Yueju Opera (Yu è j ù in Chinese, Yue Opera in English)——The second largest drama in China[1][56], known as the second national opera[2], also known as "the most popular local opera"[3], some people think it is "the largest local opera"[4-6], known as "Chinese Opera" abroad[7]。AlsoFive major operas in China(in sequence:Beijing opera, Shaoxing OperaHuangmei Opera、Pingju、Henan opera）One[8][59-60]。Originated fromZhejiangShengzhou, originated in Shanghai, flourished throughout the country, spread around the world, and absorbed Kunqu Opera, dramaShaoxing operaThe success of such characteristic operas has experienced a historical evolution from male to female Shaoxing Opera.
Yueju Opera is good at lyricism, mainly singing, with beautiful and beautiful voice, real and moving performance, beautiful and elegant, and full of the spirit of Jiangnan;Most of them focus on the theme of "gifted scholars and beautiful women". There are numerous artistic schools, and there are 13 recognized schools.It is mainly popular in Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Fujian, Jiangxi, Anhui and other southern regions, as well as in Beijing, Tianjin and other northern regions. In the heyday, there were professional troupes all over the country except Tibet, Guangdong, Guangxi and other minority provinces and autonomous regions.[8]
Shaoxing Opera was the first batchNational Intangible Cultural Heritage List。In 2006, Shanghai Yueju Opera Art Institute (Shanghai Yueju Opera Academy) and Shengzhou Yueju Opera Art Protection and Inheritance Center were awarded the qualification of national intangible cultural heritage Yueju Opera project protection unit[9]。 In 2008, Fujian Fanghua Yueju Opera Troupe won the qualification of national intangible cultural heritage Yueju Opera (Yinpai) project protection unit.[10]
"Shaoxing Opera" originated from "singing books on the ground", and later, there were Tu Ban, "Cao Tai Ban Opera", "Xiao Ge Ban", "Shaoxing Drama", "Shaoxing Wen Opera", "Chuan Er Xiao Ge Ban", "Shaoxing Opera", "Sheng Opera", "Shan Opera", etc.It was called "Yueju Opera" for the first time. On September 17, 1925, the "Duban" performed in the Small World Amusement Park was called "Yueju Opera" for the first time in the advertisement of Shenbao.[11]Since 1938, most troupes and troupes have been called "Yueju Opera".However, the titles in various drama newspapers are still inconsistent, and journalists and contributors often use different titles.In 1939, Fan Dimin, a reporter of Ta Kung Pao, was also the editor and director of Yao Shuijuan's "Yueyin Stage", and was accepted by Li Bai《Yuenv Ci》Inspired by the fact that Shaoxing is the revival base where Gou Jian, the King of Yue, gathered together to defeat the State of Wu, and Shengxian, the birthplace of Yue Opera, is one of the families of Shaoxing. Moved by Yao Shuijuan, the famous actor of Yue Opera, "I just want to sing louder and louder, sing higher and sing farther", he wrote a manuscript for the Drama Daily edited by Ru Boxun and published an article on the motivation and significance of "Yue Opera",Tell the audience.[12]Since then, the advertisements of "women's literary dramas" in various newspapers have been successively renamed as "Yueju Opera". After the founding of New China, they have been collectively called "Yueju Opera".[13]
Since Shaoxing Opera was named "Shaoxing Drama" and "Shaoxing Literary Drama" in its early days, there is a saying that Shaoxing Opera was called "Shaoxing Drama" because there was no name of "Shaoxing Opera" at that time and it borrowed the name of "Shaoxing Drama", but "Shaoxing Opera" is not actually "Shaoxing Drama".[14-15]However, due to misinformation, the translation of the name of Yueju Opera also includes the word "Shaoxing Opera".However, it is formally stated that the translation of the title of "Yueju Opera" should be "Yue Opera" (also translated as "Yueju Opera"), which has been widely used in professional books and official documents of Yueju Opera, and has also been accepted and used by newspapers and media. The wrong translation of "Shaoxing Opera" on that day has become a history.[16-22]
1852 (Qing DynastyXianfengIn the second year, Jin Qibing, a farmer in Matang Village, Xixiang Township, Shengxian County, created a "landing singing book".The book singing on the ground is the beginning of Shengxian County, Zhejiang ProvinceMatang VillageThe popular form of rap in the main area began to evolve into the form of opera performed in the rural grass stage. At first, the artists were male farmers who were half farmers and half artists, so it was called the men's class.
Small singing class
On March 27, 1906, in front of the Xianghuo Hall in Dongwang Village, Shengxian County, the floor singers Yuan Fusheng, Li Maozheng, Gao Binghuo, Li Shiquan, etc. borrowed four rice buckets to pad the bottom, and paved the door panel, performing the small plays "Ten Pieces", "Ni Feng Fan Tea" and the big play "Double Golden Flowers" (the second half).This is the first time that Chinese Shaoxing Opera has performed on the stage. Since then, Shaoxing Opera (originally called "Little Song Class") has been born, which is called the birth day of Shaoxing Opera.[23-24]
On May 13, 1917, the little singing group first entered Shanghai“Xinhua Park”The performance, due to its crude art, has few audiences.Three groups of artists came to Shanghai but failed.I'm learningShaoxing TaipanAfter the performance skills of Peking Opera, the art has improved. In 1919, the Little Song Troupe began to establish itself in Shanghai.
Since 1920, the Little Song Group has concentrated more famous actors to compile and perform new plays, such as《Lian Sshanbo and Zhu Yingtai》《Jasmine hairpin》《Meng Lijun》Etc.These plays have adapted“the May 4th Movement”Later, the rise of the thought of striving for women's rights and equality between men and women was welcomed by the audience.Later, Shengpingge stage bossZhou LinzhiThe first professional accompaniment band in the history of Yue Opera was composed of three musicians from the folk music organization "Dramatist Class" in Shengxian County, playing with 15 tonestuning, which is called“Zhenggong Diao”, referred to as "Zhengtiao" for short“Silk string tuning”Became the main cavity;It was initially established based on the model of Shaoxing Big ClassPlate cavityThe music framework of.
Shaoxing Wenxi
On September 16, 1921, the theatrical troupe composed of Fei Cuitang and Yan Huanting performed in the First Theater. On that day, the newspaper advertisement published the name of "Shaoxing Wenxi" for the first time.[25]
In July 1923, a businessman from Shengxian CountyWang JinshuiJin Rongshui, an artist from the male class, is invited to return to the countryside to run the first female class, which will enroll more than 20 girls under the age of 13.On January 14 of the next year, the female classShanghai Shengping Song StagePerformance, called“Funny Little Song Class”。
Women's Shaoxing Opera before Liberation
On September 17, 1925, "Yueju Opera" was first used in the performance advertisement of Shanghai Shenbao.[26]
Since January 1928, female classes have flocked to Shanghai.By the second half of 1941, the number had increased to 36.Almost all the famous actors and actresses of women's Yueju Opera gathered in Shanghai.The newspaper commented that "women's Yue Opera in Shanghai was all the rage for a while, but recently it has become overwhelming".The male class was eventually replaced by the female class because there was no successor.
In 1929, Shengxian County set up the second women's class, which was held later.
Since the end of 1931, some actresses such asApricot blossom、Chen Miaoxian、Lv FuzhuAnd“Dong'an Stage”“Four Seasons Spring Class”She waited first and then came to Shanghai, but it was still a mixed performance of men and women.After the women's Shaoxing Opera established itself in Shanghai, in order to adapt to the environment and audience needsYao ShuijuanA group of Shaoxing Opera practitioners represented by“Improve literary drama”。Each troupe and class club competed to compile new plays.During the four years from 1928 to 1932, more than 400 new plays were written and performed, with a wide range of themes, styles and styles. Most of the writers had been engaged in "civilized plays", and the plays generally used the curtain system. At that time, the main writers had barriersHear the bell、Hu Zhifei、Tao Xian、Liu TaoEtc.The diversification of the content of the play has caused corresponding changes in the form of performance, and there is a trend to learn from brother plays.At that time, some learned Shanghai style Peking Opera, such asShang FangchenOnce actedZhou Xinfang's famous plays《Resentment at the end of the Ming Dynasty》；Some learn Shenqu, such as Shi Yinhua and Tu Xinghua, who transplant and perform suits and cheongsam《thunderstorm》；Some learn movies and plays, such as Yao Shuijuan《Chiang Laowu Dies for Love》The Big Family is a realistic set with a rickshaw on the stage.In terms of business mode, we have broken the feudal stereotypes, implemented the manager system, and unified control of the front and back offices.The most famous actors in this periodfemale role in a playIt is "three flowers, one spring and one osmanthus", that isHoneysuckle、Zhao Ruihua, Wang XinghuaYao Shuijuan、Xiao Dangui, Xiao ShengweiSlaughter Apricot Flowers、Zhu Su'e、Camphor tree；Young actors such asYuan Xuefen、Yin Guifang、Fan Ruijuan、Fu Quanxiang、Xu YulanAnd so on.
