changes in the twentieth century and eventually lead to a whole of architecture throughout the twentieth centuryideological system。In the United States and around the world, including ChinaMies styleFollowers are still extending and developing this theory.
Architecture designed by Mies
Less is more
"Less is more", the meaning of this sentence can be easily changed from thousands of yearsTraditional Chinese AestheticsAnd philosophy.The most artistic thing of a master of traditional Chinese painting is often not the painting covered with ink, but lies in the vast blank.When "less is more" is said from Mies, of course, there is no Oriental leisure and cheerfulness, but there is only German preciseness and rationality.Yes, "less" is not blank but concise, and "more" is not crowded but perfect.Missianarchitectural artIt depends on the structure, but is not limited by the structure. It is generated from the structure, which in turn requires elaborate structure."Less is more", Mies said to his students, "I hope you can understand that architecture has nothing to do with the creation of form."Germany PavilionFor example, in this German exhibit used to participate in the 1929 World Expo, you will never see anything superfluous attached to the building. There is no messy decoration, no changes created out of nothing, no bizarre furnishings, and there are only light and transparent buildings and their interior and exteriorContinuous circulationSpace.Similar to this is the West Gram Building, which was built in New York from 1954 to 1958.This one seems to fly in the skyAriseOfskyscraperUndoubtedly, it is one of the most exquisite buildings in New York. This kind of delicacy comes not from the carved lines and feet that are filled inside and outside the building, but from its exquisiteStructural member, brown glass and simple interior space.
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
Before the twentieth century,Architectural formAt the same time, it was restricted by the structure and the thought of the building owner at that time.stayWestern ArchitectureAmong the various forms of, various decorative pieces and huge structures are its unified symbol.Only when newStructural technologyThe 20th century is the century of steel and the century of electricity. Before steel and glass were widely used in architecture, a group of architects with advanced ideas took the lead in the movement.There is no doubt that Mies is such a pioneer."Less is more" is the result of living in such an environment.The architecture of Mies, including interior decoration and furniture, should be simplified to the point that it can no longer be changed.We have no way to know how Mies found this modern sentence in a flash of inspirationHistory of architectureIn short, it has influenced our world for 70 years.
Circulation space
At the beginning of the twentieth century, this should be a very avant-garde term.I believe that after making the German Pavilion in Barcelona in Mies, EuropeArchitectureHow great the shock is.Indeed, for those fromIn collegeFor those architects who are more or less defined and restricted by various western ancient architectural schools, this kind of architecture is completely different from the previous closed orOpen spaceDifferent - flowing, connected and inseparable space creates another concept.Interestingly, in the West, this is a new thing, while in the ancient East, well-known or unknown literati and garden craftsmen in ancient China have known and mastered the flow space.
Unlike Wright, one of the other three masters of architecture in the 20th century, Mies never showed that he was rightChinese cultureInterest and yearning.But the concept of "circulation space" and Chinese traditiongardeningArt has amazing commonalities.However, as I understand Mies's "less is more" before, the reason why his circulation space isMade in ChinaGarden art is totally different, and its difference even makes ordinary people unable to connect the two. The reason is that this circulation space is rational, orderly, indoor space, and, importantly, it is static, and its purpose is practicality;andChinese GardensThe circulation space of is intended to create a casual, free, outdoor, it is flowing, and its purpose is ornamental.Despite their appearances, they are indeed common in essence. In these artificially created spaces, both have succeeded.
Later in the German PavilionIpecacIn Hart House, Mies successfully applied the idea of "circulation space" again. The living part of the bottom floor of the house is the essence of the building.In the large open space, the living room and study are decorated with exquisite stripesAgate stoneThe dining room is separated by a panel wallEbonyAs an arc wall, the study, living room, dining room and lobby, as the four living parts, are divided into interconnected spaces.The space of internal circulation is alsoglass screen wallLeading to the garden, the interior extends to the exterior, and the exterior penetrates into the interior. The "circulation space" is once again perfectly interpreted here.
Architecture designed by Mies
Comprehensive space
Or called "universal space", "unified space" is another important theory of Mies.I think it developed from "circulation space".In the "circulation space", the large space is divided into several interconnected small spaces. When we remove the partition wall, we will leave a large space as a whole.In this space, we can arrange it freely and transform it into any form we want.This is the "comprehensive space". I can't infer whether Mies gets the "comprehensive space" from the "circulation space" like me, but maybe I can try to find the footprints of the master.AndSullivanThe difference between "form follows function" and "form follows function" is that Mies believes that people's needs will change. Today he wants to be like this, tomorrow he will want to be like that, and the architectural form can remain unchangedold sayingIt is called "responding to changes with the same". As long as there is a large overall space, people can transform at will in its interior, then the needs can be met.
In 1950-1956, Mies clearly expressed his idea in the Krone building of Irino Institute of Technology. On the 120m * 220m rectangular base, the upper floor of Krone building is a large space for 400 people to use at the same time, including the drawing room,library, exhibition rooms, offices and other spaces, different parts are separated by wooden partitions of more than one person high.Just like the name "crown", Krone House is exquisite and typical but very impractical. It is said that few people are willing to study and work in its big transparent glass wall.From this point of view, Krone House is a failure, but the idea of "comprehensive space" embodied in it is one of the most influential ideas in the 20th century architecture.
Ludwig Mies van der Rohe
Style change
Announce
edit
staythe First World WarAfter that, Mies completely abandoned the traditionarchitectural styleThe technique was changedCorbusierAndwalter gropius The new architectural concept vigorously promoted (calledAvant-garde）。Therefore, strict decorative patterns are often seen in traditional buildings, and partial decoration is removed, and modern architectural techniques with strong rational style are replaced by functional ones.At that time, in addition to advocating a culture of economy, theorists also criticized that the classical revival style buildings in the past wereComfort Condense We waste Huaqiao's demonstration.
In 1919, Mies boldly launched an architectural project of a full glass curtain building, which made him attract the attention of the world. Later, he designed many buildings with simplified style, and designed Barcelona in 1929world 's fairGermany PavilionWhen, you will reach the peak of your career.The design of the museum was later rebuilt on the original site. In 1930, MiesCzech RepublicWorks by en: BrnoVilla Tugendhat (en: Villa Tugendhat)fastigiumThe classic architecture of.