Since 1938, most troupes and troupes have been called "Yueju Opera".
In October 1942, Yuan Xuefen took drama as an example and began the reform in Dalai Theater.The first two years have successively employed editors and directorsYu Yin（Yao Ruding）、Korean、Lanming(flow)Xiao Zhang、Lv Zhong、Nanwei、Xu JinMost of them are young amateur drama workers.They called the reformed Shaoxing Opera "New Shaoxing Opera".
In September 1944, Yin GuifangPelargonium waterThe move is also inLongmen TheaterReform.Since then, major Shaoxing Opera troupes in Shanghai have invested“New Shaoxing Opera”In just a few years, the appearance of Shaoxing Opera has changed greatly.First of all, the reform of Yueju Opera was to compile and perform new plays, establish a script system, and abolish the curtain system.Even if traditional plays are performed, they have also been reorganized and adapted.The content of the new play has changed greatly.Many directors and main actors attach importance to the social benefits of the play, advocate positive and beneficial influence on the audience, and have written and performed a large number of plays against feudalism, exposing social darkness and promoting patriotism.
In November 1943《Xiangfei》When,Yuan XuefenWith the zither playerZhou BaocaiThe cooperation has made the existing 2.5 chord singing more standardized, and from this began to make the chi tune tune form a number of board types, which are whole and scattered, fast and slow, and later developed various board tune antiphony tunes, which not only improved the board structure of the Yue Opera aria, but also enhanced the lyricism and drama in the tune of the aria, and expanded the expressiveness and plasticity.
Group photo of "Ten Shaoxing Opera Sisters"[27]
On January 29, 1945,Yuan Xuefen、Fan RuijuanPerformed in the Nine Star Grand Theater《History of Liang Zhu and Mourning》, and reorganized the repertoire together with the director.During the performance, Fan Ruijuan cooperated with the zither player Zhou Baocai to create "Xianxiaqiang".The chidiao tune and the xiaxian tune laid the foundation for the emergence of the Yueju Opera genre.
May 1946Snow Sound TroupetakeLu XunFiction《blessing》Adapted as《Sister Xianglin》This has aroused the attention of the underground organization of the Communist Party of China to the Shaoxing Opera and the whole local opera.SeptemberZhou EnlaiI watched the performance of Snow Sound Theater in Shanghai, and gave instructions and arrangements to the underground organizations of the Communist Party of China on how to do a good job in local opera circles.CPC memberQian Yingyu、Liu HoushengHe was assigned to the Yueju Opera industry as a director.Later, progressive people in Shanghai's literary and art circles and the press raised questions about the incident of Yuan Xuefen being thrown dung by hooligans“Ten sisters of Yueju Opera”（Yuan Xuefen、Yin Guifang、Xiao DanguiFan RuijuanFu Quanxiang, Xu Yulan, Zhu Shuizhao, Zhang Guifeng, Xu Tianhong, Wu Xiaolou)《Love between mountains and rivers》And in the struggle for Xiao Dangui to redress his grievances.
March 24, 1955Shanghai Yueju TheaterFormally established.The theater has gathered a large number of highly artistic talents in the Yueju Opera industry, including editors, directors, performers, musicians and beauticians. Under the guidance of the Communist Party of China's literary and artistic direction of serving the people and socialism and the policy of "letting a hundred flowers bloom and bringing forth the new through the old", the theater has played a demonstration role for the national theater.In addition, a number of collectively owned troupes, such as "Fanghua", "Yunhua", "Cooperation" and "Youzhuang", are also very active, and have made many achievements in the production of people and plays.
In March 1951, the East China Opera Research Institute was established and formally established in 1954Zhejiang Yueju Opera Troupe。During this period, more than 30 professional Yueju Opera troupes in Shanghai and more than 70 professional Yueju Opera troupes in Zhejiang also carried out the work of changing people, drama and system to varying degrees.
On June 25, 1950, the Korean War broke out,Fan RuijuanIt is proposed that the circle of Shanghai Yueju Opera donate a fighter plane to the Chinese People's Volunteers.From August 10 to mid September, a joint charity performance will be held in the Popular Theater.Plays《Xinhua Village》《History of Liang Zhu and Mourning》And traditional dramaEclectic playEtc.The older generation artists of Yueju Opera donated all the 170000 yuan they gained from their performances to the Volunteer Army Air Force Department, which was named "Yueju Opera No. -Lu XunThe "fighter" was born.
On the National Day in 1951, Fan Ruijuan was elected as a member of the All China Youth Federation in Beijing and a special representative of the CPPCC National Committee.Chinese People's Political Consultative ConferenceDuring the meeting, Chairman Mao Zedong gave a cordial receptionFan RuijuanAnd talk.Shanghai Yueju Opera Circles received a letter of praise from the Shanghai Literature and Art Circles Anti US and Aid Korea Branch.
On April 24, 1953,Xu Yulan、Wang WenjuanWhereYueju Opera Troupe of the General AdministrationCrossingYalu RiverCome to the Chinese People's Volunteer Army.They performed in the 64th, 36th and 34th armies, andPanmunjomAssist in the repatriation of prisoners of war.When completing the mission and going back to China,kim il-sungrepresentativeKorean Labor PartyThe Central Committee awarded Xu Yulan and Wang Wenjuan the Third National Flag Medal of the Democratic Republic of Korea;Xu Yulan and Wang Wenjuan were given second class merit by the headquarters of the Volunteer Army.
At the end of 1953, Yueju Opera film, the first color drama art film in New China, was completed《Lian Sshanbo and Zhu Yingtai》, which was all the rage for a while and created a box office record in Hong Kong;During the Geneva Conference, Zhou Enlai repeatedly used this film to entertain politicians and journalists from various countries[28], praised as "Oriental《Romeo and Juliet》”The suspicion of international public opinion on the development of the traditional culture of Red China was thus dispelled.The world-renowned violin concerto "Butterfly Lovers" also originated from the singing of Yueju Opera.Movies《Lian Sshanbo and Zhu Yingtai》It expanded the influence of Shaoxing Opera at home and abroad, and became a popular opera.[29]
In May 1960, Xiang Guansen, the composer of Shanghai Yueju Opera Academy, wrote a draft of Research on the aria of Yueju OperaYuan Xuefen、Fan Ruijuan、Fu Quanxiang、Xu Yulan、Qi Yaxian、Lujinhua6 people waiting（Yin GuifangIt has been transferred to Fujian but not included), and called it "genre".In April 1962, the manuscript was mimeographed as "Traditional Opera Music Handout" by the Drama Department of Shanghai Theater Academy and circulated among peers.Later, Zhou Dafeng, a member of Zhejiang Yueju Opera Troupe, made a more in-depth study and discussion of the aria of Yuan Xuefen, Fan Ruijuan, Fu Quanxiang, Xu Yulan, Yin Guafang, Qi Yaxian and other six people, and wrote a draft of "Yueju Opera School aria", which was mimeographed into a volume. Later, in 1981Zhejiang People's Publishing HousePublication.[30]
Yueju Opera A Dream of Red Mansions Xu Yulan, Wang Wenjuan
The film produced by Shanghai Haiyan Film Studio and Hong Kong Golden Sound Film Company in 1962《The Dream of Red Mansion》Around 80 years ago, it won 200 million box office tickets (at that time, the ticket price was about 20 cents), and 1.2 billion people watched it, which is unprecedented[31]。Since then, a song《Sister Lin fell from the sky》Sing across the river.
In 1964, Zhejiang opera music experts He Renzhong, Lu Bingrong, Zhou Dafeng, Chen Xianyu, etc., according to the unique singing style of Zhejiang famous actors, which is obviously different from the "six major schools of Shanghai", announced that Zhejiang Province has four major female Shaoxing opera schools:Chen PeiqingPieMao PeiqingPieGoldenrodPieGao AijuanPie, andZhou DafengIt was founded as the basic male tone in the male female co performance of Zhejiang Shaoxing Opera.[32]
Since 1966“the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution”Shaoxing Opera was severely destroyed.A group of famous actors, creators and management cadres were persecuted and forced to stop performing Yueju Opera.
The revival of Shaoxing Opera after the Cultural Revolution
After the Cultural Revolution, Yueju Opera was revived.In 1977, 1978 and 1981,Shaoxing Opera OnlineHe has created and performed the co performances of men and women《Loyal Soul Song》《Spring tide in March》《Lu Xun in Guangzhou》, shaping the modern historyMao Zedong、Zhou Enlai、Lu XunAnd other historical figures.The district level Yueju Opera Troupe, which was forced to disintegrate during the Cultural Revolution, was also partially rebuilt and artistic activities resumed.
At the beginning of the reform and opening up in the 1980s, the national professional opera industry restored the award system for the first time. With the transition from a planned economy to a market economy, around 84 years ago, the Zhejiang Yueju Opera industry started a "small hundred flowers" boom. Young Yueju actors in Shanghai Yueju Opera industry participated in various radio and television competitions andShanghai Youth Actors ShowAnd other activities have also stood out.Shaoxing Opera CriticLi HuikangAt《Shanghai Culture and Art Daily》The article "Reshaping the Image of Yue Opera in Shanghai" was published on the Shanghai Opera House. After the publication of this article, it has aroused warm responses in the opera circles and the press in Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu and even Beijing.Shanghai Culture and Art Daily has set up a special column for this purpose, and has successively selected and distributed manuscripts from all over the country for discussion.Shanghai and Zhejiang Shaoxing Opera circles also jointly held a large-scale seminar for this purpose, which played a considerable role in the handover of Shaoxing Opera from old to new.[33]One of the outstanding characteristics of Yueju Opera in the new period of reform and opening up is that its artistic ideas are more emancipated and its artistic concepts are more open.In the creation and performance, the theme and style are more diversified, and the second creation is more committed to absorbing the achievements of modern art and making bold exploration.
On the morning of March 27, 2006, Hangzhou held a conference to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the birth of Chinese Shaoxing Opera, which officially kicked off the centennial commemoration of Shaoxing Opera.The celebration also includes the unveiling ceremony of the centennial monument of Yueju Opera and the foundation laying ceremony of Zhejiang Xiaobaihua Art Center;China Yueju Opera Centennial Summit Forum;Entertainment performance of high-quality plays and performance of some excellent plays;"One Hundred Years of Yueju Opera, Yueju Opera Hometown Tour" series activities;"One Hundred Years of Shaoxing Opera · Replay of Classic Shaoxing Opera Films" activity;One hundred years of Yueju Opera, mass cultural activities, etc.The whole celebration lasted until the "Chinese Shaoxing Opera Festival" held in Shaoxing in October.During this period, Zhejiang Xiaobaihua Yueju TroupeShaoxing Xiaobaihua Yueju TroupeAnd so on.
On May 20, 2006, Yueju Opera was approved by the State Council to be listed in the first batch of national levelIntangible cultural heritageDirectories.
On July 24, 2006, CCTV andShanghai Media GroupCo sponsored“Yuenv Strives for the Front”The TV Challenge for Young Shaoxing Opera Actors opened at Yifu Stage in Shanghai.The event is divided into three major competition areas: Shanghai, Hangzhou and Shaoxing.[34-35]
On October 2, 2019, at the 2019 Chinese Opera Culture Week, Yueju Opera participated[36]。
While influencing the whole country, Yueju Opera has also gone abroad and won a high reputation internationally. It is called "Chinese Opera" abroad.
Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai, the first large-scale color opera film after the founding of New China, which was produced in 1953, was directed by Premier Zhou Enlai to be screened by the Information Office of the Chinese delegation during the Geneva Conference, reversing the prevailing theory of "the Communist Party does not want culture" in the western world at that time.[37]
In the spring of 1953, Xu Yulan and Wang Wenjuan attendedChinese People's VolunteersThe cultural and industrial team of the political department of the armistice negotiation delegation performed for the children of the Chinese and Korean people and did the service work of exchanging prisoners of war. It was awarded the third national flag medal by the Korean Labor Party and the second military medal by the volunteer army headquarters.
On June 19, 1955, the Chinese Yueju Opera Troupe formed by Shanghai Yueju Opera House visited the German Democratic Republic to perform.From July 2 of the same year, he performed in Berlin, Dresden and other places. The Prime Minister of the German Democratic Republic, Grotiwood, watched the performance of The West Chamber and met the performers on the stage.On July 24, he performed for the Soviet Army in Germany.On July 30, he left Berlin for the Soviet Union to visit and perform.Chinese Yueju Opera Troupe in the Soviet UnionMinsk, Moscow performance.August 15 Soviet Party and State LeadersVoroshilov、Kaganovich、Malinkov、Mikoyan 、BerussinAfter watching the performance of "Butterfly Lovers", we met the comrades of the troupe in the theatre lounge. Voroshilov also handed out bouquets of flowers to the comrades of the troupe.On September 9, after the performance of "The West Chamber" in Moscow, the Soviet Union made a movie of the "amazing" scene.Leave on September 10NovosibirskReturn to China.The performance of the Chinese Yueju Troupe on Democratic Germany and the Soviet Union further expanded the European's artistic vision of the richness of Chinese drama.The literary and art circles in Democratic Germany and the Soviet Union highly praised the Romance of the Western Chamber and Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai as "wonderful lyric poems" full of people's nature ".The Soviet drama critic Hupov published a review article on "Poems of Love" in Pravda,He praised that Chinese Yueju Opera "can discard many outdated and stale things that stagnate the national drama, and preserve the fine and energetic tradition of the people's culture with a real democratic spirit... It has gained new significance and new development in Yueju Opera", and said that "The Romance of the Western Chamber""With the true musicality, beauty... the inner melody, it is fascinating".Drama critic Kabalevsky wrote a review article on "The Youth of Ancient Culture" in Pravda Pravda, praising Yueju Opera for "being good at combining the most abundant and long tradition of classical opera with the realism of modern drama creation, and protecting and developing its own national form".A news report from Tass News Agency said that the audience praised "Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai" as "China's Romeo and Juliet".A German writer published an article in the Evening News, saying, "Although people do not know language, they can understand everything. It can make people feel incomparable joy and endless grief and indignation in their hearts at an inseparable moment. What a masterpiece of art... I have seen the perfect art, which is so simple and true, like a mirror of the human mind."[7]
From February 17 to April 3, 1959, according to the Sino Vietnamese cultural cooperation agreement, the Chinese Yueju Troupe established by the Shanghai Yueju Theater visited the Democratic Republic of Vietnam to perform.28 performances were held in 9 provinces and cities, including Hanoi and Haiphong, with more than 200000 audiences.
From December 23, 1960 to January 26, 1961, Shanghai Yueju Opera House, in the name of Shanghai Yueju Opera Troupe, performed in Hong Kong for the first time.
On July 14, 1961, the "Dream of Red Mansions" hosted by the Zhejiang Provincial Committee of the Communist Party of China and hosted by the Shanghai Yueju Opera House hosted the Korean party and government delegation headed by Kim Il at the Hangzhou Hotel, accompanied by Premier Zhou Enlai. After watching, they met Xu Yulan and Wang Wenjuan.President Kim Il Sung personally invited the drama to visit North Korea.On August 17, hosted by the Foreign Affairs Office of the Shanghai Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China and starring Xu Yulan of the Shanghai Yueju Theater, the "Beating Golden Bough" hosted the President of Ghana at the Friendship CinemaKwame Nkrumah 。From September 8 to October 18kim il-sungAt the invitation of the Prime Minister, the Second Group of Shanghai Yueju Opera House went toDemocratic People's Republic of KoreaVisit the show.Zhu Guang is the head of the delegation, Yuan Xuefen is the deputy head, and Zhang Liwei is the secretary general.A Dream of Red Mansions was performed to celebrate the fourth congress of the Korean Labor Party.Kim Il SungCui YujianAnd other leaders of the Korean party and governmentDeng XiaopingThe delegation led by the CPC Central CommitteeKozlovThe delegation led by the Central Committee of the Soviet Communist Party watched the performance.In late October, the Chinese Shanghai Yueju Opera Troupe returned from a visit to North Korea to perform. Premier Zhou Enlai met the whole group in the Great Hall of the People.And togetherQi YanmingWang Kunlun accompanied the troupe comrades to visit the site of Prince Gong's Mansion of the Qing Dynasty in Beijing.Liu Shaoqi、Premier ZhouThey all watched the performance, met the performers on the stage and took a group photo.
Vice Minister of the Ministry of Culture from the end of December 1962 to the middle of January 1963Xu Pingyu, led Xu Yulan and Wang Wenjuan of Shanghai Yueju Opera House to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea to coach the rehearsal of the Korean opera Dream of Red Mansions.Kim Il Sung met Xu Pingyu, Xu Yulan and Wang Wenjuan at the Prime Minister's Office and took a group photo.
On October 7, 1964, "Beating Golden Bough" was hosted by Shanghai Foreign Affairs Office and performed by Shanghai Yueju Opera House（Lu Ruiying、Chen ShaochunAnd Mother and Son Meeting (Xu YulanZhou BaokuiStarring), hosted the Vietnamese party and government delegation led by Premier Fan Wentong at the Friendship Cinema.On October 10, 97 members of the Second Group of Shanghai Yueju Opera Theater participated in the socialist education movement in Jinshan County.Wu Chen, Xu Yulan, Wang Wenjuan and others all attended for 8 months.
In 1983, young actors from Shanghai Yueju Opera House traveled to Japan to perform A Dream of Red Mansions.
In 1986, Shanghai Yueju Theater went to Paris, France to participateParis Autumn FestivalPerformances.
In May 1989, a group of artists from Shanghai Yueju Opera Theater visited the United States to perform, which was warmly welcomed and highly praised by people of all countries and overseas Chinese.
In 1994, Lv Ruiying was awarded the "Asia's Most Outstanding Artist Award" by the American Chinese Art Association in New York.
On August 17, 2001, Shaoxing Xiaobaihua Yueju Troupe went to Thailand to participate in the performance of the "Asian Folk Drama Festival". It performed two excellent traditional operas of Yueju Opera "Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai" at the Thai Cultural Center, which was well received by Thai audiences and overseas friends, and was called "drama beauty, actor beauty, singing beauty, music beauty".There was a lot of applause in the performance. After seeing the first performance, many audiences scrambled to buy tickets for the second performance.After watching the performance, Mr. Qin Yusen, Cultural Counselor of the Chinese Embassy in Thailand, said happily, "The Shaoxing Xiaobaihua performance is wonderful and moving, which fully reflects the charm of China's excellent culture and Shaoxing Opera, and has played a good role in promoting cultural exchanges between China and Thailand."[7]
On March 21, 2002, Shaoxing Xiaobaihua Yueju Troupe went to Singapore to perform, and the plays include "Breaking the Mountain to Save Mother", "Civet Cat for Prince", and "Lu Wenlong"[57]Etc.The ten day performance was warmly welcomed by the Singapore audience.[7]
In addition, Zhejiang Yueju Opera Troupe has traveled all over the UK, France, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Japan and other places, enjoying a good reputation at home and abroad.When performing in Finland, Europeans were mesmerized by the song "Butterfly Lovers" (Liang Shanbo and Yingtai), which caused the wife of the Finnish president to cry.Zhejiang Xiaobaihua Yueju Troupe went to the United States for commercial performances. From Los Angeles, San Francisco to New York, they used their own art to set off a dazzling "Xiaobaihua Cyclone" there.The major media reported in succession that the International Daily said: "This troupe with high reputation in China did not know what the audience in the United States would say before the performance, but the warm applause at the end showed that the American audience and Chinese people not only understood the play, but also were deeply moved by the plot and the exquisite performance of the actors."[7]
Introduction to the troupe
Announce
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Before the "Cultural Revolution" in the 1960s, there were 76 professional Yueju troupes in Zhejiang. Except for a few provinces and autonomous regions such as Tibet, Guangdong and Guangxi, there were professional troupes all over the country. According to preliminary statistics, there were more than 280.There are thousands of amateur troupes, too numerous to count.After the mid-1980s, local Yueju Opera troupes were withdrawn one after another, and there were still 28 in Zhejiang.Some influential troupes in Xi'an, Lanzhou, Chongqing, Nanchang, etc. have also been withdrawn.Some exist in name only, and there are only about 35 state-owned professional troupes.[38]However, the rise of folk professional troupes is beyond statistics.
After Yue Opera evolved from rap art to opera in 1906, its repertoire mainly came from three aspects: first, the original book singing program was transformed into opera form, such as Lai Married, Pearl Tower, Double Golden Flowers, Lazy Sister, and Stirrup Bucket;Second, it was transplanted from brother operas. For example, it was transplanted from Xinchang Gaoqiang Opera with "Double Lions", "Benevolence and Righteousness", "Chen Xiang Fan" and other operas; it was transplanted from Anhui Opera Troupe with "Powder Makeup Building", "Plum Blossom Ring" and other operas; it was transplanted from Dongyang Opera Troupe (Wu Opera) with "Second Plum Blossom", "Osmanthus Pavilion" and other operas; it was transplanted from Ziyun Opera Troupe (Shaoxing Opera) with "Dragon and Phoenix Lock", "Wo Robe"The third look at the Royal Sister and other plays. From the Yingge Class (Yao Opera), we have transplanted such plays as Double Hair Falling, Selling Grass Dun, and Meet in the Grass Nunnery;Third, it is compiled according to the stories of propaganda volumes, librettos and folk legends, such as "Green Jade Hairpin", "Dragon Fan", "Bone Burning" and other plays.The early stage of Yueju Opera was mainly engaged in urban and rural areas of Zhejiang Province.Since entering the Shanghai theater in 1917, most of the performances have been in the above three categories.After 1920, Yue Opera entered the Shaoxing literary drama period, adding many new plays, such as "Fang Yuniang", "Seven Beauties", "Rainy Flowers", etc., and learning from Shanghai style Peking Opera such serial dramas as "Civet for Prince", "Han Guangwu Restoring the Country to Nanyang", and "Red Mane Horse", etc., and learning from Shenqu (Shanghai Opera) and new dramas (Civilization Play) such as "Thunderstorm" and "Laughing and Crying Cause"Etc.
In terms of the style of the play, most of the small choirs perform the whole drama, sometimes adding a life drama such as "The Story of the Hooping Bucket" before the drama.From May 13 to June 8, 1917, during the first performance of the Little Song Group in Shanghai for the first time, several plays were also performed in the form of serial dramas, such as "Dragon and Phoenix Lock" and "Seven Beauties", which were performed in one to three books and three performances.Since then, Liantai Opera has become a common repertoire during Shaoxing Wenxi Opera. The longest Liantai Opera, Xue Rengui's Expedition to the East and Han Guangwu's Restoration to Nanyang, have more than 30 copies, which can be performed for 30 consecutive times.The repertoire of the performance changes frequently, usually only one performance of a play is performed, and all the performances are "roadshow" (later called "curtain show", that is, the master is sent to tell the story to the actors before the performance, and then the actors perform impromptu on the stage).Some of the frequently performed plays have become the specialty of some famous artists, and some of them have relatively fixed librettos, which are also called "Rouzi Drama" by peers.In short, there was neither a script with complete lines nor a full-time screenwriter at that time.
In 1938, women's Yue Opera rose in Shanghai. In order to attract audiences, Yao Shuijuan, a famous actress, first hired Fan Li, a reporter from Ta Kung Pao who had been engaged in civilized drama, to write new plays, such as Hua Mulan, Feng Xiaoqing, Fan Li and Xi Shi.However, these new plays do not have all lines, only some of the heavy scenes have lyrics and speeches, and the rest still need actors to improvise "roadshow" on the stage.
From December 8 to 9, 1938, Yao Shuijuan reprinted Hua Mulan at Tianxiang Theater, and published the words "screenwriter of fence" in newspaper advertisements.This is the beginning of the signature of full-time writers of Yueju Opera on newspaper advertisements.
In 1942, the "New Yueju Opera" founded by Yuan Xuefen absorbed amateur drama workers, formed a "Drama Department", established a system of compiling and directing plays, and used complete scripts.On December 8, 1942, Yuan Xuefen performed the Heartbreaker at the Dalai Theater, which was adapted by Yu Yin from the story of Hairpin Phoenix written by Lu You.This is Yuan Xuefen's first play with complete lines after his reform of Shaoxing Opera.Since then, all troupes involved in the reform of Shaoxing Opera have done so.During the period of "New Yue Opera" from the winter of 1942 to the liberation of Shanghai in May 1949, various Yue Opera troupes compiled and performed hundreds of new plays, greatly expanding the theme of the repertoire. There are not only ancient costume plays reflecting the ancient style, but also Qing costume plays reflecting modern life and fashion plays reflecting modern life, as well as Mongolian costume plays and Hui costume plays reflecting the life of ethnic minorities.In terms of materials, some are adapted not only from Chinese classical literature, but also from foreign dramas and novels.In terms of categories, there are not only historical palace plays and family ethics plays, but also myth and legend plays and social romance plays, such as "Xiangfei", "Xianglin sister-in-law", "Shi Dakai", "The State Breaks Mountains and Rivers", "Taiping Heavenly Kingdom", "Desert Prince", "Wanderer", "Mountains and Rivers Love", etc., which are quite influential plays in this period. "Xianglin sister-in-law"It is also called a milestone of the reform of Shaoxing Opera by critics.
After liberation, under the guidance of the party's drama reform policy of "letting a hundred flowers blossom and bringing forth the new through the old", Yueju Opera has achieved fruitful results in drama creation from the early days of liberation to the "Cultural Revolution" in 1966.In Shanghai, there are Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai, Bi Yu Zan Hairpin, Pan Fu Suo Fu, Li Cuiying, Bloody Fingerprint, Spy, Chasing Fish, and Beating Golden Bough, which are based on traditional dramas;Sister Xianglin, A Tale of the Western Chamber, A Dream of Red Mansions, Peacock Flying Southeast, adapted from famous literary works;The historical dramas Qu Yuan, Zetian Emperor and Spring Fragrance Biography adapted from foreign dramas are newly compiled or adapted according to historical data.
In Zhejiang Province, due to the early implementation of male and female co acting and re performance of modern dramas, a number of excellent modern dramas and modern dramas have emerged, such as Five Girls, The Story of Struggle for Children, The Cause of Blossoms, The Poem Pavilion, Yang Libei, Blood and Tears, The Jinsha River, etc.There are many creations, arrangements and adaptations of ancient costume dramas, such as Rouge, Tears of Acacia, The Record of Ashen Lans, and Mother Recognition in an Ancestral Hall.The Biography of Shen Qing is adapted from foreign literature and art.It also transplanted and adapted a number of excellent plays from brother dramas and dramas.
Other provinces and cities, such as Liu Yi's Biography in Nanjing, Nan Guan Cao, Mao Zi Pei's Running into the Palace in Wuhan, Embroidered Shoes in the Clouds in Tianjin, Princess Wencheng, Red Plum Pavilion in Xi'an, and Top Runner's Day Watch in Xi'an, are all excellent plays produced during this period.
After the "Cultural Revolution", the repertoire creation has been pioneering and innovative, breaking through the forbidden area where opera can not show leaders. Shanghai Yueju Opera House and Nanjing Yueju Opera Troupe created exploratory modern dramas such as Loyal Soul Opera, March Spring Tide, Song of a Newspaperboy, Lu Xun in Guangzhou, and shaped Mao Zedong, Zhou EnlaiLu Xun and other leaders and great figures on the stage.
In the 1980s and 1990s, drama festivals, art festivals, rehearsals, performances and other theatrical activities were held frequently from the central government to provinces and cities. For example, Zhejiang established an annual creative meeting and a biennial drama festival.In these activities, a screenplay creation award was set up to encourage creation. At the same time, some screenwriters worked hard to revitalize Yueju Opera, so the number of newly edited plays increased unprecedentedly during this period.For example, in Zhejiang, there are ancient costume plays such as "Five Women Celebrate Their Birthdays", "Han Palace Resentment", "Tang Bohu Loses His Title", "Golden Palace Refuses to Marry", "Red Silk Mistake", "Xi Shi Breaks the Cable", "Pear Blossom Love", etc;Modern and contemporary dramas include "Small Knife Club", "Song of the Strong", "Remarriage", "Qiao Feng", "Golden Phoenix and Silver Swallow", etc.In Shanghai, there are historical dramas such as Empress Han, Emperor Guangxu and Blood Staining in the Palace;There are ancient costume dramas such as Mo Chou Nv in Nanjing.Since 1997, Wenzhou's "New Southern Opera Series Project" has achieved remarkable results, and a number of famous dramas, such as Jing Chai Ji and Xi Ma Qiao, have been introduced to the society.With the development of television industry, we have also created and produced a number of outstanding Shaoxing Opera dramas, such as Qiu Jin, Tianzhijiao Girl, Hanwu Love, Madame Dayi, and Desert Prince.
After liberation, the adapted and newly edited plays have improved in ideological and artistic aspects, and have written a glorious chapter in the history of Chinese opera.
From the birth of Yue Opera in 1906 to the end of the 20th century, according to incomplete statistics, there are more than 6000 plays. Although there are more than one play among them, the performances are still very impressive.Now more than 360 representative plays handed down and newly created are selected and edited.[41]
Highlights
By 2006, there were a large number of plays in Yueju Opera, including influential and frequently performed plays such as:
Note: The above terms refer to the names given to actors by opera fans and newspapers in different periods, and are not related to each other.
Including the founders of the Yueju Opera genre, there are 708 celebrities of Yueju Opera all over the country according to the "Grand Ceremony of Chinese Yueju Opera".It was their unremitting efforts that made Yueju Opera the second largest opera in China.
Yuan Xuefen as Cui Yingying in the Shaoxing Opera The West Chamber
In 1920,Shengping Song StagebossZhou LinzhiThe first professional accompaniment band in the history of Yueju Opera was composed of three musicians from Shengxian County, who were invited to organize folk music troupes, and initially established the musical framework of "Banqiang".
In 1938, Yao Shuijuan performed "Hua Mulan", whose singing was improved on the basis of the Sigong tune. Later, it was called "Xiandeng tune" and "Chidiao tune".However, this kind of singing has not been popularized and developed since the opera no longer sang this kind of singing.
In October 1942, under the influence of progressive drama, Yuan Xuefen carried out a comprehensive reform of traditional Shaoxing Opera, known as "New Shaoxing Opera" in history.The new Yueju Opera has changed the bright and jumping main tune of the former "small singing class" into a sad and soothing melody.
In November 1943, when Yuan Xuefen performed "Xiang Fei" and Fan Ruijuan performed "The Sorrow of the Butterfly Lovers"Zhou BaocaiThrough cooperation, Yuan made the "Chi Tune Tune" more standardized, and Fan created the "Xianxia Tune".Later, it was absorbed and enriched by other actors of Yueju Opera, and developed into the main tune of Yueju Opera. On this basis, it gradually formed and evolved into different schools.
From 1958 to 1959, Fu Quanxiang and Yuan Xuefen respectively wrote "Xinglu"《Shuang Lie Ji》In the "Kwaf", created a new“Six tone”。It was welcomed and sung by the audience.
In 1959, by“East China Opera Research Institute”Set up actor training class (later reconstructed asShanghai Opera School）After graduation, the trained students will be assigned to Shanghai Yueju Opera House to form an experimental troupe of male and female co performance, and will be engaged in the exploration of male and female co performance in a planned way.They use“Homodyne heterodyne cavity”“Homotony”The difficulty of male and female duets has been solved by means of "homophony" and other methods.
In 1965, Yuan Xuefen performed《Huoye Village》Shi and Qin PlayerZhou BailingThe cooperation has created the "B-flat" singing.
Genre Art
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School of Shaoxing OperaIt includes various artistic factors such as repertory, singing, reading, and doing, which are reflected in the typical artistic image created. Among them, the aria has the strongest originality, the most prominent characteristics, and the greatest influence. Therefore, it is called a genre aria.[50-51]However, although singing is important, the genre does not only refer to singing, but also includes multiple contents such as stage performance art.Usually, different genres of the same play will have different styles.
Development Basis
In October 1942, a famous performing artist of Shaoxing OperaYuan XuefenThe traditional Shaoxing Opera has undergone a comprehensive reform, which is called "New Shaoxing Opera".The new Yueju Opera has changed the bright and jumping main tune of the former "Little Song Class"“Quadruplex cavity”, once turned into a sad and soothing melody, that is“Ruler adjusting cavity”And“Understring cavity”, pushing the singing art of Yueju Opera to a new stage.All genres of Shaoxing Opera have developed and enriched on the basis of "Chi Tiao Tune" and "Xian Xia Tune".Later, these two tunes became the main tunes of Yueju Opera, and on this basis, gradually formed their own genres of singing.[51]
School of Shaoxing Opera
There are 13 recognized schools of Yue Opera, namely Yuan Xuefen School, Fan Ruijuan School, Yin Guifang School, Fu Quanxiang School, Xu Yulan School, Qi Yaxian School, Wang Wenjuan School, Lu Jinhua School, Bi Chunfang School, Zhang Yunxia School, Lu Ruiying SchoolJin CaifengSchool, Zhang Guifeng School.[30]Those who have been promoted regionally by professionals include: Zhu Shuizhao, Chen Peiqing, Mao Peiqing, Jinbao, Gao Aijuan, as well as the basic male tune in the male female co performance of Zhejiang Shaoxing Opera created by Zhou Dafeng.
For details, see the entry of Yueju Opera
Makeup and clothing
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Make up
Mr. Yin Guifang makes up for Wang Jun'an
In the early stage of Shaoxing Opera, most male actors did not wear makeup;When a man plays a female role, he spreads the braids behind his head, combs them into a bun, and puts rouge and lead powder on it;Some women in the grass platform class make up and wipe their cheeks with red paperBlush, NoThrush, or use the gray thrush at the bottom of the pot, called "clean water dressing".In the early days after entering Shanghai, I learned from Shaoxing Opera and Beijing Opera the gouache makeup method of performing traditional old operas, including white foundation, red rouge and ink cream.Later, the costume drama imitated the Shaoxing Opera, with large flowered faces and white noses painted by clowns.In October 1942, when the Xuesheng Yueju Opera Troupe performed "The Ghosts in the Ancient Temple", Han Yi gave Yuan Xuefen the first try of oil makeup, and then the director Yu Yin invited movie stars to guide the group in making up, abolishing all gouache makeup and using oil paint instead.In the following years, Yin Guifang, Zhu Shuizhao, Fu QuanxiangQian Miaohua, Wu Xiaolou, etc. changed to paint makeup when performing the newly edited plays.From the late 1970s to the early 1980s, Yueju Opera absorbed beauty methods, painting and makeup methods, and hair pasting methods when compiling modern theme plays, and shapedMao Zedong、Zhou Enlai、Lu XunAnd other historical figures.[52]
Hairstyle headdress
At the beginning of the boys' class, the actors untied their hair braids, combed their hair buns and inserted flowers, which was the earliest hairstyle and headdress.Later, the costume play was modeled after Shaoxing Opera.The bun shall be decorated with small glass tubes strung in rows, and the top flower shall be used to decorate the bun.In the 20th century, he studied Peking Opera in the 20th century. Because of the unconditional preparation of a full set of "head and face", he changed to use wood or iron sheet to make shaped water tablets, and rarely used full head and face to decorate performances.Since the birth of the women's class, because the actresses have braids, they have been used as the "hair curtain" of "Baotou" and the top wig, and in combination with the "private color dress" of clothing, learn how to use the "copper bubble Baotou" in Beijing Opera (such asWang Baochuan）"Water drill head" (such as《zheng guofeng 》InYan Lanzhen）The headdress used by "stippling Baotou" (such as Lady Li in "Green Jade Hairpin").In the early 1940s, Yuan Xuefen performed《Hengniang》Instead, use your own hair to comb the head of an ancient costume, and use the headdress decorations as needed.After that, the actors reformed their headwear one after another, finding the basis from the paintings of ancient ladies, and began to create the unique ancient hairstyle and headwear of Dan characters in Yueju Opera. The headwear was changed from complicated to simple, from gorgeous to beautiful, and the head was mainly decorated with pearls and phoenixes. There were few decorative flowers, which was simple and bright.In the 1950s, wigs were made to save time for hairstyle and makeup.
Pass
In the early days of the small singing class, the male actor in the ancient costume play had clay statues in the templePassAlso, a row of black and white yarns can be used as a channel.Shaoxing Opera will be used as the gateway after renting performance costumes.In 1917, after entering Shanghai, the male class adopted the way of Peking Opera, while the female class still performed the same way.At the end of the 1930s, Yueju Opera began to reform and its channels began to improve.The beard must be shortened and lightened.In the early 1940s, the old students did not use traditional beards to learn the "sticky beard" of drama.Later, because the "sticking beard" makeup method was not convenient and took more time, it was changed to use copper wire as a shelf to make various beards.When a large face needs a full beard, it is no longer "Qiu beard", but "Tao Hu". Clowns no longer use "Ba zi hu" and "Hang hang", but "Jia bi hu" and "Qiao hu", which are collectively called "improved hu".The traditional "full mouth" does not see the lips, but the modified beard is bent with thick copper wire, and the lips are exposed and visible.In the 1960s, Shanghai Yueju Opera used improved beards when performing ancient costume dramas. The raw materials of beards were mainly human hair and yak hair, mixed with wool, and then hooked the hair on flesh colored silk or mesh yarn.Modern dramas: ethnic minority dramas and foreign themed dramas are generally pasted.
Clothes & Accessories
summary
Wang Wenjuan as Carp Essence (Chasing Fish)
At the beginning of the small song class, most of the characters in the Shaoxing Opera wore clothes from liferobe, gowns, and officials also use the python robes of the gods in the temple.Later, he rented costumes from the Shaoxing Taipan wardrobe owner, put them in a bamboo basket, and carried them around the village to run to the town. This was the earliest form of suitcase in Shaoxing Opera.Most of the rental outfits are based on coats, blouses, pythons, lean clothes and arrow clothes. The style of the outfits is basically the traditional style of Shaoxing Opera and Beijing Opera.
During the Shaoxing Wenxi period in the 1920s and 1930s, influenced by the suitcase system of Shanghai Peking Opera, the costumes of the main actors and the masses began to be separated.The main actors wear "private colored clothes", and the main actors are responsible for adding;General actors and mass actors such as Longtao and Gongnv wear "in the hall clothes", which are rented by the leader or the leader of the incense clothes team.At that time, the audience wanted to see both the actors and the costumes, which prompted some famous actors to show off their private color costumes. Some Xiaodan performers changed more than 10 sets of clothes in one night.Some people say thatShaoxing Opera CostumeIt was a period of "chaos".
Shaoxing Opera costume design began in 1943.Professional stage designKoreanOn《Dream in a rainy night》The costumes of the Devil King and the four imps in the play were designed;In November of that year, when Yuan Xuefen starred in "Xiang Fei", because the characters in the play had brothers and nationalities and there were many characters on the stage, we tried to unify the art. All the costumes were designed by Han Yi, and the actors were responsible for their own purchase. The theater owner posted a part of the purchase fee according to the role priorities.This is a major reform of Shaoxing Opera costumes.
As a result of unremitting exploration and accumulation, the unique style of gentle, elegant and beautiful costumes of Yueju Opera has been constantly consolidated and developed, and has had a great impact on performances at home and abroad, thus becoming another style of costume in Chinese opera costumes.
Antique clothes
Ancient costume is the characteristic costume of Yueju Opera, which is often worn by young women and middle-aged women.The jacket has water sleeves or natural color sleeves, plus cloud shoulders or streamers;Long skirts are matched with short skirts, or midskirts, pendants, belts, and jade ornaments.Short, medium and long skirts can be divided into pleated and non pleated skirts.According to different identities, ancient clothes can be divided into ladies' clothes, folk clothes and palace clothes.It is characterized by short skirts, tight chest and waist, and clear shape.
Yue Opera Python
Yue Opera Meng Lijun Lu Ruiying, Chen Shaochun (1957)
First of all, in terms of color, the Yue Opera python no longer follows the traditional five color python, hierarchical and status based strict wearing suitcase system, but has both lower five colors and intermediate colors. However, it also refers to the custom of the upper five color hierarchical system, and chooses intermediate colors.For example, the colors and patterns of pythons in Beating the Golden Bough are more concise and more casual, and many alternate color pythons are used in Meng Lijun.Another method is to use color by referring to historical codes and official ranks, such as《Changle Palace》The middle and old emperors wore black clothes and used symbolic patterns such as "黼", "Fu", "Fenmi", "Sun", "Moon", "Zongyi", "Algae", "Mountain", "Star", "Huachong", and "Fire".Yue Opera sometimes changes the traditional "python" into a robe system, calledPython robe。It is very different from the traditional "python" in production.The python is no longer in the whole clip, but the front and back are lined with hemp, which makes the front and back stiff and firm to show the official style.Later, some boa's front and rear linings simply didn't need hemp liningCloth scrapingReplace.
Yueju OperaIn the early days, the male class of Yueju Opera used the traditional big stick, and the female class also used the traditional big stick（Hard reliance）。After the reform, Wusheng seldom relied on the flag and belly, and Xiaosheng did not rely on the flag when he acted as Wusheng."Lean against the body", "lean against the feet" and "lean against the shoulder", instead of "net spike" or "row of whiskers" or cuddling belt, it is generally not necessary to lean against the shoulder in double layers.The belly is no longer a large part of the traditional plane, but a "waist bag" around the waist and a tiger head belt.Clothes are not embroidered, but nail pieces are used.In the spring of 1944, Yuan Xuefen played《Mulan joins the army》InHua MulanThe armour of the military uniform was first made of copper, and both the upper and lower armour were used. Later, the patterns included "fish scale armour", "T-shaped armour", "herringbone armour", "turtle back armour", gold embroidery, and also gold satin, silver satin cutting and pasting, or gold and silver wide edge pattern sewing.Heart protectors can be made of Kromi copper foam, gold or silver.
Shaoxing Opera Skirt
The skirt of Shaoxing Opera is mainly made of Hua DanPleated skirt。The first clothes are traditionalLarge pleated skirt, with "horse face" at the front and back, commonly known as "horse face"“Horseface skirt”Later, the rear "horse face" was removed and replaced with a single horse face skirt, which was often used by Laodan.The traditional "fish scale pleated skirt" is often used as a skirt.Later, the big pleat was changed into a five percent wide pleated skirt.In the 1940s, influenced by the paintings of beautiful women in the late Qing Dynasty, the Snow Sound Troupe designed the "Jin skirt".This kind of gusset skirt is covered outside the large pleated skirt. It is simple with a pendant on the front, which is long enough to reach the foot surface.This kind of "pin skirt" is shown in the History of Butterfly Lovers and Mourning《The Goddess Chang's fly to the moon》And so on.Short skirts, which are called "wrapped buttocks" in the jargon, have pleats, non pleats, mesh carvings, embroidery, applique, oblique cut, flat cut, and various patterns.
Yueju Opera Cloud ShoulderThe traditional big cloud shoulder was first used, and later developed to more than 100 kinds, such as the split cloud shoulderShoulder of pearl cloud(white beads or gold or silver beads), cloud shoulder with collar, cloud shoulder without collar, such asYiyun shoulder, flower shaped cloud shoulder, mesh cloud shoulder, etc.
Pleats and Pei
Poetic Yue Opera Lu You and Tang Wan Mao Weitao and Chen Huiling
shaoxing operaXiaoshengThe pleats you wear do not open the placket. There are round collars, slanted collars, and split collars. The placket you wear is Pei.This kind of "Pei" is often called "Pei" when a husband and wife appear in the play with the same color.The Yue Opera Pei also has a variety of styles on the collar, such as slanted Pei, straight Pei, lapel Pei, Ruyi Pei, etc.Small pleats and Pei are mostly in alternate colors. The pattern is on one side. There are four gentleman patterns (plum, orchid, bamboo, chrysanthemum), peony, magnolia and other patterns. The collar edge is becoming narrower and narrower, about two inches, developing towards beauty.All the clothes of Shaoxing Opera have "faded pockets" dug in the "pockets" (the pockets are cut into circles), so the costumes of Shaoxing Opera are smooth, smooth and comfortable.
Shaoxing Opera Helmet
The helmets used by the early male troupes of Yueju Opera when performing traditional operas were borrowed from the scholar hats or melon skin hats with jade forehead in life, and some were taken from the heads of bodhisattva statues when dismantling dilapidated small temples.Later, we will rent costumes and helmets of Shaoxing Opera and Beijing Opera.After the women's class entered Shanghai, the main actors had "private colored costumes". The costumes and helmets they wore were bought at Nanhengtai Colored Boots Store or Guangdong Road Costume Store.The other actors who wear "hall costumes" wear rented costumes and helmets.These helmets are basically inherited from Beijing Opera orKunqu OperaHat box system, such as《Fragrant paper tears》In the Butterfly Lovers, the helmets and hats worn by the students are all cultural scarves of Beijing Opera.
In the newly edited historical dramas, Yueju Opera has improved the "crown of talent", "Fangshan crown", "Tongtian crown", "hair binding crown", "Fa crown", "Qiaoshi crown", "Zhibu crown" and other aspects of historical life, and applied them to the stage characters.The traditional phoenix crown is the queenconcubinesIt is worn by the princess. Women also wear this phoenix crown at the wedding ceremony.In addition to traditional operas, Yueju Opera still wears a phoenix crown, which is filled with pompons, in other operas.Such as《Beat golden twigs》The princess and empress in "Changle Palace", the empress in "Meng Lijun", and Meng Lijun in "Meng Lijun" have all changed the phoenix crown to the forehead shape, or put it on, with the hair exposed in a bun. They mainly use the upright phoenix on both sides, or put the upright phoenix on both sides, or put the upright phoenix on both sides, and then put on "Ruyi", "Shan Feng", "Bu Yao" and other headdresses.
Shaoxing Opera Boots and Shoes
During the period of "Grass Terrace Class", the actors of the Men's Class of Yueju Opera had worn rented boots and shoes.After entering Shanghai, the women's classes learned Peking Opera and Shaoxing Opera and wore high boots, especially those in Damian and Laosheng. Most of them wore high boots in official dress.The boots and shoes worn by the girls in the female class are not high. They wear cloud shoes, flat shoes, and shoes about an inch high.In order to make up for his short stature, Xiao Dan padded his shoes two or three inches high.In the late 1930s, Xiao Dangui played the role of Aunt Cai in the performance of Aunt Cai in the "Gaosheng Stage". In order to increase her stature, she used to "step on stilts".It was not until 1944 that the male character Xiaosheng, who played "A History of New Butterfly Lovers and Sorrow", wore about an inch of thin high boots.After liberation, most of Xiaosheng wore three sets of cloud high boots, generally about two or three inches, and some actors had to increase their height.In 1955, after the film "Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai" was shot, the reform of boots and shoes not only wore high boots, but also changed the patterns or embroideries with cloud patterns on the top of the boots, and the colors were set into three strong and harmonious colors, commonly known as three sets of cloud high boots.[53]
Set props
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scenery
Old style stage scenery of Shaoxing Opera
Through the exploration and practice in the 1940s, the set of Yueju Opera laid the foundation for the formation of the dance style of Yueju Opera.After the birth of New China, the literary creation level of Yueju Opera has been greatly improved, and the stage art design has also reached a higher level. The freehand, realistic and virtual reality combination style has been further developed, and a variety of scenery shapes have been created.
1. Realistic.The technique of realistically creating artistic conception has little change in time and space, but it can produce certain illusion in the audience, making people feel immersive.For example, The West Chamber and A Dream of Red Mansions performed by Shanghai Yue Opera Theater and Jing'an Yue Opera Troupe《Guangxu reign periodThe setting of such plays as Emperor.
2. Combination of virtual and real.The method widely used in the setting of Shaoxing Opera.One is a small device (developed from the "stylized device" in the 1940s). The design of scenery is mainly based on local images, omitting others, and the audience's imagination is used to understand the overall situation.This set has a large space for performance, such as "Three Views of Yu Mei"Young Shaoxing Opera TroupePerformed《Li Cuiying》Etc.The other is a combination of large and small devices (that is, a combination of realistic settings and small devices), such as Sister Xianglin and King of the North Land performed by Shanghai Yueju Opera House《Jinshan War Drum》Etc.
3. Neutral characteristic.On the basis of absorbing the expression method of drama set, it was produced by the combination of Yueju Opera's own unique stage art language.There are both unity and variability in the use, so that different scenes can produce harmonious beauty without losing the specified situation of each scene and its own inherent characteristics.For example, Shanghai Yueju Theater performed such dramas as "Queen of Chinese" in the 1980s.
4. Decorative.It is enriched and created on the basis of "conservatism", and is often used in plays with large changes in time and space and strong traditional performance techniques.For example, Shanghai Yueju Opera Theater performed such dramas as "Pan Fu Suo Fu", "Beat Golden Bough" and "Green Jade Hairpin".
5. Folk style.The combination of specific environment and decoration, such as the absorption and application of folk paper-cut and shadow play, has a strong flavor of folk art.For example, The Legend of White Snake performed by Shanghai Yueju Opera House《Xaaln 》, modern drama, such as "The Pioneer of Spinning".
prop
At the beginning of the singing class“decor”(props), which are used for daily life. In the later period and Shaoxing Wenxi period, the props were imitated from Peking Opera and Shaoxing Opera, and were used by the people who "inspected the scene" (called Yue Opera“Duty Master”）Management.All props used are put in a large wooden box (commonly known as“Treasure Chest”）Li.These props are rented from the master of the "hall wardrobe".Since then, the main actors have "private outfits", and the table surround and chair Pei in the props have become the necessary "private color" for the main actors.At that time, in order to match the realistic scenery and meet the needs of performance, the props commonly used on the stage, such as knives, guns, swords, sticks, horsewhip, were improved to be beautiful, light and suitable for actresses.For other props, they are directly made of household goods or simulation.At that time, there were performers who were part-time in charge of props in the Yueju Opera industry. They began to rent mahogany furniture from the "Wang Shengji" furniture store, rented props from the film factory, or went to thrift stores and small commodity stalls in Yuyuan Garden to buy daily necessities.The props with special needs should be customized at the lantern shop according to the drawings.The props maker makes various props by using such techniques as mold turning, strip binding, paper pasting, powder painting, engraving and mounting.For example, the wine cups and vases in Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai are lifelike.The Dragon King and the gods in "Love Detective" and the ancestors in "King of the North Earth" are all pasted with strips of paper and painted like Buddha in the temple.The flower baskets, incense burners, and standing vases in A Dream of Red Mansions are both realistic and beautiful, which make the audience happy.The props of Yueju Opera, with the artistic characteristics of "light", "skillful", "beautiful" and "solid", are praised by the opera industry peers. For example, the corner lamp, many brother drama troupes from all over the country have sent people to Shanghai Yueju Opera House to learn how to make props.In September 1981, Shanghai Yueju Theater performed《The desolate Liao Palace Moon》Props in (by technicianLi ShiProduction), won the firstShanghai Drama FestivalProp Award is the first time that a prop has won a single award.[54]
Stage effect
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lighting
Stage Effect Picture of Yueju Opera Lu You and Tang Wan
Shaoxing Opera entered Shanghai in the 1920s, and its performances were mostly in small and medium-sized venues.The theater equipment is relatively simple, and there is usually only one 500 light bulb hanging high inside the platform for stage lighting.Theaters with better equipment are equipped with light boxes with condensing lenses, which can enhance the local brightness of the stage and can be rented by the troupe when performing.The post directors and main actors are not satisfied with the white light lighting of the stage. They require the lights to match the changes in the plot and the characters' thoughts and emotions. The set designers also require the lights to create a special atmosphere to enhance the visual appeal of the set.The salt water control method, a facility for controlling the light power supply by indigenous methods, is a progress compared with the simple knife switch that "lights up when it is closed and darkens when it is pulled down", which can control the light intensity, but it is still far from the requirements of stage art.With the technological progress and facility improvement, the "double pole four gate", "Laisi" (rheostat) and transformer of the lighting operating system have appeared, and the lighting facilities such as face light, side light and ceiling light have also been provided. The technology of adding red, yellow, blue and green paper on the lamps to create an environmental atmosphere has also begun to be applied.However, when there is no professional lighting designer, the requirements of stage art for lighting are put forward to specific lighting operators by editors, directors and main actors, so there are limitations of unsystematic and inconsistent lighting.After the birth of New China, the stage lighting art has greatly developed and improved.
sound
In the early days when Yue Opera entered Shanghai, it was mostly performed in small theaters.This kind of theater has small auditorium, poor equipment, and no sound amplification equipment on the stage. It depends on the natural voice of the actors to sing and read to the audience.Later, they gradually entered the medium and large theaters. In order to make many audiences hear the actors' singing clearly, microphones were used, that is, one or two sound absorbers (commonly known as "microphones") were hung above the stage near the entrance, and the sound was transmitted from the speakers to the audience through loudspeakers.This equipment has been used in most theaters for quite a long time.After the birth of New China, due to the development of scenery and lighting art, since the late 1950s, desk microphones have been used for sound absorption, that is, three directional strong sound absorption microphones are placed side by side and equidistant at the mouth of the stage, and the actors' singing is sucked in and transmitted to the audience through the amplifier to the speakers combining high and low frequencies.The sound quality has been improved, but when actors sing and dance on the stage, sometimes with their backs to the microphone, the sound will be affected.In 1974, a factory in Shanghai trial produced a wireless microphone. The microphone was only half the size of a pencil case and was hidden in the clothes near the mouth. The sound volume was not affected by the change of actors' status on the stage, and the effect was good.
effect
When Yueju Opera needed sound to express specific situations during the period of small song classes and Shaoxing literary drama, it mostly used musical instruments to simulate, such as the opening and closing of the door with a Hu qin, the hissing of horses with a suona, the crying of babies, and the sound of water waves with a small gong.Since the end of the 1930s, the reform of Yue Opera has sprung up, learning from dramas and movies. The effects also use special tools to create simulated sounds, such as rolling soybeans in bamboo sticks to imitate the "sound of rain", shaking plywood and tin sheets to imitate the "sound of thunder", rubbing wooden gears on sail cloth to imitate the "sound of wind", and rhythmically bumping two bamboo knuckles to imitate the "sound of horses' hooves"Etc.In the 1960s, Shanghai Yueju Theater used a tape recorder to produce simulation effects. When performing "Fire Coconut Tree" and "Uncle Hu's Children", it used a tape recorder to play the gun and artillery sound recorded in advance, creating realistic dramatic effects.Sound effect is a profession that requires high technical management and operation, so the troupe has special personnel to take charge of its work.[55]
Inheritance and protection
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On October 31, 2023, the List of National Intangible Cultural Heritage Representative Project Protection Units was announced, and the "Yueju Opera" project protection units, Shanghai Yueju Opera Art Institute (Shanghai Yueju Opera Academy) and Shengzhou Yueju Opera Art Protection and Inheritance Center, passed the assessment.[61]
